In this study, a biomechanical application of three dimensional (3D) printing method was implemented to produce a subject-specific insole. It was aimed to design and manufacture a customized totalcontact insole operating a free mobile application that enables to create 3D scans of an object and a 3D printer device in this application. First, two dimensional pictures of a subject's foot sole was taken from various angles and these photos were uploaded to the server of the software which use photogrammetry technology to create a 3D model out of multiple pictures taken by the user. Next, 3D scanning data was transferred to a CAD software and the model was modified to represent the geometrical properties of the subject's foot most appropriately. Then, the model as an STL format imported to a 3D printer device. Finally, the model of subject-specific insole was printed and examined by placing into the shoe of the subject. It was shown with sequential processes that a subject-foot geometry based insole could be designed and manufactured benefitting from new facilities of technological advances with a low level of cost. Furthermore, the use of custom made biomechanical instruments, which make easy to carry out daily tasks, could likely be increased by utilizing educational and practical applications regarding 3D scanning and printing technologies
CAD CAM in dentistry / international orthodontics training centerIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CEREC 3D CAD/CAM SYSTEM / dental implant courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Applications of 3 d printing in biomedical engineeringDebanjan Parbat
This presentation deals with the recent and futuristic trends in the field of 3D Printing technology and its applications in the field of bio engineering and medical applications. The 3D printing technology can change the perception of the whole manufacturing industry to health care applications.
CAD CAM in dentistry / international orthodontics training centerIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CEREC 3D CAD/CAM SYSTEM / dental implant courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Applications of 3 d printing in biomedical engineeringDebanjan Parbat
This presentation deals with the recent and futuristic trends in the field of 3D Printing technology and its applications in the field of bio engineering and medical applications. The 3D printing technology can change the perception of the whole manufacturing industry to health care applications.
Analyze Gear Failures and Identify Defects in Gear System for Vehicles Using ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Gear defects are a major reason for poor quality and of embarrassment for manufacturers. 0 Inspection processes done on these industries are mostly manual and time consuming. To reduce error on identifying gear defects requires more automotive and accurate inspection process. Considering this lacking, this research implements a Gear Defect Recognizer which uses computer vision methodology with the combination of local thresholding to identify possible defects. The recognizer identifies the gear defects within economical cost and produces less error prone inspection system in real time. In order to generate data set, primarily the recognizer captures digital gear images by image acquisition device and converts the RGB images into binary images by restoration process and local threshold techniques. Later, the outputs of the processed image are the area of the faulty portion and compute the possible defective and non -defective gear as an output. Detection of bad quality plastic gears is critical for any manufacturing unit trying to make a mark in the market in terms of quality standard and cost. Here we explore the possibility of using image segmentation and algorithms like non-smooth surface detection algorithms to automate the process of defect detection. In these plastics we have picked industrial strength plastic gears used typically in applications like robotic arms where quality in paramount for the functioning of the device. In this paper review of various gear defects and the possible automated solutions using image processing techniques for defect detection is given. Keywords: Defect detection, image processing, computer vision, thresholding, counting number of teeth's.
The latest Top 10 from the Rassed research program explore different ways in which 3D printing is currently being used across the world.
Anticipated to become a mainstream technology in the near future, these slides show that 3D printing is already having an impact - with more to innovations and benefits envisaged in the coming years.
It include the introduction about 3d pharmaceutical how it works and their different types model used in the manufacturing and their applications in medical
Additive manufacturing, more professionally called rapid prototyping will bring us to a new reality of unusual and customizable object production. It involves the creation of a three dimensional object by laying down successive layers of materials. An automated method whereby 3D objects of realistic size are swiftly made on a reasonable sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the objects. These physical working models are produced from a digital file by printing layer by layer. It helps to make substantial models of objects either designed using a CAD program or scanned using a 3D scanner. This ground-breaking method for creating models with the use of inkjet expertise saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and amalgamate together separate model parts. Objects with different colors and multiple materials can be made out of these printers. This technology is not only used for prototyping but also helps in manufacturing right from home. It is used in a variety of industries including footwear, architecture, medical, aerospace, engineering and construction, and a number of consumer products. This industrial revolution bridges a gap between the cyberspace and the physical world and is therefore likely to play some part in all our futures.
3D Printing in healthcare system a crisp overviewMehul Rohit
Greeting everyone, This is a Crisp overview of 3D Printing that was presented by me in a seminar. Looking forward to improve the same, Any suggestion, comment, questions are welcome.
Thank You.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND DESIGN OF TOOLS FOR PUNCHING AND CUTTINGIAEME Publication
Intensive utilization of computers is especially emphasized in the field of industrial
production, where use of computer applications achieves significant savings in regard
to the time required for manufacturing of products. Shortening of the production time
decreases the production costs and new products are faster introduced to the market,
thus making the company more competitive. In addition to the shorter time for
production, better precision and accuracy is also accomplished, resulting with better
product quality at the end.
Due to the fact that, for the reason of cost-effectiveness of manufacturing of tools,
processing of sheet metal on presses is primarily performed in the course of serial
production, this paper focuses on an analysis of the use of computers in the process of
design of tools for punching and cutting of sheet metal on presses. The presented
methodology encompasses all phases in the process of design of tools – from planning
the work piece until the final design of the tool for punching and cutting, with an
emphasis on the activities performed exclusively by computer applications.
The result of this research is a 3D geometrical model of a tool for punching and
cutting, with an explanation of characteristics of its construction parts, calculation of
its executive parts, analysis and simulation of operation of the tool, and finally the
conclusion on the representation and importance of the utilization of computer
applications in the process of design of such tools
The future of Dentistry is going to be in Aesthetics, Efficiency, Accuracy and Technology. Here is a complete analysis of CAD/CAM and its materials in Dentistry. Focused on the CEREC System.
What is 3D printing , How Does 3D Printing Work , Types of 3d printing , The History of 3D Printing , 3D Printing Technologies , Common manufactures of 3D printing , 3D Printing Materials , 3D Printing Common applications , Things can't be 3D Printed , By Eng. Osama Ghandour
#WhatIs3DPrinting , #HowDoes3DPrintingWork , #TypesOf3dPrinting , #TheHistoryOf3DPrinting , #3DPrintingTechnologies , #CommonManufacturesOf3DPrinting , #3DPrintingMaterials , #3DPrintingCommonApplications , #ThingsCan'tBe3DPrinted , #ByEng.OsamaGhandour ,
Analyze Gear Failures and Identify Defects in Gear System for Vehicles Using ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Gear defects are a major reason for poor quality and of embarrassment for manufacturers. 0 Inspection processes done on these industries are mostly manual and time consuming. To reduce error on identifying gear defects requires more automotive and accurate inspection process. Considering this lacking, this research implements a Gear Defect Recognizer which uses computer vision methodology with the combination of local thresholding to identify possible defects. The recognizer identifies the gear defects within economical cost and produces less error prone inspection system in real time. In order to generate data set, primarily the recognizer captures digital gear images by image acquisition device and converts the RGB images into binary images by restoration process and local threshold techniques. Later, the outputs of the processed image are the area of the faulty portion and compute the possible defective and non -defective gear as an output. Detection of bad quality plastic gears is critical for any manufacturing unit trying to make a mark in the market in terms of quality standard and cost. Here we explore the possibility of using image segmentation and algorithms like non-smooth surface detection algorithms to automate the process of defect detection. In these plastics we have picked industrial strength plastic gears used typically in applications like robotic arms where quality in paramount for the functioning of the device. In this paper review of various gear defects and the possible automated solutions using image processing techniques for defect detection is given. Keywords: Defect detection, image processing, computer vision, thresholding, counting number of teeth's.
The latest Top 10 from the Rassed research program explore different ways in which 3D printing is currently being used across the world.
Anticipated to become a mainstream technology in the near future, these slides show that 3D printing is already having an impact - with more to innovations and benefits envisaged in the coming years.
It include the introduction about 3d pharmaceutical how it works and their different types model used in the manufacturing and their applications in medical
Additive manufacturing, more professionally called rapid prototyping will bring us to a new reality of unusual and customizable object production. It involves the creation of a three dimensional object by laying down successive layers of materials. An automated method whereby 3D objects of realistic size are swiftly made on a reasonable sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the objects. These physical working models are produced from a digital file by printing layer by layer. It helps to make substantial models of objects either designed using a CAD program or scanned using a 3D scanner. This ground-breaking method for creating models with the use of inkjet expertise saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and amalgamate together separate model parts. Objects with different colors and multiple materials can be made out of these printers. This technology is not only used for prototyping but also helps in manufacturing right from home. It is used in a variety of industries including footwear, architecture, medical, aerospace, engineering and construction, and a number of consumer products. This industrial revolution bridges a gap between the cyberspace and the physical world and is therefore likely to play some part in all our futures.
3D Printing in healthcare system a crisp overviewMehul Rohit
Greeting everyone, This is a Crisp overview of 3D Printing that was presented by me in a seminar. Looking forward to improve the same, Any suggestion, comment, questions are welcome.
Thank You.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND DESIGN OF TOOLS FOR PUNCHING AND CUTTINGIAEME Publication
Intensive utilization of computers is especially emphasized in the field of industrial
production, where use of computer applications achieves significant savings in regard
to the time required for manufacturing of products. Shortening of the production time
decreases the production costs and new products are faster introduced to the market,
thus making the company more competitive. In addition to the shorter time for
production, better precision and accuracy is also accomplished, resulting with better
product quality at the end.
Due to the fact that, for the reason of cost-effectiveness of manufacturing of tools,
processing of sheet metal on presses is primarily performed in the course of serial
production, this paper focuses on an analysis of the use of computers in the process of
design of tools for punching and cutting of sheet metal on presses. The presented
methodology encompasses all phases in the process of design of tools – from planning
the work piece until the final design of the tool for punching and cutting, with an
emphasis on the activities performed exclusively by computer applications.
The result of this research is a 3D geometrical model of a tool for punching and
cutting, with an explanation of characteristics of its construction parts, calculation of
its executive parts, analysis and simulation of operation of the tool, and finally the
conclusion on the representation and importance of the utilization of computer
applications in the process of design of such tools
The future of Dentistry is going to be in Aesthetics, Efficiency, Accuracy and Technology. Here is a complete analysis of CAD/CAM and its materials in Dentistry. Focused on the CEREC System.
What is 3D printing , How Does 3D Printing Work , Types of 3d printing , The History of 3D Printing , 3D Printing Technologies , Common manufactures of 3D printing , 3D Printing Materials , 3D Printing Common applications , Things can't be 3D Printed , By Eng. Osama Ghandour
#WhatIs3DPrinting , #HowDoes3DPrintingWork , #TypesOf3dPrinting , #TheHistoryOf3DPrinting , #3DPrintingTechnologies , #CommonManufacturesOf3DPrinting , #3DPrintingMaterials , #3DPrintingCommonApplications , #ThingsCan'tBe3DPrinted , #ByEng.OsamaGhandour ,
Software Omake memiliki beberapa kelebihan untuk dapat diimplementasikan sebagai bagian dari pengembangan repositori institusi. Dalam materi ini akan disampaikan beberapa kelebihan tersebut dan diberikan contoh hasilnya.
A UML-Based Approach for Modeling of Air Cargo Forwarder System of Third-Part...inventionjournals
Air freight forwarders as shippers and customers of the servers play an important role in the whole process of the supply chain. However, air freight forwarders are an operations-intensive industry involving many participants and complex operations. Therefore, a strong information system is needed to optimize the performance of cargo control between overseas business partners, customers and branch offices, and to improve competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to use a Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model the logistics provider's air freight forwarding system. First, the study will discuss the concepts of supply chain management, the characteristics of global logistics management, and the third-party definition of logistics providers - air freight forwarders. Then the study use UML as a modeling tool to construct an air cargo forward system. From this study can see that system modeled by UML is better suited to the real needs of the business than ever before and take the information flow along the supply chain with maximum cost-effectiveness, delivery, and flexibility.
3D Printing Technology PPT by ajaysingh_02AjaySingh1901
This PPT make on 3D printing Technology or additive manufacturing in which we cover the need, history importants, future scope, trend before the 3DP, advantage and disadvantage, limitations, application of 3DP
This is brief introduction about 3D printer.
I think 3D printer is 4th wave.
First wave: Neolithic revolution
2nd wave: industrial revolution
3rd wave: information age
4th wave: manufacture revolution by 3D printer
Development Prototype Design of Virtual Assembly Application-Based Leap MotionIJAEMSJORNAL
Innovation in design engineering practice is very important in the world of manufacturing in the increasingly competitive global market. Prototyping and evaluation measures are inseparable from the design process in the manufacture of a product. And made one of many physical prototypes require very expensive and time consuming, so the technology of Virtual Reality (VR) is needed, so the industry can quickly and precisely in the decision. VR technology combines a human being with a computer environment visually, touch and hearing, so that the user as if into the virtual world. The goal is that users with hand movements can interact with what is displayed on the computer screen or the user can interact with the environment is unreal to be added into the real world. VR is required for simulations that require a lot of interaction such as prototype assembly methods, or better known as the Virtual Assembly. Virtual Assembly concept which was developed as the ability to assemble a real representation of the physical model, the 3D models in CAD software by simulating the natural movement of the human hand. Leap Motion (accuracy of 0.01mm) was used to replace Microsoft's Kinect (accuracy of 1.5cm) and Motion Glove with flex sensors (accuracy of 1°) in several previous research. Leap mot ion controller is a device that captures every movement of the hand to then be processed and integrated with 3D models in CAD software. And simulation of assembly process virtually in CA D software with hand gestures detected by the leap mot ion, assembly parts can be driven either in translation or rotation, zooming and adding the assembly constraint. It also can perform mouse functions (such as left-click, middle-click, right-click and move the mouse cursor position) to a virtual assembly process simulation on CAD software.
Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3d printing, is a manufacturing
technique that rises in the 1980’s mainly focused on engineering prototyping. Current
advances in the precision and cost of the techniques, as well as the widespread use of 3d
designing have increased 3d printing’s scope of use from high-end engineering prototypes
to a large variety of uses in manufacturing. 3d printing improve the processing time,
decrease waste, and increase the level of customization of certain products by eliminating
the need for the specialty tooling and dies that are traditionally used in manufacturing. In
addition, the ability to physically print difficult shapes based on a computer model has
given rise to new products that would otherwise be simply impossible to create. The
various fields have taken advantage of this technology by printing 3d objects.
CREATING 3D MODELS WITH 3D PRINTING PROCESS ijcsit
This scientific paper will cover the process of creating two 3D objects, accompanied by a brief history of
3D printing technology, designing the model in CAD software, saving in appropriate format supported by
the 3D printer, features of technology and the printer, materials from which the object can be made and
examples where the products created by the 3D printing process can be applied. The printing of models
was made by the studio "Xtrude Design & 3D Print" in Skopje. Two 3D models have been printed. A
creative model of intertwined 4 triangles in STL file format has been made, which will be transferred and
printed with PLA material. The model with the heart on the stand is printed with popular FDM process
also with PLA material which is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Both models are printed on
Anet A8 3D printer. Different printing times, layer thicknesses and cost price of producion we have in our
research.
This scientific paper will cover the process of creating two 3D objects, accompanied by a brief history of
3D printing technology, designing the model in CAD software, saving in appropriate format supported by
the 3D printer, features of technology and the printer, materials from which the object can be made and
examples where the products created by the 3D printing process can be applied. The printing of models
was made by the studio "Xtrude Design & 3D Print" in Skopje. Two 3D models have been printed. A
creative model of intertwined 4 triangles in STL file format has been made, which will be transferred and
printed with PLA material. The model with the heart on the stand is printed with popular FDM process
also with PLA material which is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Both models are printed on
Anet A8 3D printer. Different printing times, layer thicknesses and cost price of producion we have in our
research
Digitization is one the way by which heritage and important places, sits, things, statues, objects, etc. can be
prevented from degradation. There are many software’s available in market for the modeling of objects but in this
study Autodesk 3DS Max was used for modeling the objects used by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar which are
preserved in Milind College of Arts and Science in Aurangabad, India.
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...
Design and Production of Subject Specific Insole Using Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing Technology
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 12|| December 2016 || PP. 11-15
www.ijesi.org 11 | Page
Design and Production of Subject Specific Insole Using Reverse
Engineering and 3D Printing Technology
Kemal Surmen1
, Faruk Ortes2
, Yunus Ziya Arslan2
1
(Department of Automotive Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences/ Istanbul University, Turkey)
2
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering/ Istanbul University, Turkey)
Abstract: In this study, a biomechanical application of three dimensional (3D) printing method was
implemented to produce a subject-specific insole. It was aimed to design and manufacture a customized total-
contact insole operating a free mobile application that enables to create 3D scans of an object and a 3D printer
device in this application. First, two dimensional pictures of a subject's foot sole was taken from various angles
and these photos were uploaded to the server of the software which use photogrammetry technology to create a
3D model out of multiple pictures taken by the user. Next, 3D scanning data was transferred to a CAD software
and the model was modified to represent the geometrical properties of the subject's foot most appropriately.
Then, the model as an STL format imported to a 3D printer device. Finally, the model of subject-specific insole
was printed and examined by placing into the shoe of the subject. It was shown with sequential processes that a
subject-foot geometry based insole could be designed and manufactured benefitting from new facilities of
technological advances with a low level of cost. Furthermore, the use of custom made biomechanical
instruments, which make easy to carry out daily tasks, could likely be increased by utilizing educational and
practical applications regarding 3D scanning and printing technologies.
Keywords: Insole design, 3D printer, 3D CAD data, subject-specific design
I. Introduction
Insoles are devices inserted into shoes to support feet and to absorb shock effect in a comfortable manner
besides correcting congenital abnormalities of foot and providing proper propagation of force during walking.
The insoles are useful tools to reduce some difficulties due to the defects causing from human foot shapes such
as presented in Fig. 1. Furthermore, the insoles, known generally as custom insoles, should be designed and
manufactured according to foot shape and biomechanical needs of individuals to satisfy functional expectations
such as less pressure acting on foot surface [1]. There are many studies investigating the design and effect of
insoles especially the effect of insoles on plantar pressure reduction and their quantitative evaluations [2, 8]. A
mold of foot sole is prepared and insole is produced utilizing this mold's geometric shape in the traditional
method of the custom made insole manufacturing. Therefore, the insole exactly fits to the surface of the foot. A
subject-specific insole has total contact characteristic that provides more appropriate pressure distribution and
thereby reducing the pain. Also custom insoles can be modified considering some kind of deformities such as
varus/valgus, and, in this way, such insoles can improve the posture by supporting the foot in a neutral position
[9, 10]. Moreover, complaints such as hip, knee and lower back pains caused by poor foot function could be
reduced using custom made insoles restoring the abnormal foot function.
Figure 1. Human foot structures and contact zones
2. Design And Production Of Subject Specific Insole Using Reverse Engineering And 3D Printing…
www.ijesi.org 12 | Page
With recent developments in 3D printer technology, solid body models of objects from 3D CAD data could be
easily and quickly produced with less labor, time and cost. Comparing with the conventional manufacturing
methods of human foot insoles, 3D printers that use various additive manufacturing methods lead to shorter and
more efficient production, especially for manufacturing prototypes and custom-made objects. 3D printer
technology has been used for manufacturing the orthotic devices in some novel studies [11-13]. The insoles that
are designed by employing a CAD software could also be produced by 3D printing. The customized CAD
model of an insole can be derived from a CAD model of the foot sole of an individual. The CAD model of foot
sole can be captured by scanning the surface of a person’s foot sole geometry with a 3D scanner system. In this
study, an open source and android based “123D catch” software, which is a free mobile application, was used to
capture the 3D scan data of the foot sole. In this method, insoles are produced without the molding procedure
and insole model can be modified before manufacturing.
3D printing technology, which is a prominent tool for the last decades, enables to print 3D models of any real
objects specifically for customized molds and prototypes [11, 14]. The design and production industry of custom
insoles has been highly affected by the advances of 3D printing technology. This method, which is time, labor,
cost and source saving, is performed using different kinds of materials such as PLA (Polylactic Acid) and ABS
(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing that uses a number of
additive processes, such as selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), fused deposition
modeling (FDM), selective laser melting (SLM), stereolithography (SLA) and laminated object manufacturing
(LOM).
In this study, in order to improve the teaching methods and to increase the practical applications of
aforementioned novel technologies with educational and functional concerns, a subject-specific customized
mold insole was designed and manufactured. The study represents an educational application which includes the
main steps of insole design and production using up-to date technologies, so that interested people and
especially students could adapt to latest developments.
II. Methods
This study involves a series of steps which are critical for production of custom made insoles that is aimed to
improve the poor gait functions and posture of people. As a starting step, in order to obtain 3D geometrical data
of the subject foot, a series of photos were taken using mobile phone which operates Autodesk 123D Catch
open-source software (Fig. 2). In this system there are two row camera positions that provide to take images at
varying heights. The photos should be taken in an angle interval of 0 and 360 degrees, so that one tour around
the object was needed to be completed for each row. During taking photo, zooming in and out could distort
images and also, transparent and shiny surfaces could confuse the system. Therefore, it is important to avoid
zooming operations and objects with extreme glare. Atmosphere should be arranged according to this conditions
that do not lead to shining and require zooming. Objects also should be stable when capturing for a clear 3D
converting process, otherwise shape of the object will be distorted or the software will give an error. Light
around the object and contrast between the object and surface should be enough to produce images with high
quality.
Figure 2. The Method of Taking Images
The software required time duration about 60 minutes to process the photos. The model constituted by the
software could include some defects originated from environment in which photos or foot were taken. It is
necessary to perform a cleaning operation to discard these undesirable defects. The operation could be achieved
using various open-source software. In this study, Autodesk Meshmixer which is also an open-source software,
was used to carry out this task. The modified foot sole is still a rough surface. The smoothness operation was
performed to refine the surface quality and this step was also implemented using Meshmixer software tool, as
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well. The outer surface of foot sole and the inner surface of the designed insole should have the same topology
to sustain a good adaptation and to satisfy the subject specificity. In order to obtain the same shape of foot for
insole design, 123D Design, which is a reverse engineering and also open-source software was used. The output
of this step is still a surface in stereolithography (STL) file and should be transformed to a CAD file in order to
perform required solid body operations. The surface of the insole, which has the same topology with the foot
surface, was then converted to a solid body using a conventional solid body modeling program. After a series of
operation, including fillet, radius, extrusion and cutting, the model was ready to print. Above mentioned process
is visualized in Fig. 3.
Figure 3. Process and outputs of design steps
Manufacture of the insole model was carried out using a 3D printer device (Ultimate 2 Extended) and based on
fused deposition modeling technique (FDM).
FDM, one of the most popular 3D printing technologies, implies a production technique employing a moving
nozzle that is heated to melt and extrude the material (Fig. 4). As material is extruded from the nozzle, it is
supplied with filament by a spool. The nozzle is moved according to shape of objects by a numeric control
system. Therefore objects are built layer by layer in precise measurements.
Figure 4. FDM process.
Printing is the last stage of whole process. Schematic representation of work flow is given in the Fig. 5.
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Figure 5. Schematic representation of work flow
The PLA material was fed to the 3D printing device in our laboratory which is extensively used for
biomechanical purposes. Although numerous materials were proposed to be used in 3D printing technique,
considering human foot sole-insole interaction, the PLA material was chosen due to being non-oil based
material. Accordingly, produced insole model is shown in Fig. 6.
Figure 6. Fresh insole model after printing process
III. Results And Discussion
Human foot can be categorized in three classes in terms of the arc height as high, normal and flat arched foot.
Foot shapes are also often classified considering the foot alignment including neutral, supinated and pronated
foots. It is important to note that, even though, the foot shapes are classified into a few general clusters, each
foot class represents different and unique shape and foot size. An insole is described as a device that is placed
into the shoes to correct the alignment of the lower limbs and to provide comfort for different locomotion
conditions. Insole designs could be implemented according to subject-specific foot geometry. These types of
insoles sustain total-contact characteristics and are generally called customized insoles. Reducing pain as
distributing the pressure to a larger area and improving the foot functions are the main benefits of total-contact
insoles. In order to design and produce a proper total-contact insole, foot geometry of a specific subject is
critically necessary. Traditionally, obtaining the geometry of foot could be achieved using molding process.
Recent developments in scanning technology, revealed a new way of taking 3D CAD (three-dimensional
computer-aided-design) models which represent the shape and dimensional data belonging to targeted objects.
Solid body model of the targeted object could be imported to numerous educational or commercial software and
can be employed to obtain specific geometries for different purposes. Thus, labor, process duration and costs
that are related to molding process are noticeably reduced by operating 3D scan technology. Various
commercial 3D scan tools and devices are being utilized to gather 3D data of objects. However, these facilities
require high cost and qualified users. The process of scanning is hard to those who have not background relating
design and production processes. To address this issue, free image capturing programs integrated in mobile
phone could be utilized.
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In this study, the design procedures of subject-specific insoles were performed and the production of insoles by
benefitting from 3D printing technology was evaluated. Design and manufacturing processes were completed in
accordance with the functional requirements such as total contact, customizable, labor and cost effective and
easily producible. In addition, the produced insole has shown a good match to the foot surface of the subject.
Since adaptation of foot sole to insole surface is critical for comfort in posture and gait, an appropriate match is
a crucial result for the study. Moreover, it was also shown that improvements in science and technology would
provide effective solutions on production processes of subject specific designs and products.
The study also shows that from STL to CAD part, there are many steps that must be carefully done using open-
source and commercial software. The actual geometry of foot could be reflected in the computer model by
benefiting from capabilities of those programs.
Additive materials technology has been utilized in the study and it is clearly experienced that this kind of
technology is prominent and also promising for biomechanical and educational purposes.
For future research directions, insoles could be manufactured via different materials such as flex PLA and the
comfort levels could be compared to determine which materials provide better support for subjects.
Furthermore, designing insoles with multi-layer structure and using different materials such as PLA and silicon
in one design could be subject of another examination. Besides all aspects listed above, a quantitative evaluation
and validation of good total contact between foot and insole surface are required. Finite element analysis can be
implemented to investigate the mechanical properties of insoles during being subjected to distributed loads
originating from human body under different conditions.
IV. Conclusion
This study was undertaken to design and produce a custom-made and subject-specific insole and to evaluate the
benefits of 3D printing technology besides novel advances in scanning techniques, as well. Returning to the
question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that the improvement of science and
technology could provide effective solutions on production processes of subject specific designs and products.
This study presents the main steps in a sequence for design and manufacture of insoles.
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