This document discusses foreign exchange rates and their determination. It explains that foreign exchange rates are the rates at which one country's currency can be converted into another's. These rates are determined by currency supply and demand in global foreign exchange markets. The key factors that influence supply and demand - and thus exchange rates - include interest rates, inflation rates, government budgets, and political stability. The document also outlines different exchange rate systems like fixed, floating, and managed rates.

1. EXCHANGE RATE
DETERMINATION
Prepared By
Mariya Jasmine M Y

2. FOREIGN EXCHANGE
• Popularly referred to as "FOREX"
• The conversion of one country's currency into
that of another.
• It is the minimum number of units of one
countries currency required to purchase one
unit of the other countries currency.

3. WHY IT NEEDED???.....
• Different countries have different currencies with
different values….
Example: India - Rupees
America -Dollar
China - Yuan
• When trade takes place…..
the persons of these countries have to
convert their currencies to other countries
currencies to make payments

4. • For this purpose the concept of foreign
exchange come into operation.
• Under mechanism of international
payments, the currency of a country is
converted in to the currency of another
country through FOREIGN EXCHANGE
MARKET.
• The effect of globalization and international
trade
• Increased import and export

5. FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
• Also called “FOREX” market.
• It is the place were foreign moneys were
bought and sold.
• It involves the buying of one currency and
selling of another currency simultaneously.
• Exchange rates are determined here….
• Has no geographical boundaries…..

6. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE
• It is the rate at which one currency will be
exchanged for another in foreign exchange.
• It is also regarded as the value of one
country’s currency in terms of another
currency.
There are three basic types;
Fixed rate
Floating rate
Managed rate

7. FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
• It is the system of following a fixed rate for
converting currencies.
• In this system, the government (or the central
bank acting on its behalf) intervenes in the
currency market in order to keep the exchange
rate close to a fixed target.
• It does not allow major fluctuations from the
central rate.

8. Advantages
 It provide the stability of exchange rate.
Fixed rates provide greater certainty for
exporters and importers.
Disadvantages
 Too rigid to take care of major upheavals.
 Need large reserves to defend the fixed
exchange rate.
 May cause destabilizing speculations; most
currency crisis took place under a fixed
exchange system.

9. FLOATING/FLEXIBLE
EXCHANGE RATE
• Under the flexible exchange rate system, the
rate of exchange is allowed to vary to suit the
economic policies of the government.
• Flexible exchange rates are exchange
rates, which fluctuate according to market
forces.
• The value of the currency is determined solely
by the forces of demand and supply in the
exchange market.(self correcting mechanism)

10. Advantages
Automatic adjustment for countries with a
large balance of payments deficit.
Flexibility in determining interest rates
Allow countries to maintain independent
economic policies.
Permit a smooth adjustment to external
shocks.
Don't need to maintain large international
reserves.

11. Disadvantages
Flexible exchange rates are highly unstable so
that flows of foreign trade and investment
may be discouraged.
They are inherently inflationary.

12. MANAGED EXCHANGE RATE
• Managed exchange rate systems permit the
government to place some influence on an
exchange rate that would otherwise be freely
floating.
• Managed means the exchange rate system has
attributes of both systems.
• Through such official interventions it is
possible to manage both fixed and floating
exchange rates.

13. Simple Mechanism of Demand &
Supply
• As stated earlier exchange rate is determined
by its the forces of supply and demand.
• Therefore, if for some reason people increase
their demand for a specific currency, then the
price will rise provided that the supply
remains stable.
• On the contrary, if the supply is increased the
price will decline and it is provided that the
demand remains stable.

15. Purchasing Power Parity Theory (PPP Theory)
• Most widely accepted theory
“According to PPP theory, when exchange rates
are of a fluctuating nature, the rate of exchange
between two currencies in the long run will be
fixed by their respective purchasing powers in
their own nations.”
• i.e the price of a good that is charged in one
country should be equal to the one charged for
the same good in another country, being
exchanged at the current rate.

16. • This rule is also known as the law of one price.
• It is an economic theory that estimates the
amount of adjustment needed on the
exchange rate between countries in order for
the exchange to be equivalent to each
currency's purchasing power.

17. The Balance of Payment Theory
• The balance of payments approach is another method
that explains what the factors are that determine the
supply and demand curves of a country’s currency.
• As it is known from macroeconomics, the balance of
payments is a method of recording all the international
monetary transactions of a country during a specific
period of time.
• The transactions recorded are divided into four
categories: the current account transactions, the
capital account transactions, financial account and the
central bank transaction.

18. CURRENT ACCOUNT
export and import of goods &services
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
Capital transfers
FINANCIAL TRANSFERS
Foreign direct investment
Portfolio investment
RESERVEBANK TRANSACTIONS

19. • According to the theory, a deficit in the balance of
payments leads to fall or depreciation in the rate of
exchange, while a surplus in the balance of payments
strengthens the foreign exchange reserves, causing an
appreciation in the price of home currency in terms of
foreign currency. A deficit balance of payments of a
country implies that demand for foreign exchange is
exceeding its supply.
• As a result, the price of foreign money in terms of
domestic currency must rise, i.e., the exchange rate of
domestic currency must fall. On the other hand, a
surplus in the balance of payments of the country
implies a greater demand for home currency in a
foreign country than the available supply. As a
result, the price of home currency in terms of foreign
money rises, i.e., the rate of exchange improves.

20. DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN
EXCHANGE RATE
1. Interest Rate
Whenever there is an increase interest rates in domestic
market there will be increase investment funds causing a
decrease in demand for foreign currency and an increase in
supply of foreign currency.
2. Inflation Rate
when inflation increases there will be less demand for
local goods (decreased supply of foreign currency) and more
demand for foreign goods (increased demand for foreign
currency).

21. 3. Government budget deficit or surplus
The market usually react negatively to widening govt.
budget deficits and positively to narrowing budget
deficits. This will result in change in the value of
countries currency.
4. Political conditions
Internal, regional and international political
conditions and events can have a profound effect
on currency market