The document defines foreign exchange and foreign exchange markets. It discusses the key participants in foreign exchange markets including individuals, firms, banks, governments, and international agencies. It also outlines some of the main functions and determinants of foreign exchange markets. Long-term determinants include balance of payments, relative economic strength, interest rates, inflation, money supply, and national income. Short-term determinants include central bank intervention, export/import payments and flows, foreign investment flows, political factors, speculation, and capital movements. The document also provides context on the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) in India.

1. Determinants of Foreign
Exchange

2. DEFINITIONS
• Foreign Exchange
The system of converting one national
currency into another, or of transferring
money from one country to another.

3. • Foreign Exchange Market
 Forex market is a place in which foreign
exchange transactions take place.
 A market in which National currencies are
bought and sold against one another
The foreign exchange market is one of the
largest markets in the world. By some
estimates, about 3.2 trillion USD worth of
currency changes hands every day.

4. Foreign exchange reserves

5. Exchange Rates
Indicative on Friday April 16, 2010
IMPORT
Currency
EXPORT
Forward Spot Spot Forward
6 months 3 months 1 month TT * Bill TT* Bill 1 month 3 months 6 months
45.26 44.85 44.58 44.42 44.46 US Dollar 44.34 44.32 44.5 44.78 45.19
61.23 60.69 60.32 60.11 60.15 Euro 60.00 59.99 60.21 60.59 61.14
69.92 69.32 68.93 68.69 68.74 Pound Sterling 68.57 68.56 68.81 69.23 69.84
48.84 48.36 48.05 47.87 47.90 Japanese Yen* 47.75 47.74 47.95 48.26 48.72
42.8 42.38 42.1 41.94 41.97 Swiss Franc 41.83 41.82 42.01 42.28 42.7
8.22 8.15 8.11 8.08 8.09 Danish Kroner 8.06 8.06 8.09 8.14 8.21
32.96 32.67 32.47 32.36 32.38 Singapore Dollar 32.29 32.28 32.42 32.61 32.91
5.84 5.78 5.75 5.72 5.73 Hong Kong Dollar 5.71 5.71 5.73 5.77 5.83
41.27 41.35 41.53 41.38 41.40 Australian Dollar 41.32 41.31 41.45 41.57 41.65
31.9 31.84 31.79 31.74 31.76 New Zealand Dollar 31.68 31.68 31.79 31.92 32.08
7.65 7.61 7.59 7.57 7.58 Norwegian Kroner 7.55 7.55 7.59 7.62 7.67
6.33 6.24 6.24 6.21 6.22 Swedish Kroner 6.20 6.20 6.22 6.26 6.32
45.07 44.73 44.47 44.31 44.34 Canadian Dollar 44.21 44.20 44.39 44.66 45.06
Source: State Bank Of India, Chennai
*TT - Telegraphic Transfer

6. Features of Foreign Exchange Market
The foreign exchange market is unique because of
trading volume results in market liquidity
geographical dispersion
continuous operation: 24 hours a day except
weekends
the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
the low margins of relative profit compared with
other markets of fixed income
the use of leverage to enhance profit margins
with respect to account size

7. Participants
Individuals:
tourists, migrants
Firms: importers
and exporters
Banks:commercial
& central banks
Governments /
monetary
authorities
International
agencies

8. Functions of Forex Market
• Transfer of Purchasing power
• Provision of credit
• Provision of hedging facilities

9. Determinants of Foreign Exchange
Market
Long – term Factors Short-term Factors

10. Long-term Factors
• Balance of Payments

11. • Strength of economy
The relative strength of an
economy has effect on demand
and supply of foreign currencies.
If an economy is growing at a
faster rate, in the long-run, it is
generally expected to have a
better performance on Balance
of Trade .

12. • Interest rate
The capital is attracted
towards currencies yielding
higher interest rates,
provided
there is full currency
convertibility in capital
account.

13. • Inflation
A higher rate of inflation will make a
country’s currency less attractive
because of the loss of real value with
inflation.
◦ Hence, that currency would
depreciate
against major currencies.

14. • Money Supply
An increase in money
supply will affect the
exchange rate through
causing inflation in the
country. It can also affect
the exchange rate directly
in the short run.

15. • National Income
An increase in the
national income will lead
to an increase in
investment or in
consumption and
accordingly, its effect on
the exchange
rate will change.

16. Short term factors
• Central bank intervention
Buying and selling of
foreign currency in the
market by the Central
Bank with a view to
increasing the supply or
demand, there by
affecting the exchange
rate, is known as
intervention.

17. • Export receipts and import payments
The difference
between the total
receipts
from export bill
realizations and
import payments on
a given day in a
country determines
the exchange rate to
some extent.

18. • Foreign investment flows
Both foreign direct
and portfolio
investment
inflows and outflows
affect the exchange
rates.

19. • Political factors
Factors like war.
Announcement of
election results, oil
price increase etc
will cause
exchange rate
fluctuations.

20. • Speculation
If a few big
speculators start
buying a currency
in an aggressive
manner, others
may follow suit.
Thus, the demand
of the currency
may increase.

21. • Capital Movements
Movement will be caused by
external
borrowings and assistance.
Large-scale external
borrowing will have favorable
effect on the exchange rate of
the country’s currency.

22. FEMA
• The Foreign Exchange Management Act or in short FEMA has been introduced as a
replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA came into
act on the 1st day of June, 2000.
The main objective behind the Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) is to
consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with objective of
facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly
development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
FEMA is applicable to the all parts of India. The act is also applicable to all
branches, offices and agencies outside India owned or controlled by a person who
is resident of India.
FEMA head-office also known as Enforcement Directorate is situated in New Delhi
and is headed by a Director. The Directorate is further divided into 5 zonal offices
at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Jalandhar and each office is headed by a
Deputy Directors. Each zone is further divided into 7 sub-zonal offices headed by
the Assistant Directors and 5 field units headed by the Chief Enforcement Officers

23. Conclusion
• Liquid Investment- foreign exchange market has the advantage of being
extremely liquid. What this means is that investors would be able to
withdraw from their investments at any point in time relatively easily.
This is due to the fact that the foreign exchange market has a global
market, which means searching for a buyer to purchase a particular
currency which you are interested to sell is usually not a big problem.
• Convenience-foreign currency exchange trading is extremely convenient.
Organized as an over-the-counter market, foreign exchange traders from
all over the world are brought into contact each day via the internet. This
means that traders would be able to trade with one another 24 hours a
day, five days a week.
• FACILITATES TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT