There are many perspectives on what development means and what causes underdevelopment. Todaro defines development as improving living standards, self-esteem, and freedom of choice in a multidimensional process. Alternative views see development as economic growth, modernization, or distributive justice. Marxist and dependency theories emphasize unequal international relationships. Popular development stresses local diversity and participation. Explanations of underdevelopment include vicious circles, colonial legacies, and the interaction of varied internal and external factors over time and place. No single theory can fully explain such a complex, varied phenomenon.
_Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development .pdfLeandraLeiCaalita
EVERY NATIONS
STRIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT
But economic progress is not the only component
DEVELOPMENT > material and financial
Widespread realization = national context + international economic + social system
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
_Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development .pdfLeandraLeiCaalita
EVERY NATIONS
STRIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT
But economic progress is not the only component
DEVELOPMENT > material and financial
Widespread realization = national context + international economic + social system
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Why study economics for Sustainable Development? A question of growthDr Leonie Pearson
Postgraduate lecture to the students at Chulalongkorn University's Enviornment, Devleopment and Sustainability course. Lecutre explores: (i) Exploring economics for sustainable development (ii) Growth versus development
(iii) Development options: measuring what matters and (iv) Assignment outline on sustainable development
COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Wholesale Banking Division
Micro Business Banking Department
Proposal on empowering young entrepreneurs
under “KENA” program along with UNCDF
July, 2023
Introduction
The youth employment crisis is a global development priority. Over 10 million youth enter Africa’s labour market each year, yet only 3 Million formal jobs are available, making it an uphill battle for most youth to secure decent employment. According to GSMA 2020, there are about 1 billion people between 15 and 24 years of age in the world’s less developed regions. As they grow into adulthood, they will need support from many sources – including parents, trusted mentors, and social networks and a variety of financial and non-financial services.
Kena is a program designed by EYEA to understand, support and empower young entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship journey. Kena aspires to capacitate young entrepreneurs on the required skills and make their business ideas/products ready for financing. Kena will address the existing entrepreneurship challenges in the academic context which has little to no contribution in preparing the young entrepreneurs to prepare the youth and realize their vision. To achieve this there is a need to prepare
contextualized training, coaching and mentoring programs. The program objective is to provide service packages that enhance trusts between entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Target groups of kena are young entrepreneurs from different areas like university students and others aged 18 to35. The priority sectors are Agriculture, Health, Tourism, Manufacturing, Education and ICT. The overall aim of Kena is prepare potential entrepreneurs’ business ideas investment ready and provide networking opportunities for accessing finance and related exposure at Zelela monthly policy advocacy and networking platform. Thus, this proposal aimed to arrange and work on the area of activities on young entrepreneurs of the association, based on shared objective CBE and UNCDF.
Company profile
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is one of the oldest, the giant and the leading African commercial banks with an asset of more than 1.24 trillion Birr (as of December 31, 2022) which is 58% of the industry share, wide capital base and huge lending capacity. Furthermore, CBE combines a wide customer base with more than 38.1 million account holders, more than 8.8 million card holders, more than 7.7 million Mobile banking users, has deployed more than 3,120 ATM Machines, have more than 9,340 Point of sale terminals, more than 7.4 million CBE birr users, more than 36,507 agents, more than 1,879 branches networks, and more than 69,594 talented and committed employees clerical and non-clerical employees.
CBE is well known in playing a huge and catalytic role in in the country’s economic development and society’s wellbeing (prosperity). The bank has also played a great role in creating better environment for th
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
Implementing Startup Loans
Introduction
In Ethiopia bank lending is the primary source of external finance for large business which can provide collateral, but it presents challenges for micro, small, and medium enterprises(MSMEs) and new innovative companies with higher risk-return, not-qualified, and not capable to provide collaterals. Due to this gaps the MSMEs and new companies face difficulties in obtaining loans, leading them to seek alternative sources. The government has been taking steps to provide adequate finance to startups, but the success of these schemes remains questionable. CBE has been financing startups indirectly by financing MFIs; but it insignificant when to achieve the existing demand. Therefore, providing financing mechanism for those who have a profitable business idea can be a success area for both the Bank and customers.
CBE is going to provide loan named as Idea financing to help a new and innovative business launch and grow. Like any other loans, it is a type of loan that shall be paid back with regular repayment at a fixed interest rate. The fund can be used for many different things such as developing prototype, testing products, purchasing machinery, premises, and marketing.
CBE’s startup loans are part of the customer segmentation based service designed to help new innovative business access finance that might otherwise be difficult to get
Objectives
On 15th July 2023, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia has officially signed MoU and partner with Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurs Association on zelela 7th round “From Innovative idea to commercialization”. The association has launched a product with a general objective to support and empower young entrepreneurs in the commercial ventures; like training and mentorship, access to finance, market exposure and innovation competition. Following this, the bank committed and engaged to provide financial and non-financial service by collaborating with different stakeholders to shed light on the young entrepreneurs in Ethiopia by intending to achieve the following specific objectives.
1. To diversify CBE’s credit portfolio.
2. To help entrepreneurs to get business started and growth.
3. To allow entrepreneurs to retain ownership.
4. To achieve national financial accesses goals.
5. Achieve business development efficiency of startups.
Target Groups
Micro business banking department offers unsecured financial access for individuals and wholesale customers, focusing on tailored products for women, start-ups, youth, and manufacturing enterprises. But the target group for this proposal are startups supported and recognized by Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurship Association(EYEA).
Proposed Startup Loans
Based on the assessment, CBE could provide various ranges of products in a saving and credit scheme for startups. But here, it is recommended that CBE should introduce should Finance Startups by Customizing the Idea Financing Loan product. CBE’s Startups Financing is a loan extended t
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Why study economics for Sustainable Development? A question of growthDr Leonie Pearson
Postgraduate lecture to the students at Chulalongkorn University's Enviornment, Devleopment and Sustainability course. Lecutre explores: (i) Exploring economics for sustainable development (ii) Growth versus development
(iii) Development options: measuring what matters and (iv) Assignment outline on sustainable development
COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Wholesale Banking Division
Micro Business Banking Department
Proposal on empowering young entrepreneurs
under “KENA” program along with UNCDF
July, 2023
Introduction
The youth employment crisis is a global development priority. Over 10 million youth enter Africa’s labour market each year, yet only 3 Million formal jobs are available, making it an uphill battle for most youth to secure decent employment. According to GSMA 2020, there are about 1 billion people between 15 and 24 years of age in the world’s less developed regions. As they grow into adulthood, they will need support from many sources – including parents, trusted mentors, and social networks and a variety of financial and non-financial services.
Kena is a program designed by EYEA to understand, support and empower young entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship journey. Kena aspires to capacitate young entrepreneurs on the required skills and make their business ideas/products ready for financing. Kena will address the existing entrepreneurship challenges in the academic context which has little to no contribution in preparing the young entrepreneurs to prepare the youth and realize their vision. To achieve this there is a need to prepare
contextualized training, coaching and mentoring programs. The program objective is to provide service packages that enhance trusts between entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Target groups of kena are young entrepreneurs from different areas like university students and others aged 18 to35. The priority sectors are Agriculture, Health, Tourism, Manufacturing, Education and ICT. The overall aim of Kena is prepare potential entrepreneurs’ business ideas investment ready and provide networking opportunities for accessing finance and related exposure at Zelela monthly policy advocacy and networking platform. Thus, this proposal aimed to arrange and work on the area of activities on young entrepreneurs of the association, based on shared objective CBE and UNCDF.
Company profile
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is one of the oldest, the giant and the leading African commercial banks with an asset of more than 1.24 trillion Birr (as of December 31, 2022) which is 58% of the industry share, wide capital base and huge lending capacity. Furthermore, CBE combines a wide customer base with more than 38.1 million account holders, more than 8.8 million card holders, more than 7.7 million Mobile banking users, has deployed more than 3,120 ATM Machines, have more than 9,340 Point of sale terminals, more than 7.4 million CBE birr users, more than 36,507 agents, more than 1,879 branches networks, and more than 69,594 talented and committed employees clerical and non-clerical employees.
CBE is well known in playing a huge and catalytic role in in the country’s economic development and society’s wellbeing (prosperity). The bank has also played a great role in creating better environment for th
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
Implementing Startup Loans
Introduction
In Ethiopia bank lending is the primary source of external finance for large business which can provide collateral, but it presents challenges for micro, small, and medium enterprises(MSMEs) and new innovative companies with higher risk-return, not-qualified, and not capable to provide collaterals. Due to this gaps the MSMEs and new companies face difficulties in obtaining loans, leading them to seek alternative sources. The government has been taking steps to provide adequate finance to startups, but the success of these schemes remains questionable. CBE has been financing startups indirectly by financing MFIs; but it insignificant when to achieve the existing demand. Therefore, providing financing mechanism for those who have a profitable business idea can be a success area for both the Bank and customers.
CBE is going to provide loan named as Idea financing to help a new and innovative business launch and grow. Like any other loans, it is a type of loan that shall be paid back with regular repayment at a fixed interest rate. The fund can be used for many different things such as developing prototype, testing products, purchasing machinery, premises, and marketing.
CBE’s startup loans are part of the customer segmentation based service designed to help new innovative business access finance that might otherwise be difficult to get
Objectives
On 15th July 2023, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia has officially signed MoU and partner with Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurs Association on zelela 7th round “From Innovative idea to commercialization”. The association has launched a product with a general objective to support and empower young entrepreneurs in the commercial ventures; like training and mentorship, access to finance, market exposure and innovation competition. Following this, the bank committed and engaged to provide financial and non-financial service by collaborating with different stakeholders to shed light on the young entrepreneurs in Ethiopia by intending to achieve the following specific objectives.
1. To diversify CBE’s credit portfolio.
2. To help entrepreneurs to get business started and growth.
3. To allow entrepreneurs to retain ownership.
4. To achieve national financial accesses goals.
5. Achieve business development efficiency of startups.
Target Groups
Micro business banking department offers unsecured financial access for individuals and wholesale customers, focusing on tailored products for women, start-ups, youth, and manufacturing enterprises. But the target group for this proposal are startups supported and recognized by Ethiopian Youth Entrepreneurship Association(EYEA).
Proposed Startup Loans
Based on the assessment, CBE could provide various ranges of products in a saving and credit scheme for startups. But here, it is recommended that CBE should introduce should Finance Startups by Customizing the Idea Financing Loan product. CBE’s Startups Financing is a loan extended t
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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2. Definitions of Development
For almost every writer a different
definition of development exists
Important to first distinguish between:
a. Development as a state or condition-
static
b. Development as a process or course
of change- dynamic
3. Meaning of Development-Todaro
Development is not purely an economic
phenomenon but rather a multi-
dimensional process involving
reorganization and reorientation of entire
economic AND social system
Development is process of improving the
quality of all human lives with three
equally important aspects. These are:
4. Todaro’s Three Objectives of
Development
1. Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e.
incomes and consumption, levels of food,
medical services, education through
relevant growth processes
2. Creating conditions conducive to the
growth of peoples’ self-esteem through the
establishment of social, political and
economic systems and institutions which
promote human dignity and respect
3. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose
by enlarging the range of their choice
variables, e.g. varieties of goods and
services
5. Alternative Interpretations of
Development (Mabogunje)
Development as Economic Growth-
too often commodity output as opposed
to people is emphasized-measures of
growth in GNP. Note here the persistence
of a dual economy where the export
sector contains small number of workers
but draws technology as opposed to
traditional sector where most people
work and is dominated by inefficient
technology
6. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
Development as Modernization-
emphasizes process of social change
which is required to produce economic
advancement; examines changes in
social, psychological and political
processes;
How to develop wealth oriented behavior
and values in individuals; profit seeking
rather than subsistence and self
sufficiency
Shift from commodity to human approach
with investment in education and skill
training
7. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
Development as Distributive Justice-
view development as improving basic
needs
Interest in social justice which has raised
three issues:
1.Nature of goods and services provided
by governments
2. Matter of access of these public goods
to different social classes
3. How burden of development can be
shared among these classes
Target groups include small farmers,
landless, urban under-employed and
unemployed
8. Alternative Interpretations of
Development
Development as Distributive Justice-
view development as improving basic
needs
Interest in social justice which has raised
three issues:
1.Nature of goods and services provided
by governments
2. Matter of access of these public goods
to different social classes
3. How burden of development can be
shared among these classes
9. Marxist View of Development
Emphasizes Mode of Production -
elements and activities necessary to
produce and reproduce real, material life
Capitalist (market economy) mode
depends on wage labor whose labor
power produces a surplus which is
accumulated and appropriated by the
employer-result is often class conflict in
capitalist societies
10. Neocolonial Dependence Model
Outgrowth of Marxist thinking-Dos Santos
Existence of underdevelopment due to historical
evolution of an unequal international capitalist
system of rich country-poor country relations
Sets up center (developed countries) versus
periphery (developing countries) contrast
Attempts to become self-reliant and progressive
are surpressed by this relationship
Moreover certain elites in the developing world
(e.g landlords, entrepreneurs, merchants) enjoy
high incomes, social status and political power
and thus perpetuate inequality and conformity
and are rewarded
They serve international power groups such as
multi-national firms, assistance agencies (World
Bank) and other agents
11. Sustainable Development
Defined as development that is likely to achieve
lasting satisfaction of human needs and
improvement of the quality of life and
encompasses:
Help for the very poorest who are left with no
option but to destroy their environment to survive
Idea of self-reliant development with natural
resource constraints
Cost effective development using different
economic criteria to the traditional –i.e.
development should not degrade environment
Important issues of health control, appropriate
technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and
shelter for all
People centered activities are necessary-
human beings are the resources in the concept
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Theories of Development
1940-50s- Keynesian growth theory -
process of capital of formation is
determined by savings and investment
Domestic savings are chanelled to
productive investments such as
manufacturing which result –usually-in
high productivity
Growth is market driven as income levels
rise, savings rises and frees capital for
alternative investment
17. Theories of Development
Modernization Theory -as noted
previously this theory suggests that
economic dimension alone is insufficient
and adds theories on institutional and
social change
Incorporates non-economic elements such
as social practices, beliefs, values and
customs (McClelland, Achieving Society)
Diffusion and speed of change is critical as
is removal of various cultural and social
barriers
Backward internal structures-rather than
external factors-cause underdevelopment
18. Theories of Development
NeoLiberal Development Theory- grew
in the 1970s and designed to counteract
impact of Keynesianism
New emphasis on supply side factors in
development- private initiatives and
market led growth
Move away from demand stimulation
(interest rate manipulation), import
substitution, state intervention and
centralized planning
Gradual industrialization with ‘trickle down’
of benefits to all social classes
19. Theories of Development
Popular Development- what is it?
Avoids ‘grand theories’ and emphasizes
solutions viewed in context of development
which is part of historical process
Context of development is constantly changing
in scale and time
Accommodates geographical and historical
diversity
Theory of little use to practitioners of
development
Stresses local diversity, human creativity,
process of social change through pragmatism,
flexibility and context
Not extent of state intervention but comparative
advantages of public and private sectors and
their complementarity
20. Popular Development and
Environment
Recognizes high “opportunity costs”
associated with irreversible environmental
damage
Dealing with environmental problems
requires solutions sensitive to local social
and ecological conditions
Society and nature relations are affected
by variations in class, gender and ethnicity
“Reproductive squeeze” forces peasants
to intensify production in fragile
environments
21. Popular Development, Space and
Place
Bottom up approaches (as opposed to top-
down) to peoples’ participation are important in
this view
How are various social groups and classes
affected by rural-urban, core-periphery and
other spatial interactions?
Growing importance of “decentralization” of
decision-making and authority from center to
periphery
22. Popular Development and Power
How does the power structure affect
development?
Examine sources of empowerment,
inequality and discrimination
Need to devise more people centered
approaches which stress empowerment
and participation
Empowerment as participatory
development seeks to engender self-help
and self-reliance but also effective
collective decision-making
23. What causes
underdevelopment?
Very easy to focus on characteristics of
development
For example we know that
underdevelopment is usually
characterized by: low per capita incomes,
low literacy and educational attainment,
lack of basic services- water and power
But how do we EXPLAIN
underdevelopment?
24. Some Common ‘Theories”
Old view that absence of development caused
by certain physical environments, particular
cultural traditions and value systems-
environmental and cultural determinism
Lack of natural resources certainly impediment
to development but not impossible- example of
Japan
Why has Japan succeeded?
25. Reasons for Japanese Success
Strong cooperation between government
and business
Able to adapt to spatial-physical situation
and acquire a maritime prowess
Early development (Meiji restoration) of
transport and banking systems
Highly literate population
Niche development- technology driven
26. Other Common Explanations of
Underdevelopment
Instability and other adverse internal situations-
political factors
Some truth to this as extended periods of
turbulence are not conducive to development-
central African nations with tribal rivalries and
ethnic cleansing
Poor physical environment- lack of rainfall,
poor soils also may pose barriers to
development
27. Vicious Circles- Gunnar Myrdal
Complex web of interlocking vicious circles
each of which constitutes a chain of cause and
effect relationships where one unfavorable
circumstance leads to another and produces
downward spiral
High Birth Rate> Large Families>Low PCI>
Poverty> Low Output Per Worker>
Low PCI> Low Productivity> Poor
Health>Inadequate Housing
Remedy > Downward spiral not reversible
without massive aid
28. Remedy for Vicious Circle
Aid would stimulate growth in modern
sector and reduce size of ‘informal’ or
traditional sector
Thus eliminate dualism and the major
causes of unequal distribution of wealth
Foreign aid would allow countries to
increase low levels of productivity
29. Another Common Explanation
Colonialism As Scapegoat
Attacking vicious circle proponents-do
not explain how these magic circles
come into existence
Need to view development in historical
perspective as sequence of dynamic
events-explore roots
Colonialism viewed as the cause of
disintegration and decline- how?
30. Colonialism as Scapegoat
Indigenous population exploited
Traditional way of life and self sufficient
mode of production have been destroyed
Forced to pay taxes and conscripted
labor practices
Social differentiation increased-
disintegrating force
Fatal effects on secondary
(manufacturing) and tertiary (service)
sectors- import of cheap goods forced
indigenous artisans out of work
Discouraged modern industrialization
31. Colonialism as Scapegoat cont’d
Thus what occurred in these situations
was dependent not autonomous
development
Colonial powers extracted wealth for
home country-Netherlands, France,
Great Britain
International division of labor (IDL) and
western dominated trading structure was
created to take advantage of colonial
authority
IDL=allocation of tasks among laborers
such that each one engages in tasks that
he performs most efficiently and this
promotes worker specialization and
productivity
32. What to Do With Development
Theory ?
Several theories have been advanced
have been criticized and some also
discredited—to be replaced by other
theories
Third World is very heterogeneous-
dissimilar in terms of population,
resources, climates, culture , economic
structure and location
Unlikely that one theory will be powerful
enough to explain underdevelopment
everywhere
33. What to Say About Development
Theory ?
Underdevelopment must be seen as a
product of an array of complex and
continuously changing interactions
between:
1. Past and Present
2. Natural and Human Environments
3. External and Internal Conditions
Multitude of obstacles to development
vary with place and time
Critical to remember that the above
theoretical ideas aid us in asking
pertinent questions