2. CHAPTER SIX
The major discussion points in this subject are:
The definition of diplomacy
Nature of diplomacy
Objectives of diplomacy
Why diplomacy is necessary?
Main devices of diplomacy
How diplomacy is practiced
Test of success of diplomacy
Change in the character of diplomacy
Types of diplomacy
Diplomacy in the 21st century
Reading assignments slide 35-45
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4. Concept of Diplomacy
Source Definition
1 Dictionaries
an art and practice of conducting negotiations to attain mutual
interests and to secure advantages without creating hostility.
a means of establishing relationships among countries in which each of
them aim at carrying out different affairs to their best interests.
a business of making and managing different agreements, treaties ,
negotiations……etc among different international actors mainly sovereign
states.
a skill and tact of dealing with people, persuading them towards ones own
national interests and that of common interests.
a process of negotiations by which sovereign states conduct their
relationships and pursue their purposes using different means short of war.
a basic means by which a nation seeks to secure the goals of its national
interests
The way in which countries manage or conduct relations with one
another.
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5. Concept of Diplomacy
Source Definition
2 Padelford and Lincoln
Is the process of representation and negotiation by which states
customary deal with one another in times of peace.
3 Sir Ernest Satow
Is the application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of official
relations between governments of independent states.
4 K.M. Panikar
Is the art of forwarding one’s interests in relation to other countries
5 Harold Nicholoson
Is the management of international relations by means of
negotiations; the method by which these relations are adjusted and
managed by Ambassadors and envoys the business or art of the
diplomats.
6 Hans J. Morgenthau
Is the promotion of the national interest by peaceful means.
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7. Nature of Diplomacy
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Nature of diplomacy
1. Diplomacy is not immoral: Diplomacy is neither the art of deceit nor
mere lies or propaganda, and nor even something immoral.
2. Diplomacy is a means of international relation: Diplomacy is a
normal means of conducting relations. It consists of techniques and
procedures for conducting relations among nations.
3. Diplomacy is machinery for action: in itself diplomacy is recognized as
official machinery for the conduct of relations among nations.
4. Diplomacy acts through settled procedures: diplomacy functions
through a network of foreign offices, embassies, legations, consulates, and
special missions all over the world. It always works according to definite
and settled procedures and protocols.
5. Diplomacy is Bilateral as well as Multilateral in form: diplomacy is
commonly bilateral in character. However as a result of growing
international issues, international organizations, regional negotiations, it
has now also developed a plural character.
8. ………..Nature of Diplomacy
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Nature of diplomacy
6. Diplomacy handles all types of matters: Diplomacy may embrace a multitude of interests from the
simplest issues to vital issues to that of war and peace.
7. Breakdown of diplomacy always leads to crisis: When diplomacy breaks down, the danger of war, or
at least of major crisis develops.
8. Diplomacy operates both in times of Peace as well as War: Some writers hold that diplomacy
operates only in times of peace and when war breaks out diplomacy comes to an end. Do you
agree?
However, this is not a correct view. Diplomacy continues to operate even when war breaks
out. Why and How?
Of course, during war its nature undergoes a change; from peace diplomacy it takes the
form of war diplomacy.
9. Diplomacy works in an enviroment characterized both by Conflict and Cooperation: Diplomacy
works in a situation involving both cooperation and conflict. The existence of cooperation as well
as conflict is essential for the working of diplomacy.
10. Diplomacy always works for securing national interests of the nation it represents: the purpose of
democracy is to secure the goals of national interest as defined and specified by the foreign
policy of the nation.
Diplomacy always works for the nation it represents. Diplomacy is backed by national power.
What does it mean?
“Diplomacy is a promotion of national interest by peaceful means”
10. • Objectives of diplomacy
1. Political objectives of diplomacy
2. Non-political objectives of diplomacy
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11. • Objectives of diplomacy
1. Political objectives of diplomacy
– Diplomacy always works to secure the goals of national interest as defined by the foreign policy.
– Is to promote common interests and resolve conflicting interests in a peaceful manner.
– It always works for increasing the influence of the state over other states. Why and How?
– It uses persuasion, promises of rewards and other means for this purpose.
– Trough rational negotiation,
• it seeks to justify the objectives of the foreign policy of the nation.
• It seeks to promote friendship and cooperation with other nations
2. Non-political objectives of diplomacy
– The interdependence among nations is the most important and valuable fact of international
living.
– Each nations depends upon others for economic and industrial links and trade.
– Diplomacy always seeks to promote the economic, commercial and cultural links of the nation
with other nations.
– Diplomacy depends upon peaceful means, persuasive methods for promoting the interests of
the nations and this is indeed an important non-political objective of diplomacy.
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13. Why is diplomacy necessary?
Diplomacy necessary because;
– All countries are highly interconnected, due to globalization
– All rely and cooperate with each other in;
• Trade
• Defense
• Politics
• Economy
– Diplomacy:
• allows us to keep up these good and close relations.
• Provides an opportunity for countries to pursue mutual interests
– So, why is diplomacy necessary?
• Diplomacyenables them to cooperate with one another to solve common problems.
• Diplomacyenable countries to help one another in times of need (emergency etc)
• Diplomacyhelps countries resolve conflicts, differences, and disagreements peacefully.
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17. Diplomacy practice modality
International
relation
(involves ties
among many
countries and
groupings
throughout the
world)
Regional
relation
(Association
with countries in
the same region)
Diplomacy
Bilateral
Relation
(involves two
countries)
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19. ………..The concept of Diplomacy
• Success in diplomacy
– Is measured in terms of the amount of success achieved towards the
fulfillment of the goals of national interest in international relations.
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21. • Changes in the character of diplomacy
1. Old diplomacy
2. New diplomacy
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Old diplomacy New diplomacy
1 Mainly European Global
2 Mostly Bi-lateral Mostly Multilateral
3 More formal Less formal
4 Mostly secret Mostly open and democratic
5 Depends less on propaganda Depends more on propaganda
6 Mostly club Mostly networking
23. Types of diplomacy
1. Preventive diplomacy
2. Public diplomacy
3. Soft power
4. Economic diplomacy
5. Counterinsurgency diplomacy
6. Gunboat diplomacy
7. Nuclear diplomacy
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24. Types of diplomacy
1. Preventive diplomacy
Is action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing
disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when
they occure.
Since the end of the cold war the international community through international
institutions has been focusing on preventive diplomacy.
2. Public diplomacy
– Is exercising influence through communication with the general public in another
nation, or more benign forms such as citizen diplomacy, individual interactions
between average citizens of two or more nations.
– Technological advances and advert of digital diplomacy now allow instant
communication with foreign publics., such as face book diplomacy and twitter
diplomacy increasingly used by world leaders and diplomats.
3. Economic diplomacy
Is the use of foreign aid or other types of economic policy as a means to achieve a
diplomatic agenda.
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25. …….Types of diplomacy
4. Soft power diplomacy
– Some times called hearts and minds diplomacy – by Joseph Nye
– Is the cultivation of relationships, respect, or even admiration from others to gain
influence, as opposed to more coercive approaches.
– Often and incorrectly confused with the practice of official diplomacy,
– Soft power reefers to non- state, culturally attractive factors that may predispose
people to sympathize with a foreign culture based on affinity for its products.
5. Counterinsurgency diplomacy
– Developed by diplomats deployed to civil-military stabilization efforts in Iraq and
Afghanistan, employs diplomats at tactical and operational levels, outside
traditional embassy environments and often along side military or peacekeeping
forces.
– Counterinsurgency diplomacy may provide political environment advice to local
commanders, interact with local leaders, and facilitate the governance efforts,
functions and reach of a host government.
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26. …….Types of diplomacy
6. Gunboat diplomacy
– Is the use of conspicuous displays of military strength as a means of intimidation in
order to influence others.
– It must also be stated that since gunboat diplomacy lies near the edge between
peace and war, victory or defeat in an incident may foster a shift into political and
psychological dimensions:
• a standoff between a weaker and a stronger state may be perceived as a defeat for the
stronger one. Eg. The case of Americans lost face with regard to North Korea.
7. Nuclear diplomacy
Is the area of diplomacy related to preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear war.
One of the most well-known (and most controversial) philosophies of nuclear
diplomacy is mutually assured destruction (MAD)
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29. Features of Diplomacy in the 21st century
Some features of Diplomacy in the 21st century;
Changes on;
Technological enhancement- information and instant communication (social
media etc) ‘The worst enemy of diplomats is CNN”.
Diplomacy is becoming more public
The concept of right to protection of states
Global Environmental protection
Migration
The fight against poverty, which one state could not handle it
New non-government institution, such as ICC, INGOs,
Private and public partnership (PPP)
Frequent communication of state leaders and ambassadors- Summitry diplomacy
Huge number of ongoing global conferences
Diplomacy is based on trust not on propaganda
State and deplomates
Impact of the changes;
It impacts the quality of diplomacy and diplomat profession
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31. Reading assignment 35-45
Diplomacy Vs other disciplines
1. Diplomacy Vs Foreign Policy
2. Diplomacy Vs International Law
3. Diplomacy Vs Espionage
Major principles of negotiation?
Dynamics of International Bargaining
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32. Diplomacy Vs other disciplines
Reading assignment 35-45
Diplomacy borrows concepts and theories from both
foreign policy and international law. This makes it
rich in vocabulary and enables it to cover wider issues
taking place in international system.
1. Diplomacy Vs Foreign Policy
Foreign policy is the substance, the direction and
the content and diplomacy is the modes to be
conducted through persuasion, negotiation,
compromise and threat of force.
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33. ……Diplomacy vs other disciplines
2. Diplomacy Vs International Law
a) International Law
• IL is Wider than diplomacy in scope- includes war.
• IL is an outcome of diplomatic negotiations. Why??
• IL governs issues relating to the global environment, the
international waters, outer space, world
trade……………..
• IL includes the issue of maintenance of peace and
security and the regulation of the use of force in the
international relationship.
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34. …….Diplomacy vs other disciplines
3. Diplomacy Vs Espionage
a)Diplomacy
Diplomatic missions are legal
Diplomatic activities are more formal.
Diplomat is legally protected and immunized.
Diplomatic works are to be carried officially.
b) Espionage
The mission of espionage is not legal.
The activities of espionage is not formal/official
Espionage can only be carried out secretly
The works of espionage is not legally protected
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35. What are the major principles of negotiation?
.
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36. Principles of negotiation
The following are major principles of negotiation.
1. Separate the people/persons from the issue. Why???
2. Focus on interests rather than positions. Why??
3. Generate a variety of options. Why???
4. Insist that the agreement be based on objective criteria.
Why???
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37. Principles of Diplomacy
1. Separate the people from the issue
In a process of diplomatic negotiation, it is good
to separate the persons from the issue because if
you fail to do so it may be considered as
personal attacks.
In such process, therefore, separating the
persons from the issue allows parties to address
the issues without damaging their relationship
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38. Principles of Diplomacy
2. Focus on interests rather than positions.
Good negotiators focus on the parties' interests
rather than on personal positions.
Your position is something you have decided upon
while your interests are what caused you to
negotiate and decide.
Defining an interest in terms of position means that
at least one party will "lose" the negotiation.
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39. Principles of Diplomacy
3. Generate a variety of options to reach at agreement
Parties may decide prematurely on an option and so fail to
consider alternatives. Poor negotiation
Parties may be intent on narrowing their options to find the
single answer. Poor negotiation
Parties may define the problem in win-lose terms, assuming
the only options are for one side to win and the other to
lose. Poor negotiation
A party needs to be able to provide different options
alternatively, if one option does not work the other may
work. Good negotiation
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40. Principles of Diplomacy
4. Agreement to be based on objective criteria.
First parties must identify and agree which criteria is
best for their situation and such criteria should be
based on:-
- Scientific/research/assessment findings,
- Professional standards and experiences
- Legal precedent .
One way to test for objectivity is to ask if both sides
would agree to be bound by those standards.
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42. Dynamics of International Bargaining
Dynamics of international Bargaining are:
1. The Manipulation of Carrots and Sticks
2. Game Theory and bargaining
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43. Dynamics of International Bargaining
1. The Manipulation of Carrots and Sticks
• Parties involved in bargaining can attempt to influence each other through
the manipulation of carrots and sticks.
• Under the international system, there are States that make considerable
use of both carrot and stick approach by employing threats, punishments,
promise and rewards.
• Threats and punishments represent the stick approach, the former
involving some hypothetical action and the latter a real action.
• Promises and rewards represent the carrot approach, the former
involving hypothetical action and the later a real action.
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44. Dynamics of
ternatDynamics of International Bargaining
ionaBargaining …..
2. Game Theory and bargaining
Two basic types of game theories are common to the discussions of international
bargaining namely:-
♠ the “zero-sum” game
♠ the “variable-sum” game
The zero sum game
(win-los game)
The zero sum game is structured so that when one party wins, the other party
automatically loses; and this might lead to conflict.
Creative diplomacy might change it to variable sum game where there is more or
less mutual gain to be achieved.
The “variable- sum” game.
(“Win-win” Out-come)
Most situations and practices in the International Relations resemble variable sum games rather than zero sum
game.
Such games have prominent solutions based on the gains or losses expected with a general rule of maximize
gains and minimize losses.
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