Azotemia refers to an excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood and can be prerenal, renal, or postrenal in origin. Prerenal azotemia is caused by low blood flow to the kidneys, renal azotemia is due to kidney damage, and postrenal azotemia occurs when urine outflow is blocked. Uremia results from the toxic buildup of waste when the kidneys fail to remove urea from the blood. It causes symptoms like fatigue, loss of appetite, and nausea. Acute renal failure involves a rapid loss of kidney function due to factors like low blood volume, toxins, or urinary tract obstruction and can lead to complications like metabolic acidosis

1. Clinical
Manifestations of
Renal Diseases
Lecture 37
Define the terms: Azotemia,
Uremia, Acute Renal Failure,
Chronic Renal Failure

2. Azotemia

3. Types
1.Prerenal Azotemia
2.Primary Renal Azotemia
3.Postrenal Azotemia

4. GFR
BUN &
Creatinine
15

5. 1. Prerenal azotemia
The
BUN:Cr
in
preren
al
azotem
ia is
greater
than
20.

6. 2. Renal azotemia

7. 3. Postrenal azotemia
The BUN:Cr in postrenal azotemia is >15.

8. Signs and symptoms (prerenal azotemia)

11. Treatment

12. Uremia

13. Clinical features

14. Causes
• Renal failure,
• Increased production of urea in the liver
• Decreased elimination of urea
• Dehydration
• Chronic infection of the kidney

15. Acute Renal Failure
ARForAKI
is a rapid loss of
kidney function.

16. Causes
• Low blood volume
• Substances harmful to the kidney,
• Obstruction of the urinary tract.

17. Complications
• Metabolic acidosis,
• High potassium levels,
• Uremia,
• Changes in body fluid balance,
.

18. Diagnosis
• AKI is diagnosed on the basis of characteristic
laboratory findings, such as
• Elevated blood urea nitrogen
• Creatinine,
• Inability of the kidneys to produce sufficient
amounts of urine.

19. Management
• Supportive care, such as renal
replacement therapy,
• as well as treatment of the underlying
disorder.

20. Signs and
symptoms
Fatigue,
Loss of appetite,
Headache,
Nausea
vomiting.

21. • Pain in the flanks may be encountered in
thrombosis of the renal blood vessels or
inflammation of the kidney; this is the result
of stretching of the fibrous tissue capsule
surrounding the kidney.

22. Causes
•Prerenal,
•Intrinsic,
•Postrenal.

23. Diagnosis

24. Chronic Renal
Failure
Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney disease
(CKD), is
a slow and progressive
decline of kidney
function.

25. Causes of Chronic Renal Failure
Diabetes mellitus
Blood pressure
IgA nephropathy

26. Signs of chronic renal failure
1. Increased urination, especially at night
2. Decreased urination
3. Blood in the urine (not a common symptom of
chronic renal failure)
4. Urine that is cloudy or tea-colored

27. THANKS
Takht Bhai KPK Pakistan