Diabetes
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Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either the body not producing enough insulin or cells not properly responding to insulin. There are two main types: type 1 diabetes results from the body failing to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment, while type 2 diabetes occurs when cells become resistant to insulin and may be treated through lifestyle changes, medication, or insulin. Complications from high blood glucose can include damage to nerves, blood vessels, eyes, and kidneys. Treatment aims to control blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and regular screening for complications.
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Diabetes
This document discusses diabetes, including types, symptoms, treatments, and recent advances. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents are described as standard treatments. Recent advances discussed include islet cell transplantation using the Edmonton protocol, the bio-artificial pancreas called Beta-O2, transplanting islets into the omentum rather than liver, and research into using the BCG vaccine to eliminate disease-causing T-cells and restore insulin production.
Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
Pathophysiology of Diabetes mellitus T1, T2
This document summarizes the pathophysiology and etiology of type I and type II diabetes mellitus. It explains that in type I, an autoimmune response destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, preventing regulation of blood sugar levels. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers can cause the autoimmune response. In type II, the body becomes resistant to insulin or the pancreas produces insufficient insulin, so glucose cannot enter cells properly, leading to hyperglycemia. Risk factors for type II include obesity, genetics, and hypertension.
Diabetes
The document discusses diabetes, including its types (type 1, type 2, and gestational), symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications if uncontrolled. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, causing high blood sugar. The main types are type 1 where the body does not produce insulin, type 2 where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond to insulin, and gestational which occurs during pregnancy.
diabetes
Diabetes occurs when there is inadequate insulin production or absorption into cells. Insulin is needed to metabolize glucose for energy at a cellular level. Lack of glucose metabolism leads to alternative metabolism of fat and protein, causing symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, and hunger. Chronic high blood glucose can damage organs over time. The goal is glycemic control to prevent complications through lifestyle changes, medication, and monitoring blood sugar levels.
Diabetes mellitus with complication
This document defines and describes various types of diabetes. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin production or utilization. The two most common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. Other types discussed include gestational diabetes and secondary/prediabetes. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the different diabetes types.
Diabetes Mellitus
Based on the information provided:
- Betty should receive her usual Lantus dose as scheduled since it is a basal insulin that works continuously to control her blood sugar throughout the day and night. Missing the dose could lead to hyperglycemia.
- She should not receive any Humulin R (regular insulin) since she is NPO for surgery and regular insulin requires food to avoid hypoglycemia.
- She may receive her usual Humalog dose if her blood sugar is elevated, as Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin used to control post-meal blood sugars. However, since her current blood sugar of 130mg/dL is in a reasonable range, the Humalog dose can be held until after her surgery when she
Diabetes
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by the immune system destroying insulin-producing cells, type 2 caused by insulin resistance or lack of insulin production, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Symptoms include increased thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Diabetes is treated through medicines, diet, exercise and controlling blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol to reduce complications like kidney disease, eye disease and heart attack. Diabetes affects quality of life and has a significant societal impact through its associated healthcare costs and disability.
Recommended
Diabetes
This document discusses diabetes, including types, symptoms, treatments, and recent advances. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents are described as standard treatments. Recent advances discussed include islet cell transplantation using the Edmonton protocol, the bio-artificial pancreas called Beta-O2, transplanting islets into the omentum rather than liver, and research into using the BCG vaccine to eliminate disease-causing T-cells and restore insulin production.
Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
Pathophysiology of Diabetes mellitus T1, T2
This document summarizes the pathophysiology and etiology of type I and type II diabetes mellitus. It explains that in type I, an autoimmune response destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, preventing regulation of blood sugar levels. Genetic predisposition and environmental triggers can cause the autoimmune response. In type II, the body becomes resistant to insulin or the pancreas produces insufficient insulin, so glucose cannot enter cells properly, leading to hyperglycemia. Risk factors for type II include obesity, genetics, and hypertension.
Diabetes
The document discusses diabetes, including its types (type 1, type 2, and gestational), symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications if uncontrolled. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, causing high blood sugar. The main types are type 1 where the body does not produce insulin, type 2 where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond to insulin, and gestational which occurs during pregnancy.
diabetes
Diabetes occurs when there is inadequate insulin production or absorption into cells. Insulin is needed to metabolize glucose for energy at a cellular level. Lack of glucose metabolism leads to alternative metabolism of fat and protein, causing symptoms like frequent urination, thirst, and hunger. Chronic high blood glucose can damage organs over time. The goal is glycemic control to prevent complications through lifestyle changes, medication, and monitoring blood sugar levels.
Diabetes mellitus with complication
This document defines and describes various types of diabetes. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin production or utilization. The two most common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. Other types discussed include gestational diabetes and secondary/prediabetes. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the different diabetes types.
Diabetes Mellitus
Based on the information provided:
- Betty should receive her usual Lantus dose as scheduled since it is a basal insulin that works continuously to control her blood sugar throughout the day and night. Missing the dose could lead to hyperglycemia.
- She should not receive any Humulin R (regular insulin) since she is NPO for surgery and regular insulin requires food to avoid hypoglycemia.
- She may receive her usual Humalog dose if her blood sugar is elevated, as Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin used to control post-meal blood sugars. However, since her current blood sugar of 130mg/dL is in a reasonable range, the Humalog dose can be held until after her surgery when she
Diabetes
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by the immune system destroying insulin-producing cells, type 2 caused by insulin resistance or lack of insulin production, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Symptoms include increased thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Diabetes is treated through medicines, diet, exercise and controlling blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol to reduce complications like kidney disease, eye disease and heart attack. Diabetes affects quality of life and has a significant societal impact through its associated healthcare costs and disability.
Diabetes mellitus
Dr. Zeenat Hussain Foundation is working to create awareness against diseases like diabetes among the common people of Pakistan. This lecture is part of their campaign. The lecture discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and prevention. Feedback from attendees is appreciated to help improve awareness efforts.
Types of Diabetes
Learning objectives:
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 1 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 2 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms of Gestational Diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease where the body cannot properly use and store glucose, causing blood glucose levels to rise too high. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 where the body stops producing insulin and type 2 which results from not producing enough insulin or being unable to use insulin properly. Diabetes can occur in anyone but some factors like family history, obesity, and inactivity increase risk. Diabetes is treated through lifestyle changes like weight control, nutrition, exercise and medication including tablets or injections to manage blood sugar levels.
Diabetes Mellitus PPT
This document discusses childhood diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes accounts for over 90% of childhood cases and is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Proper treatment involves education, insulin therapy tailored to the individual, diet and exercise, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and achieve metabolic control goals. Advances allow more precise glucose monitoring and individualized insulin regimens.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes Mellitus and its types
SIGNIFICANCE
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS DIABETES?
DEFINITION
MECHANISM
PREVELANCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL TEST
MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
HERBS FOR DIABETES
MYTHS AND FACTS
REFERENCES
Clinical manifestations of renal diseases st
Azotemia refers to an excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood and can be prerenal, renal, or postrenal in origin. Prerenal azotemia is caused by low blood flow to the kidneys, renal azotemia is due to kidney damage, and postrenal azotemia occurs when urine outflow is blocked. Uremia results from the toxic buildup of waste when the kidneys fail to remove urea from the blood. It causes symptoms like fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea. Acute renal failure involves a rapid loss of kidney function due to factors like low blood volume, toxins, or urinary tract obstruction and can lead to complications like metabolic acidosis
Diabetes mellitus ppt
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 diabetes involving insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications but it can be managed through lifestyle changes, medication including insulin therapy, and medical supervision.
Diabetes management
The document summarizes the management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the types and pathophysiology of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent advances discussed include new insulin regimens, hypoglycemic drugs for type 1 diabetes, and combination drug therapies for type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 occurs in childhood and is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 accounts for 95% of adult cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and resolves after birth. Diabetes leads to serious short-term complications like ketoacidosis and long-term complications affecting the cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems if not properly managed.
Diabetes ppt
This document discusses the different types of diabetes, their causes and symptoms. It covers Type 1 diabetes which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, and Type 2 diabetes which happens when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or cells become insulin resistant. Symptoms of high and low blood sugar are explained. Treatment recommendations are provided for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar ranges are listed for different age groups. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise and medication adherence are noted as important for diabetes management.
Diabetes powerpoint
There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, types, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and can be essential or secondary. Common types include essential, secondary, white coat, and isolated systolic hypertension. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat hypertension, with drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others. The goal of treatment is to control blood pressure and reduce long term health risks.
Diabetes
This document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, causes, prevention, and facts. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar due to either lack of insulin production or cells not responding properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, caused by destruction of insulin-producing cells, and type 2, often related to lifestyle. Symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, fatigue, and hunger. Prevention focuses on healthy eating, physical activity, and weight control. Complications can be reduced through proper treatment and control of blood glucose levels.
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also covers the physiology of insulin synthesis, secretion and action, as well as the risk factors and pathophysiology underlying different types of diabetes.
Diabetes
A complete knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and its types including Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, pancreatic diabetes & monogenic diabetes along with clinical features, investigations and management
It also includes diabetic emergencies like Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state & hypoglycaemia.
It contains long term complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.
Lastly Diabetic Insipidus is also discussed here.
Complications of diabetes
This document discusses the complications of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes and describing the different types. It then explains the acute and chronic complications that can occur, including microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, as well as macrovascular complications increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The document outlines the main mechanisms behind these complications, such as the accumulation of sorbitol and the glycation of proteins, which can cause tissue damage. Finally, it discusses the importance of glycemic control through diet, exercise and medication in managing diabetes and preventing associated health issues.
Diabetes Mellitus
By:
Thet-ul-Wafa Maqsood
Baqai Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Baqai Medical University,
Karachi, Pakistan.
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
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Diabetes mellitus
Dr. Zeenat Hussain Foundation is working to create awareness against diseases like diabetes among the common people of Pakistan. This lecture is part of their campaign. The lecture discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and prevention. Feedback from attendees is appreciated to help improve awareness efforts.
Types of Diabetes
Learning objectives:
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 1 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 2 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms of Gestational Diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease where the body cannot properly use and store glucose, causing blood glucose levels to rise too high. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 where the body stops producing insulin and type 2 which results from not producing enough insulin or being unable to use insulin properly. Diabetes can occur in anyone but some factors like family history, obesity, and inactivity increase risk. Diabetes is treated through lifestyle changes like weight control, nutrition, exercise and medication including tablets or injections to manage blood sugar levels.
Diabetes Mellitus PPT
This document discusses childhood diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes accounts for over 90% of childhood cases and is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Proper treatment involves education, insulin therapy tailored to the individual, diet and exercise, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and achieve metabolic control goals. Advances allow more precise glucose monitoring and individualized insulin regimens.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes Mellitus and its types
SIGNIFICANCE
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS DIABETES?
DEFINITION
MECHANISM
PREVELANCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL TEST
MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
HERBS FOR DIABETES
MYTHS AND FACTS
REFERENCES
Clinical manifestations of renal diseases st
Azotemia refers to an excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood and can be prerenal, renal, or postrenal in origin. Prerenal azotemia is caused by low blood flow to the kidneys, renal azotemia is due to kidney damage, and postrenal azotemia occurs when urine outflow is blocked. Uremia results from the toxic buildup of waste when the kidneys fail to remove urea from the blood. It causes symptoms like fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea. Acute renal failure involves a rapid loss of kidney function due to factors like low blood volume, toxins, or urinary tract obstruction and can lead to complications like metabolic acidosis
Diabetes mellitus ppt
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 diabetes involving insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications but it can be managed through lifestyle changes, medication including insulin therapy, and medical supervision.
Diabetes management
The document summarizes the management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the types and pathophysiology of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent advances discussed include new insulin regimens, hypoglycemic drugs for type 1 diabetes, and combination drug therapies for type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion or action. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 occurs in childhood and is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 accounts for 95% of adult cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and resolves after birth. Diabetes leads to serious short-term complications like ketoacidosis and long-term complications affecting the cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems if not properly managed.
Diabetes ppt
This document discusses the different types of diabetes, their causes and symptoms. It covers Type 1 diabetes which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, and Type 2 diabetes which happens when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or cells become insulin resistant. Symptoms of high and low blood sugar are explained. Treatment recommendations are provided for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar ranges are listed for different age groups. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise and medication adherence are noted as important for diabetes management.
Diabetes powerpoint
There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, types, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and can be essential or secondary. Common types include essential, secondary, white coat, and isolated systolic hypertension. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat hypertension, with drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others. The goal of treatment is to control blood pressure and reduce long term health risks.
Diabetes
This document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, causes, prevention, and facts. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar due to either lack of insulin production or cells not responding properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, caused by destruction of insulin-producing cells, and type 2, often related to lifestyle. Symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, fatigue, and hunger. Prevention focuses on healthy eating, physical activity, and weight control. Complications can be reduced through proper treatment and control of blood glucose levels.
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also covers the physiology of insulin synthesis, secretion and action, as well as the risk factors and pathophysiology underlying different types of diabetes.
Diabetes
A complete knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and its types including Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, pancreatic diabetes & monogenic diabetes along with clinical features, investigations and management
It also includes diabetic emergencies like Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state & hypoglycaemia.
It contains long term complications like neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy.
Lastly Diabetic Insipidus is also discussed here.
Complications of diabetes
This document discusses the complications of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes and describing the different types. It then explains the acute and chronic complications that can occur, including microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, as well as macrovascular complications increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The document outlines the main mechanisms behind these complications, such as the accumulation of sorbitol and the glycation of proteins, which can cause tissue damage. Finally, it discusses the importance of glycemic control through diet, exercise and medication in managing diabetes and preventing associated health issues.
Diabetes Mellitus
By:
Thet-ul-Wafa Maqsood
Baqai Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Baqai Medical University,
Karachi, Pakistan.
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Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar. There are three main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 risk factors include obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and genetics. Complications affect eyes, kidneys, nerves, feet, and cardiovascular system if not managed through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and monitoring of blood sugar levels. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits.
CASE STUDY ON DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENT.pptx
DEFINITION OF DIABETES MELLITUS :
It is the group of metabolic disorders which characterised by hyperglycemia and abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or. Both .
Causes:-
Life style
Genetics factor
Obesity
Diet time variation
Etiological Classification of Diabetes:
Type :-1 Diabetes (insulin dependent)
Type :-2 Diabetes (non insulin dependent)
Gestational diabetes
DEFINTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES :
Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition by the beta cells in islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, due to the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. Although onset frequently occurs in childhood, the disease can also develop in adults.
DEFINITION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES :
known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, due to body cells don’t respond normally to insulin; this is called insulin resistance.
DEFINITION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES :
Gestational Diabetes: Is the increasing of blood sugar levels for Some women tend to experience high levels of blood glucose as during pregnancy due to reduced sensitivity of insulin receptors.
CAUSES :
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys cells which the insulin-producing (islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
Genetics
Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
Endocrine disorders such as acromegaly , Cushing's syndrome
Endocrine disorders e.g. Pancreatitis .
Medications e.g. glucocorticoids , niacin , pentamine alpha- interferons .
Micro vascular complications (zeroplateas , neutrophils , eosinophil's )
Macro vascular complications (CHF , stroke , peripheral vascular disease)
SYMPTOMS :
Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night
Extreme hunger
Unintended weight loss
Irritability and other mood changes
Fatigue and weakness
Blurred vision
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT :
Insulin:
People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day. You usually take the insulin through an injection.
Metformin :
Metformin is a type of oral diabetes medication. For many years, it was only used in people with type 2 diabetes. However, some people with type 1 diabetes can develop insulin resistance. That means the insulin they get from injections doesn’t work as well as it should.
Metformin helps lower sugar in the blood by reducing sugar production in the liver. Your doctor may advise you to take Metformin in addition to insulin.
B) NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT :
CONTROL THE SYMPTOMS .
EXERCISES
MONITORING THE SUGAR LEVELS
HEALTHY FOODS .
Diabetes Mellitus-Souvik(TheCareGivers Group).pptx
Diabetes mellitus, often called simply diabetes, is a group of diseases that involve problems with your body's use of blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for your cells, but if your blood sugar levels get too high, it can lead to serious health problems.
1. **Definition**:
- Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or impaired insulin function.
2. **Types**:
- **Type 1 Diabetes**:
- Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.
- Results from the immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
- **Type 2 Diabetes**:
- Most common type.
- Develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough.
- Managed through lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.
- **Gestational Diabetes**:
- Occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.
3. **Symptoms**:
- Increased thirst and urination.
- Fatigue.
- Blurred vision.
- Unintentional weight loss.
4. **Complications**:
- Cardiovascular issues (heart disease, stroke).
- Kidney disease (nephropathy).
- Vision problems (retinopathy).
- Nerve damage (neuropathy).
5. **Prevention and Management**:
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Regular physical activity.
- Balanced diet.
- Regular check-ups and monitoring.
Remember to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and management if you suspect you have diabetes or are at risk.
Diabetes manifests itself in several ways
Here, in this article list of the variety of diabetes has its symptoms, causes, and treatment options. It usually begins to operate after 1 to 3 hours and peaks after 6 to 8 hours.
Approach to Diabetes mellitus.ppt.pptx
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia is due to one of two mechanisms:
Inadequate production of insulin , or
Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
It affects more than 220 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that it will affect 440 million by the year 2030
"Diabetes" comes from the Greek word for "siphon", and implies that a lot of urine is made.
The second term,"mellitus" comes from the Latin word, "mel" which means "honey", and was used because the urine was sweet.
• The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA has developed.
Management of a Patient with Diabetes.pptx
This describes the management of a diabetic patient and how to control the outcome of the medical condition
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Diabetes is a ceaseless disease that triggers high blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. Albeit diabetic patients can have an ordinary life existence with regular Diabetes Check-Up, uncontrolled diabetes can cause genuine long haul health hazards. Highlighting a wide scope of medical tests, The Diabetes Check-Up Package at Express Clinics is intended to analyze and treat such health hazards at the correct time.
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DIABETES.pptx
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or resistance. There are three main types - Type 1 is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells; Type 2 is most common caused by lifestyle factors impairing insulin function; Gestational occurs during pregnancy. Symptoms vary but include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, hunger and blurred vision. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, blood sugar monitoring and medical care to manage the condition long-term.
DIABETES MELLITUS.pptx
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action in the body's cells. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and requiring lifelong insulin treatment; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and sometimes treated with oral medication or insulin; and gestational diabetes occurring during pregnancy. Complications from high blood glucose levels over time can include damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Ayurvedic management of diabetes focuses on diet, yoga, hydrotherapy, mud therapy, acupuncture, and other natural approaches to help control blood sugar levels and prevent complications.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Without insulin to convert blood sugar into energy, sugar builds up in the bloodstream and can cause damage to organs. Symptoms include extreme thirst, frequent urination, drowsiness, and weight loss. There is no known cause, but treatments involve daily insulin injections or pumps and frequent blood sugar testing to manage levels and avoid potentially life-threatening reactions.
diabetes food pyramid.ppt
- Diabetes is a disorder where the body cannot properly process glucose due to either not producing insulin (Type 1) or cells not responding to insulin (Type 2). Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
- Symptoms vary but include increased thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Treatment involves monitoring blood sugar levels, nutrition, exercise and potentially insulin injections.
- For diabetes nutrition, the focus is on whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins and limiting sugars/fats to control blood sugar and weight. Portion sizes vary depending on blood sugar goals.
DIABETES MELLITUS Joseph et al
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (diabetes), including its types, symptoms, causes, and treatments. It discusses the two major types of diabetes: Type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and Type 2, where cells do not use insulin properly. Type 1 usually develops in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is associated with older age and obesity and may be controlled through diet, exercise and oral medication or insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth but increases risk of later diabetes.
diabetes Mellitus.pptx
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin production or resistance. There are three main types: type 1 caused by beta cell destruction; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Sustained hyperglycemia can damage many organs and cause complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and infections. Treatment involves insulin, oral medications, nutrition, exercise, monitoring and education to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Nursing management focuses on glucose monitoring, medication administration, teaching, and treatment of hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and is treated through insulin injections. Type 2 accounts for 90% of cases and risk factors include obesity and lack of exercise. Symptoms include frequent urination and thirst. Management involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels to prevent complications to organs like the eyes, kidneys and heart. Further research aims to find new treatments to better control blood sugar without risk of hypoglycemia.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells. Insulin acts as a “key.” Its chemical message tells the cell to open and receive glucose.
DM.pptx
Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. A review of the history shows that the term "diabetes" was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments.
Diabetes Mellitus.pptx
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Diabetes Mellitus: Approach to Management
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM. Some key points:
- DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion/action and is a major cause of illness and death worldwide. It is predicted to increase significantly by 2030.
- The pathophysiology involves abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause damage to various organs.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms, random blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, and glucose tolerance tests.
- Management involves diet,
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Diabetes
- 1. DIABETES BHARTI PRADHAN GUIDED BY MR. SANDEEP KUMAR VERMA RITEE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
- 2. CONTENT 1. Definition 2. Type 3. Sign and symptoms 4. Complication 5. Pathophysiology 6. Diagnosis 7. Treatment 8. Conclusion
- 3. DEFINITION • Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy.
- 4. TYPE OF DIABETES • Types of Diabetes • Diabetes is categorized into the following types based on the reason for their cause • Type 1 Diabetes(insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) • Type 2 Diabetes(non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
- 5. Type 1 diabetes – Type 1 diabetes also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. In this condition pancreas Cell are destroy and not make sufficient insuline so The glucose are not converted in glycogen then glucose level increased in blood . It is a chronic condition . • Type 2 diabetes- • A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose). • In this type of diabetes pancreas Beta cell are produced insulin but insulin are not bind to the cell receptor so glucose are not bind To the Blood cell so the glucose are not converted to the glycogen and glucose Level are increasing in blood so this is also called non insulin dependent diabetes. • It is a chronic disease .
- 6. • sign and symptoms • Type 2 diabetes • Whole body: excessive hunger, excessive thirst, or fatigu • Weight: weight gain or weight loss • Also common: frequent urination, blurred vision, or poor wound healing • Type 1 diabetes • Excessive thirst, fatigue, hunger, or sweating • Gastrointestinal: nausea or vomiting • Urinary: bed wetting or excessive urination • Also common: blurred vision, fast heart rate, frequent infections,
- 7. COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES • Cardiovascular disease. … • Nerve damage (neuropathy). … • Kidney damage (nephropathy). … • Eye damage (retinopathy). … • Foot damage. … • Skin conditions. … • Hearing impairment. … • Alzheimer’s disease.
- 8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- 9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
- 10. DIAGNOSIS
- 12. TREATMENT OF DIABETES • Diabetes treatments • Also called: diabetes mellitus • Controlling blood sugar through diet, oral medication or insulin is the main treatment. Regular screening for complications is also required. • MOST COMMON TYPES • Type 2 diabetes • Treatments include diet, exercise, medication and insulin therapy. • Type 1 diabetes • Treatment aims at maintaining normal blood sugar levels through
- 13. Insulin therapy- People with type 1 diabetes require multiple insulin injections each day to maintain safe insulin levels. Insulin is often required to treat type 2 diabetes too. Using an insulin pump is an alternative to injections. The pump is about the size of a pager and is usually worn on your bel
- 14. DRUG USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES • Insulin (long- and rapid-acting) … • Metformin (overcome insulin resistance) • Pioglitazone • Glimepiride • Nateglinide(Inhance insulin secretion) • Linagliptine (Inhance insulin secretion)
- 15. CONCLUSION • Diabetes is a serious life-threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy lifestyle. By following a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups, and proper medication we can observe a healthy and long life.
- 16. REFERENCE Harsh Mohan – Textbook of Pathology A Book Of Clinical Biochemistry- Jay pee Brothers Medical Publishers Essentials of Medical Physiology K.D. Tripathi – Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
- 17. Thank you