The document provides guidance on crafting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of research in an area that leads to a research question. It notes literature reviews should be informative, evaluative, and integrative. The purpose is to map the research topic, contextualize it in current literature, and justify the research question. The process involves finding, managing, critiquing, and writing about relevant sources. Tips are provided such as identifying consensus/divergence and using specific details to persuade the reader.
A book review or article critique is a specialized form of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the contribution to knowledge of scholarly works such as academic books and journal article.
Critical Approaches in Writing a Critique presentation.pptxjoycedawong
This ppt had the objectives such as criticize the texts using the different approaches of criticism; and apply the appropriate critical approaches in writing a critique. It presents the systematic process in presentation expecially in classroom setting wherein there are preliminaries, motivation, presenting the lesson, activities and valuing. It emphasize critique which means it uses a formal, academic writing style and has a clear structure, that is, an introduction, body, and conclusion.
“The Media Criticism approach focuses - It is the act of closely examining and judging the media. When we examine the media and various media stories, we often find instances of media bias. Media bias is the perception that the media is reporting the news in a partial or prejudiced manner. Media bias occurs when the media seems to push a specific viewpoint, rather than reporting the news objectively.
“It focuses on the economic and political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological content of literature; because Marxist criticism often argues that all art is political, either challenging or endorsing (by silence) the status quo, it is frequently evaluative and judgmental, a tendency that “can lead to reductive judgment.”
A book review or article critique is a specialized form of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the contribution to knowledge of scholarly works such as academic books and journal article.
Critical Approaches in Writing a Critique presentation.pptxjoycedawong
This ppt had the objectives such as criticize the texts using the different approaches of criticism; and apply the appropriate critical approaches in writing a critique. It presents the systematic process in presentation expecially in classroom setting wherein there are preliminaries, motivation, presenting the lesson, activities and valuing. It emphasize critique which means it uses a formal, academic writing style and has a clear structure, that is, an introduction, body, and conclusion.
“The Media Criticism approach focuses - It is the act of closely examining and judging the media. When we examine the media and various media stories, we often find instances of media bias. Media bias is the perception that the media is reporting the news in a partial or prejudiced manner. Media bias occurs when the media seems to push a specific viewpoint, rather than reporting the news objectively.
“It focuses on the economic and political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological content of literature; because Marxist criticism often argues that all art is political, either challenging or endorsing (by silence) the status quo, it is frequently evaluative and judgmental, a tendency that “can lead to reductive judgment.”
The lesson plan for an activity to organize research resources for an APA literature review for middle schoolers
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
The lesson plan for an activity to organize research resources for an APA literature review for middle schoolers
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
A handout for students to practice creating a literature review from a source.
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
The intention of this resource is to provide you with enough information to produce a high quality reports and literature reviews.
You may need to produce several small reports during the course of your undergraduate study as part of group coursework assignments. This guide along with other provide support.
An overview on doing a literature review for a mutli-disciplinary professionals (physicians, engineers, and IT) covering some tips & tricks on organization (using Papers Software for literature files management, MindMapping for Literature Mapping, EndNote for bibliography program). It shows some examples of Citation Maps from Web of Science.
Literature Review- Dr Ryan Thomas WilliamsRyan Williams
A review of the previous experiments and investigations done within our chosen topic area.
Shows how your chosen topic fits with the research that has gone before and puts this into context.
‘A researcher cannot perform significant research without first understanding the literature in the field’ (Boote and Beile, 2005: 3)
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
This was delivered to the Masters in Social Work class to assist with their thesis, specifically their literature review. This training covered the theory and basics of "how to" literature review.
How to do Literature Review For Dissertations and Research PaperHomeworkHelpExperts
Literature review is a vital part of a dissertation or a research paper. A literature review is written summary of previous published articles, journals, books, annual reports and other authentic documents that are used to make a meaningful contribution to knowledge in the research field (Meloy, 2001)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?
A discussion of your research area arranged by
key findings that lead up to your research
question (Bowker, 2006).
3. What is a Literature Review
Three key qualities:
• Informative: the review should contain a
neutral description of your sources
• Evaluative: the review should include critical
statements analyzing the described sources
• Integrative: the review should be able to
compare and contrast the findings of each
study, relate them together and argue your
point
4. Purpose of Literature Review
• Helps map and define your research topic
o highlights scope & boundaries
o shows where your research question fits into the broad picture, i.e.,
CONTEXTUALIZES your topic into current literature
o shares with reader other studies similar to yours
o provides evidence that your topic is building onto an established body of
knowledge
• Presents a balanced view
• Justifies your research question
o provides a framework for establishing the importance of your study
o argues that not enough is yet known about the topic.
• Provides literature for you to compare your findings
with at the end.
5. Difference Between Review and Essay
Smyth (2004, pp. 113-114) defines a literature review:
• A literature review differs from an essay in that it is
written to address some specific research problem or
question. It does not present a thesis or discuss an
issue.
• A literature review should reach some conclusion on
the current state of knowledge in an area, and suggest
the next step in the investigation of the problem or
question of interest.
• A literature review will be largely based on research
findings.
7. Step 1: Find it
Use library databases and resources to find print and electronic
sources about your research topic.
8. Step 2: Manage it
• Organize your sources: After reading a handful of
research papers, consider keywords that may be used
to categorize the sources, for example:
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Social factors
• Biological factors
Use these as headings to group your sources, and your
discussion of them.
• Keep track of citations: As you read your sources, you
must keep track of citations and quotations.
• Keep track of your reactions and thoughts: organize
your notes on each source, how you will use it
9. Step 3: Critique it
ASK THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, KEEP NOTES ON THE
FOLLOWING:
• Is the author knowledgeable in the area? Is the source
current?
• Are the author’s sources balanced or biased?
• Are the findings inconsistent with other sources? Explain.
• Are there any generalizations? Discuss
• Does the author ignore others’ views?
• Does the author ignore alternative explanations for his
findings?
• What are the strengths of the source?
• How does this source contribute to the literature?
10. Step 4: Write it
LITERATURE REVIEW GENERAL OUTLINE:
• Abstract: A brief summary of the report
• Introduction: What issue is being investigated and why this
is relevant/important (statement of the problem and aim
and significance of the investigation)
• Literature Review: For each category of sources or theme,
what was found and what do the findings mean
(description, evaluation and integration of literature
material).
• Conclusion: Summarizes what has been said, why it is
important and what its implications are. This section must
refer back to the Introduction.
• References: A list of the works cited
11. Paragraph Level Outline
I. Introduction
• Describe the overall topic that you have been investigating, why it is important to
the field, and why you are interested in the topic.
• Identify themes and trends in research questions, methodology, and findings. Give a
“big picture” of the literature.
II. Theme A
• Overview of characteristics of the theme (commonalities, differences, connections)
• Theme B – follow pattern above
• Keep repeating with themes
• Conclusion: An evaluation/critique of the existing literature. Write several paragraphs.
• What are the contributions of this literature to the field?
• What are the overall strengths?
• What are the overall weaknesses?
• What might be missing?
• What are some next steps for research? The next steps should explicitly address how
to “correct” for strengths, weaknesses, and gaps.
12. Example of Outline
• Research Question: Is diversity on campus creating segregation?
“With the current movement on all university campuses to embrace diversity and encourage free thinking and
expression, the academy is a place where cultures converge and valuable lessons in cross-cultural
interactions are learned. However, with these benefits comes a price, that students are identifying with
members of their common group, and choosing to interact and associate mostly with them. College
administrators would benefit from investigating this phenomenon, as it places at stake the ideals of
diversity that are key to each institution’s mission.”
4. Benefits of Diversity:
• Studies supporting this
• Evaluation and discussion of studies, and how they relate.
• So what does this mean about the benefits of diversity?
2. Sub-groups on campus
• Sources investigating this
• Evaluation and discussion of studies, and how they relate.
• So what does this mean about sub-groups on campus?
13. 3. What Institutions can do to unite student body:
• Sources investigating this
• Evaluation and discussion of studies and how they relate
• So what does this mean about uniting the student body?
4. What students can do to reduce segregation
• Sources investigating this
• Evaluation and discussion of studies and how they relate
• So what does this mean about reducing segregation?
5. Conclusion: Brings all discussion together, raises more questions
about the research question, points to directions for further
research and reiterates importance of this research
14. Building Your Review
For each category:
• Identify areas of consensus:
“Hence, it seems that there is agreement among researchers of the 80s regarding Thomson’s
theory.”
• Identify areas of divergence:
“Much debate exists on the issue of…” Try to explain why.
• Explain the logic of your sources, rather than just stating what they say:
“A study by Smith (1998) showed that gender differences exist online. How? Why? Smith
(1998) investigated the existence of gender differences in chat room participation. By
measuring the proportion of responses made by male and female participants, taking into
account the amount of time spent accessing the chat room, findings showed that males were
more likely than females to post messages (67% and 33% respectively). This evidence
supports the view…”
• Consider the need for summary paragraphs dispersed throughout the review.
“In summary, the evidence laid out demonstrates that operating online does not challenge
the online medium’s ability to…. Rather, this literature supports a continuation of….
Consequently, people with disabilities may experience social stigma online…. However,
alternative ideas and findings suggest….”
15. Tips for Writing ILRs:
Tip 1: Identify the problem but avoid global
statements
COMPARE
• Nursing education is important to both the health care system in the
United States and to health world-wide. Without a high quality education
nurses will be unprepared for the next millennium
AND
• The infusion of critical thinking skills in nursing education has been a
worldwide quest of nurse educators to ensure quality improvement and
quality assurance in practice. There is a great need for facilitation of
critical thinking in the preparation and assessment of nurse learners to
care for patients with complex culturally diverse health care needs and
their families.1
Excerpt from MM Chibeli, Facilitating critical thinking within the nursing process framework: a literature review, Health SA Gesondheid, Volume 12, Issue 4,
1
December 2007, pgs. 69-89
16. Tip 2: Indicate why particular
studies are important
• Jones’ study (2000) represented a critical
turning point in the development of research
in this field.
OR
• Jones’ study (2000) was the only to bring out
the differences between superficial learning
and internalization of learning.
Adapted from: LD U:LibraryLiterature ReviewWriting a Literature Review.pptx
17. Tip 3: Be specific when discussing time frames
• Avoid using phrases like “in recent years’ or
“in the past”
Tip 4:When there are gaps, justify them
• There will be gaps in the research. Don’t just
say, “NO studies were found on healthcare in
Egypt” instead, describe where you searched,
what databases you used and what other
search strategies you used so reader can be
convinced
18. Tip 5: Use Specific Details
Use details to persuade your reader that this study is
valid in showing your conclusions. Details to include:
• How the source came up with its findings (methods,
participants in study, etc.)
• Explain the reasoning of the author and whether you
agree with it
• How the findings relate to your research question
Summarizing:
“Based on the findings of Brown (1989) and Jones (1997), Smith
(1998) hypothesized that gender differences are prevalent
online.”
19. Tip 6: Avoid Repetition
• Refer to authors in different ways: their
‘name’, ‘pronouns’, ‘investigators’,
‘researchers’…
“Brown (1999) conducted a study on gender differences. She
demonstrated how…. Brown concluded that…/It was concluded that…
Similarly, another researcher looked at…”
• Similarly, instead of relying on the word
‘research’, also use ‘investigation’, ‘study’,
‘project’, ‘work’…
20. Tip 7: Avoid restating source ideas without
adequate critique
• This is your paper. The focus should be on your
analysis of the sources, not on the summary of the
sources. Many students simply restate without
proper analysis.
Tip 8: DO NOT discuss one source at a time
• Integrate sources; each paragraph should focus on a
theme or issue, not a source. Discussion of similar
sources should be integrated.