Development and Political Economy
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This document provides instructions and content for a political science class. It discusses measuring development in economic, social, political, and cultural terms. Examples are given of highly developed, developed, and moderately developed countries. Key concepts in development are also outlined, such as institutions, leadership, and economic policies.
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REALISM
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The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
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The chapter discusses the history of a small town located along a river. It describes how the town was originally settled by farmers in the early 1800s and grew slowly over the decades as more people migrated to the area for work. The chapter closes by noting that the town has maintained its small town charm while continuing to expand its economic base.
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There are many perspectives on what development means and what causes underdevelopment. Todaro defines development as improving living standards, self-esteem, and freedom of choice in a multidimensional process. Alternative views see development as economic growth, modernization, or distributive justice. Marxist and dependency theories emphasize unequal international relationships. Popular development stresses local diversity and participation. Explanations of underdevelopment include vicious circles, colonial legacies, and the interaction of varied internal and external factors over time and place. No single theory can fully explain such a complex, varied phenomenon.
Concept of development
There are many perspectives on what development means and what causes underdevelopment. Todaro defines development as improving living standards, self-esteem, and freedom of choice in a multidimensional process. Marxist views emphasize modes of production while dependency theories see underdevelopment resulting from unequal international relationships that benefit wealthy countries. Popular development theories stress local diversity and emphasize bottom-up solutions over top-down approaches. No single theory can fully explain underdevelopment due to countries' heterogeneity, so development must be understood through an array of changing internal and external interactions over time and place.
Concept of Development.ppt
the presentation focuses on the concept of development.How different scholars have defined development,the models and theories under itjklasdasldkasdasfasfa afafafaasf afafaFAF FAFAFAF FASFASFAFSGE QWAFAF FQQFQFAF FQWFQFAF FQQWASFA AFQWRQFAS Q.FASFFFQWF QFAFQWRFA FQWFAF WFFQrqhkabal afjhbqwui hkfqwkhfoqh fiqofhlqnl afnalfnqlwiknfjasfo nfasnflanfiqnlfqiwfqlflS FHQIOH.
vicious circle of poverty
This document discusses factors affecting economic growth and development and the vicious circle of poverty. It defines economic growth as an increase in real GDP per capita over time, while economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes through initiatives like infrastructure, health, education, etc. Key factors influencing growth are discussed as capital formation, natural resources, trade, and economic systems. Non-economic factors include human capital, technology, political freedom, social organization, and corruption. The vicious circle of poverty is then examined in terms of how low capital, labor, and technology can perpetuate poverty through mechanisms like low savings, child labor, and lack of infrastructure and innovation.
GLOBALIZATION and The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and ...
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide (en.m.Wikipedia.org). The authors of the articles discussed that;
Impacts of Globalization on developing and developed countries
Faire economic distribution and employment opportunities
National government demands to frame their policy aligned with international environmental laws and regulations
POL 190 Globalization and Development Development Poli.docx
POL 190 Globalization and Development
Development Policies
Combinations of economic policies have been used by state officials to foster growth and economic
change. Most state leaders see an interest in fostering economic growth, but this is a challenge that may
not be completely within the control of the leaders of developing countries. In addition, the policy
measures that they take may not actually lead to the desired outcome.
Development policy has been a central element in addressing the gap (in wealth, income, industry,
technology, health/education, life expectancy, etc) between states.
There are two broad approaches: the market/neoliberal/laissez faire, and the state-led/interventionist
approaches. Note the way that these ‘schools of thought’ provide different explanations for the problems
facing developing countries and opposed strategies:
Policy Type Market/Neo-liberal
development policy
State-led/Interventionist
development policy
Does Economic policy matter? Yes
Yes
What causes development? Free markets Strong states/high-quality state
interventions
What causes
underdevelopment?
Too much state involvement Weak or poor/low-quality state
intervention
Main policy recommendation Reduce the state’s economic role Build the state’s economic
capabilities
Cases that confirm the
recommended policy approach
UK, US South Korea, Singapore, Japan
Test case: Why has China been
successful?
After 1979, opening to the market
has led to economic success
After 1979, strong state remains
active in managing China’s
economy
Test Case: Why has sub-
Saharan African been
unsuccessful?
Too much state intervention,
corruption
Weak states, low capacity for
decision making or provision
good public policy
Economic policy has shifted away from the state-led approach towards the market approach since the
1970s. Developing countries have made this shift in economic policy through two processes:
Being pushed/coerced by other states, global corporations and international organizations
Leaders made the decision to ‘shrink’ the state for domestic political reasons
Over the last 40 years, economic policy and differences in economic growth/wealth have also been
profoundly shaped by a larger process: ‘globalization’.
‘Globalization’: Basic Features
Increased Trade: States gradually eliminated barriers to trade
Increased Global Investment Flows: States eliminated barriers to investment and speculation.
Firms became globally mobile/diversified
The increased power of the global corporations. Businesses organize production around global
supply and manufacturing chains
Economic and social problems become ‘globalized’: environment, labor, product standards,
financial risk, etc
How? Historical Process of Contemporary Globalization: 1970s-2000s
The modern global economy is a product of deliberate state policy actions (and is not a ‘natural’ or
inevitabl.
Chapter 10 Globalization of Ethical Decision Making
This chapter examines the globalization of ethical decision making in business. It discusses how advances in technology, communication and transportation have created a more interconnected global economy. International business transactions complicate ethics due to varying cultures, values and standards between countries. The chapter aims to help students understand cultural differences that can impact business practices, global ethics issues, and how to avoid ethical problems in global business environments. It also examines the role of international organizations and how economic systems and events shape ethics internationally.
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- 1. POL 252 Fall 2014
- 4. INSTRUCTIONS In pairs, write down all of the ideas, terms, etc. that come to mind when you hear the phrase “developed society.” Think about economic, social, political, and cultural indicators.
- 5. We can measure development in economic and social terms.
- 6. We can also measure development in political and cultural terms.
- 8. Process of increasing country’s wealth Diversification of goods and services Increasing efficiency of production Progress measured by: Changes in economic structure Increasing per capita income
- 10. Process of expanding choices of people in a society to lead lives they value
- 15. Examples of Highly Developed Countries France Japan United States United Kingdom
- 16. Examples of Developed Countries Mexico Russia Brazil Chile
- 17. China India Haiti Iran Examples of Moderately Developed Countries
- 18. Rwanda Liberia Afghanistan Ethiopia Examples of Least Developed Countries
- 19. Citizen Capability Economic Resilience Government Viability Change has come through Taliban
- 22. Colonialism European Powers and Colonization
- 26. Eurasia
- 27. Natural Resources Fertile Soil Location Disease
- 29. MAX WEBER PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC Discipline Hard Work Thriftiness Honesty Time Management
- 30. Francis Fukuyama Robert Putnam
- 31. Americans disengaged from political involvement Loss of membership in civic organizations Impact of technological “individualizing”
- 33. Shape individuals’ incentives for investment Human creations designed to solve problems Determine how economic benefits from growth are divided amongst society
- 34. 1) Market-Creating Institutions 2) Market-Stabilizing Institutions 3) Market Legitimating Institutions
- 36. Prevent markets from inflation, deficits, etc. Issue of hyperinflation German woman using money as fuel for her stove during World War I
- 37. Soften harsh economic consequences Example: Unemployment Insurance Global Financial Institutions
- 38. Number Structure Political Capability
- 40. Important role in promoting or hindering development Leaders have impact through: Choosing policies Constructing coalitions of supporters for policies Establishing / maintaining successful economic or political institutions
- 41. David Cameron Steven Harper Angela Merkel
- 42. Enrique Pena Nieto Vladimir Putin Narendra Modi
- 43. Goodluck Jonathan Paul Kagame Ernest Bai Koroma
- 46. Unemployment Lowered Wages Economic Growth Business Investment Creation of and Employment
- 48. Sound fiscal policy Emphasis on deficit spending Borrowing money Result? People have $ Purchase goods/services John Maynard Keynes Economy rebound
- 49. Politically Desirable New Programs = Re-Election without Taxes! Scrutinized by 1970s Western nations facing stagflation Mo Money, Mo Problems?
- 51. Milton Friedman Fiscal policy does NOT stimulate growth Emphasis on monetary policy Justification for move to free-market economy Known as neoliberalism “Conventional wisdom” until “Great Recession” of 2008- 2009
- 53. Appreciation vs. Depreciation Fixed vs. Floating Exchange Rate Fixed: Stable currency; International interests Floating: Fluctuating currency; Domestic interests