Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and is treated through insulin injections. Type 2 accounts for 90% of cases and risk factors include obesity and lack of exercise. Symptoms include frequent urination and thirst. Management involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels to prevent complications to organs like the eyes, kidneys and heart. Further research aims to find new treatments to better control blood sugar without risk of hypoglycemia.

1. DIABETES

2. INTRODUCTION
diabetes is a disease that starts when the
pancreas stops making insulin. Insulin lets
blood sugar—also called glucose—enter the
body's cells to be used for energy. Without
insulin, the cells can't get the sugar they need,
and too much sugar builds up in the blood.
Almost 30 million people in the United States have diabetes. There are two
main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes usually occurs during childhood or
adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, which is the most common form of the
disease, usually occurs in people who are 45 years of age or older. However,
the rate of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents is
increasing.

3. TYPES OF DIABETES
• In general, people with diabetes either have a total lack of insulin (type 1
diabetes) or they have too little insulin or cannot use insulin effectively (type 2
diabetes).
• Type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes),
accounts for 5 to 10 out of 100 people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the
body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin, eventually
eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot
absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy.
• Type 2 diabetes (formerly called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes)
can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood.
But type 2 diabetes in children is rising. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast
majority of people who have diabetes-90 to 95 out of 100 people. In type 2
diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin
resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less
insulin. This is called insulin deficiency.

4. DIFFERENCE OF DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes
• Symptoms usually start in
childhood or young
adulthood. People often
seek medical help, because
they are seriously ill from
sudden symptoms of high
blood sugar.
• Episodes of low blood sugar
level (hypoglycemia) are
common.
• It cannot be prevented.
Type 2 diabetes
• The person may not have
symptoms before diagnosis.
Usually the disease is discovered
in adulthood, but an increasing
number of children are being
diagnosed with the disease.
• There are no episodes of low
blood sugar level, unless the
person is taking insulin or certain
diabetes medicines.
• It can be prevented or delayed
with a healthy lifestyle, including
maintaining a healthy weight,
eating sensibly, and exercising
regularly.

5. DIABETES CAUSES
Diabetes facts. Diabetes is a chronic
condition associated with abnormally
high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers
blood glucose. Absence or insufficient
production of insulin, or an inability of the
body to properly use insulin causes
diabetes.

6. What Causes Diabetes?
• Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
• In type 1 diabetes, the body no longer makes insulin because the body's own immune system
has attacked and destroyed the cells where insulin is made. The cause of this isn't entirely
clear but it may include genetic risk factors and environmental factors. One theory is that
type 1 diabetes may occur after having a specific virus.
• People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day to live. There is no known way to
prevent or cure type 1 diabetes, but it can be controlled by keeping blood glucose (sugar)
levels within a normal range.
• Causes of Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body either
doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. The risk of
having type 2 diabetes increases as a person gets older.
• The cause of type 2 diabetes is largely unknown, but genetics and lifestyle clearly play roles.
Type 2 diabetes has been linked to obesity, genetic risk factors, and inactivity. Some racial and
ethnic groups are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes. These include American Indians, African
Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
• There is no known way to cure type 2 diabetes, but it can be controlled by keeping the level
of glucose (sugar) in the blood within a normal range.

7. symptoms of diabetes:
• Common symptoms of diabetes:
• Urinating often.
• Feeling very thirsty.
• Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating.
• Extreme fatigue.
• Blurry vision.
• Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal.
• Weight loss - even though you are eating more (type 1)
• Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2)

8. PREVENTION OF DIABETES
• Simple Way to Stabilize Blood Sugar▶
• 30 grams of protein at breakfast may help reduce glucose spikes, among type-2 diabetic
adults.
• Choose Carrots to Offset Diabetes Risk ▶
• Diets abundant in foods delivering alpha and beta-carotenes may lower type-2 diabetes risk,
among healthy adults.
• Less Sleep, More Weight? ▶
• Losing as little as 30 minutes of sleep per day on weekdays may be particularly problematic
for type-2 diabetics.
• Dietary Choices May Defeat Diabetes ▶
• What foods contain a specific compound that lowers insulin resistance and reduces
inflammation?
• Tree Nuts Reduce Heart Disease & Diabetes Risks ▶
• People who consume pistachios, cashews, almonds, pecans and walnuts may be less obese
and have fewer risk factors for heart disease and diabetes.
• Olive Oil May Protect Against Diabetes ▶
• Consuming a Mediterranean diet that is rich in extra virgin olive oil may be an effective way
to protect people at high-risk for heart disease against diabetes.

9. WORLD DIABETES DAY
• World Diabetes Day
• World Diabetes Day is the primary global awareness campaign of
the diabetes mellitus world and is held on November 14 of each
year. It was introduced in 1991 by the International Diabetes
Federation and the World Health Organization in response to the
alarming rise of diabetes around the world.
• The day marks the birthday of Frederick Banting who along with
Charles Best first conceived the idea which led to the discovery of
insulin in 1922.
• The prevalence of diabetes is increasing quite rapidly and in fact,
most people now feel that we should consider this as an
“epidemic”. It is estimated that there are over 50 million people in
India affected by diabetes.

10. Let’s get an understanding on the basics of diabetes –
types, risk factors, and prevention and management.
• Type 1 diabetes – insulin-dependent, immune-mediated or juvenile-onset
diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes – non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes, and
accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes consisting of high blood glucose
levels during pregnancy.
• Risk Factors:
• Obesity
• Diet and physical inactivity
• Increasing age
• Insulin resistance
• Family history of diabetes
• Ethnicity
• Stress
• Hypertension and high cholesterol

11. Warning Signs:
• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Increased hunger
• Unusual weight loss or gain
• Tiredness
• Lack of interest and concentration
• Vomiting and stomach pain (often mistaken as the flu)
• A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands or feet
• Blurred vision
• Frequent infections
• Slow-healing wounds

12. Prevention and Management:
• Increased physical activity
• Maintaining ideal body weight
• Healthy eating
• Monitoring and early detection of
complications along with regular intake of
medicines.

13. CONCLUSION
Diabetes is a slow killer with no known curable treatments. However,
its complications can be reduced through proper awareness and
timely treatment. Three major complications are related to
blindness, kidney damage and heart attack. It is important to keep
the blood glucose levels of patients under strict control for avoiding
the complications. One of the difficulties with tight control of glucose
levels in the blood is that such attempts may lead to hypoglycemia
that creates much severe complications than an increased level of
blood glucose. Researchers now look for alternative methods for
diabetes treatment. The goal of this paper is to give a general idea of
the current status of diabetes research. The author believes that
diabetes is one of the highly demanding research topics of the new
century and wants to encourage new researchers to take up the
challenges.