Diabetes is a disease that affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells. Insulin acts as a “key.” Its chemical message tells the cell to open and receive glucose.
Learning objectives:
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 1 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 2 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms of Gestational Diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus, disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or respond to insulin and thereby maintain proper levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
To know more about diabetes mellitus click on the below link
https://docmode.org/about/
https://docmode.org/lectures/
Learning objectives:
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 1 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms, risk factors of type 2 Diabetes.
Understand the definition, causes, symptoms of Gestational Diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus, disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or respond to insulin and thereby maintain proper levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
To know more about diabetes mellitus click on the below link
https://docmode.org/about/
https://docmode.org/lectures/
One of the best and latest presentations on obesity, sibutramine, orlistate, topimirate, phenteramine, xenical, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, lipase , pancreatic lipase inhibitor,
lipids, fats, major leg pullers/constraints in obesity management. Next Lipitor will also be from metabolic therapy.
SIGNIFICANCE
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS DIABETES?
DEFINITION
MECHANISM
PREVELANCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL TEST
MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
HERBS FOR DIABETES
MYTHS AND FACTS
REFERENCES
One of the best and latest presentations on obesity, sibutramine, orlistate, topimirate, phenteramine, xenical, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, lipase , pancreatic lipase inhibitor,
lipids, fats, major leg pullers/constraints in obesity management. Next Lipitor will also be from metabolic therapy.
SIGNIFICANCE
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS DIABETES?
DEFINITION
MECHANISM
PREVELANCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RISK FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL TEST
MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
HERBS FOR DIABETES
MYTHS AND FACTS
REFERENCES
Diabetes manifests itself in several waysJankiPatel55
Here, in this article list of the variety of diabetes has its symptoms, causes, and treatment options. It usually begins to operate after 1 to 3 hours and peaks after 6 to 8 hours.
Generally speaking, diabetes is a disorder involving the
metabolism of a person.
This is a guide which illustrate almost everything about Diabetes
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Care to know how your diet has the potential to either exacerbate or improve your diabetic condition? Take note changes to make as you flip through these slides.
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Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. A review of the history shows that the term "diabetes" was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments.
14th/ November, this day is commemorated as World Diabetes Day, led by the International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization started in 1991
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. INTRODUCTION
diabetes is a disease that starts when the
pancreas stops making insulin. Insulin lets
blood sugar—also called glucose—enter the
body's cells to be used for energy. Without
insulin, the cells can't get the sugar they need,
and too much sugar builds up in the blood.
Almost 30 million people in the United States have diabetes. There are two
main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes usually occurs during childhood or
adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, which is the most common form of the
disease, usually occurs in people who are 45 years of age or older. However,
the rate of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents is
increasing.
3. TYPES OF DIABETES
• In general, people with diabetes either have a total lack of insulin (type 1
diabetes) or they have too little insulin or cannot use insulin effectively (type 2
diabetes).
• Type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes),
accounts for 5 to 10 out of 100 people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the
body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin, eventually
eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot
absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy.
• Type 2 diabetes (formerly called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes)
can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood.
But type 2 diabetes in children is rising. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast
majority of people who have diabetes-90 to 95 out of 100 people. In type 2
diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin
resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less
insulin. This is called insulin deficiency.
4. DIFFERENCE OF DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes
• Symptoms usually start in
childhood or young
adulthood. People often
seek medical help, because
they are seriously ill from
sudden symptoms of high
blood sugar.
• Episodes of low blood sugar
level (hypoglycemia) are
common.
• It cannot be prevented.
Type 2 diabetes
• The person may not have
symptoms before diagnosis.
Usually the disease is discovered
in adulthood, but an increasing
number of children are being
diagnosed with the disease.
• There are no episodes of low
blood sugar level, unless the
person is taking insulin or certain
diabetes medicines.
• It can be prevented or delayed
with a healthy lifestyle, including
maintaining a healthy weight,
eating sensibly, and exercising
regularly.
5. DIABETES CAUSES
Diabetes facts. Diabetes is a chronic
condition associated with abnormally
high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers
blood glucose. Absence or insufficient
production of insulin, or an inability of the
body to properly use insulin causes
diabetes.
6. What Causes Diabetes?
• Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
• In type 1 diabetes, the body no longer makes insulin because the body's own immune system
has attacked and destroyed the cells where insulin is made. The cause of this isn't entirely
clear but it may include genetic risk factors and environmental factors. One theory is that
type 1 diabetes may occur after having a specific virus.
• People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day to live. There is no known way to
prevent or cure type 1 diabetes, but it can be controlled by keeping blood glucose (sugar)
levels within a normal range.
• Causes of Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body either
doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. The risk of
having type 2 diabetes increases as a person gets older.
• The cause of type 2 diabetes is largely unknown, but genetics and lifestyle clearly play roles.
Type 2 diabetes has been linked to obesity, genetic risk factors, and inactivity. Some racial and
ethnic groups are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes. These include American Indians, African
Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
• There is no known way to cure type 2 diabetes, but it can be controlled by keeping the level
of glucose (sugar) in the blood within a normal range.
7. symptoms of diabetes:
• Common symptoms of diabetes:
• Urinating often.
• Feeling very thirsty.
• Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating.
• Extreme fatigue.
• Blurry vision.
• Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal.
• Weight loss - even though you are eating more (type 1)
• Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2)
8. PREVENTION OF DIABETES
• Simple Way to Stabilize Blood Sugar▶
• 30 grams of protein at breakfast may help reduce glucose spikes, among type-2 diabetic
adults.
• Choose Carrots to Offset Diabetes Risk ▶
• Diets abundant in foods delivering alpha and beta-carotenes may lower type-2 diabetes risk,
among healthy adults.
• Less Sleep, More Weight? ▶
• Losing as little as 30 minutes of sleep per day on weekdays may be particularly problematic
for type-2 diabetics.
• Dietary Choices May Defeat Diabetes ▶
• What foods contain a specific compound that lowers insulin resistance and reduces
inflammation?
• Tree Nuts Reduce Heart Disease & Diabetes Risks ▶
• People who consume pistachios, cashews, almonds, pecans and walnuts may be less obese
and have fewer risk factors for heart disease and diabetes.
• Olive Oil May Protect Against Diabetes ▶
• Consuming a Mediterranean diet that is rich in extra virgin olive oil may be an effective way
to protect people at high-risk for heart disease against diabetes.
9. WORLD DIABETES DAY
• World Diabetes Day
• World Diabetes Day is the primary global awareness campaign of
the diabetes mellitus world and is held on November 14 of each
year. It was introduced in 1991 by the International Diabetes
Federation and the World Health Organization in response to the
alarming rise of diabetes around the world.
• The day marks the birthday of Frederick Banting who along with
Charles Best first conceived the idea which led to the discovery of
insulin in 1922.
• The prevalence of diabetes is increasing quite rapidly and in fact,
most people now feel that we should consider this as an
“epidemic”. It is estimated that there are over 50 million people in
India affected by diabetes.
10. Let’s get an understanding on the basics of diabetes –
types, risk factors, and prevention and management.
• Type 1 diabetes – insulin-dependent, immune-mediated or juvenile-onset
diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes – non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes, and
accounts for at least 90% of all cases of diabetes.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes consisting of high blood glucose
levels during pregnancy.
• Risk Factors:
• Obesity
• Diet and physical inactivity
• Increasing age
• Insulin resistance
• Family history of diabetes
• Ethnicity
• Stress
• Hypertension and high cholesterol
11. Warning Signs:
• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Increased hunger
• Unusual weight loss or gain
• Tiredness
• Lack of interest and concentration
• Vomiting and stomach pain (often mistaken as the flu)
• A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands or feet
• Blurred vision
• Frequent infections
• Slow-healing wounds
12. Prevention and Management:
• Increased physical activity
• Maintaining ideal body weight
• Healthy eating
• Monitoring and early detection of
complications along with regular intake of
medicines.
13. CONCLUSION
Diabetes is a slow killer with no known curable treatments. However,
its complications can be reduced through proper awareness and
timely treatment. Three major complications are related to
blindness, kidney damage and heart attack. It is important to keep
the blood glucose levels of patients under strict control for avoiding
the complications. One of the difficulties with tight control of glucose
levels in the blood is that such attempts may lead to hypoglycemia
that creates much severe complications than an increased level of
blood glucose. Researchers now look for alternative methods for
diabetes treatment. The goal of this paper is to give a general idea of
the current status of diabetes research. The author believes that
diabetes is one of the highly demanding research topics of the new
century and wants to encourage new researchers to take up the
challenges.