Desh bandhu gangwar
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Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles and macromolecules based on density differences. A centrifuge spins liquid samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to sediment to the bottom while less dense materials remain above. There are two main types - laboratory centrifuges for small volumes, using rotors to spin tubes at 1,000-15,000 rpm, and preparative centrifuges for larger volumes in continuous processes at 500-2,000 rpm. Ultracentrifuges spin at extremely high speeds like 30,000 rpm for analytical and preparative applications.
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Estimation of Serum Protien by Biuret method
This document describes the Biuret method for estimating total serum protein levels. The Biuret method involves mixing serum samples with a Biuret reagent containing copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium iodide. This causes a violet color complex to form between copper ions and peptide bonds in proteins, with intensity proportional to protein amount. By comparing absorbance of samples to a protein standard of known concentration, total protein levels are calculated. Normal protein levels are 6-8 g/dL but can increase or decrease in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Centrifugation is a technique used to separate particles based on size and shape using centrifugal force. Rate zonal centrifugation separates particles based on mass rather than density. It involves layering a sample solution above a preformed density gradient and centrifuging at low speed for a short time, allowing particles to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates before reaching the bottom. Rate zonal centrifugation is useful for separating particles like organelles, proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids that have similar densities but different masses.
Ppt of centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to sediment out of solution. There are two main types - preparative centrifugation which separates large amounts of samples, and analytical centrifugation which analyzes small amounts. Centrifugation has many applications including isolating suspensions, isotope separation, and separating cellular components.
Photometry
Photometry broadly deals with the study of light absorption by molecules in solution. It is one of the most common analytical techniques used in clinical biochemistry laboratories to measure the intensity of a light beam. Most clinical chemistry reactions involve linking a chemical or enzymatic reaction to the development of a colored product, the intensity of which is then measured photometrically. The amount of light transmitted through a colored solution decreases exponentially with increases in the concentration and thickness of the colored substance, as governed by Beer's and Lambert's laws. Common photometers include colorimeters, which measure visible light, and spectrophotometers, which can measure ultraviolet and visible light.
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This document describes how to use a spectrophotometer to measure the wavelengths of light absorbed by different colored solutions. It provides steps for taking absorbance readings of solutions and recording the results. Absorbance data is presented showing that green solution absorbed most light while yellow absorbed least. Beer's law is explained, relating absorbance to concentration and path length of light through a solution.
Estimation of uric acid
Uric acid is produced from the breakdown of purines from ingested and cellular nucleic acids. It circulates in the blood as sodium urate and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels of uric acid, called hyperuricemia, can be caused by increased production or decreased excretion. The objective is to determine uric acid levels to diagnose hyperuricemia. Serum separated quickly after collection is the best specimen, avoiding lipemic or high bilirubin samples. The uricase method enzymatically converts uric acid to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide to produce a violet dye for measurement. Elevated levels can indicate increased production from genetic disorders or tissue breakdown,
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NLF BACTERIA IN VARIOUS SAMPLES.
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF NON-LACTOSE FEREMNTING BACTERIA IN VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN INDIA, INCLUDE BIOCHEMICAL TEST BASE ON THEIR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTAION OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO SEX RATION , AGE GROUP, SAMPLE AND THEIR PROFILE.
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Estimation of Serum Protien by Biuret method
This document describes the Biuret method for estimating total serum protein levels. The Biuret method involves mixing serum samples with a Biuret reagent containing copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium iodide. This causes a violet color complex to form between copper ions and peptide bonds in proteins, with intensity proportional to protein amount. By comparing absorbance of samples to a protein standard of known concentration, total protein levels are calculated. Normal protein levels are 6-8 g/dL but can increase or decrease in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Ppt of centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, causing denser particles to sediment out of solution. There are two main types - preparative centrifugation which separates large amounts of samples, and analytical centrifugation which analyzes small amounts. Centrifugation has many applications including isolating suspensions, isotope separation, and separating cellular components.
Photometry
Photometry broadly deals with the study of light absorption by molecules in solution. It is one of the most common analytical techniques used in clinical biochemistry laboratories to measure the intensity of a light beam. Most clinical chemistry reactions involve linking a chemical or enzymatic reaction to the development of a colored product, the intensity of which is then measured photometrically. The amount of light transmitted through a colored solution decreases exponentially with increases in the concentration and thickness of the colored substance, as governed by Beer's and Lambert's laws. Common photometers include colorimeters, which measure visible light, and spectrophotometers, which can measure ultraviolet and visible light.
Spectrophotometry
This document describes how to use a spectrophotometer to measure the wavelengths of light absorbed by different colored solutions. It provides steps for taking absorbance readings of solutions and recording the results. Absorbance data is presented showing that green solution absorbed most light while yellow absorbed least. Beer's law is explained, relating absorbance to concentration and path length of light through a solution.
Estimation of uric acid
Uric acid is produced from the breakdown of purines from ingested and cellular nucleic acids. It circulates in the blood as sodium urate and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels of uric acid, called hyperuricemia, can be caused by increased production or decreased excretion. The objective is to determine uric acid levels to diagnose hyperuricemia. Serum separated quickly after collection is the best specimen, avoiding lipemic or high bilirubin samples. The uricase method enzymatically converts uric acid to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide to produce a violet dye for measurement. Elevated levels can indicate increased production from genetic disorders or tissue breakdown,
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Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It has been used since the 17th century and has evolved significantly. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, ultracentrifuges, and more specialized types. Centrifugation principles involve applying centrifugal force to separate components based on size, density, viscosity, and rotor speed. It has many applications in science, medicine, and industry such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and viruses, and producing skim milk.
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Subcellular fractionation
Albert Claude developed the technique of cell fractionation in 1930 which identified different organelles. Subcellular fractionation uses centrifugation to isolate organelles free from contamination so their structure and function can be precisely studied. It involves homogenizing tissues to break open cells and differential centrifugation to separate organelles by density. Specific marker enzymes are used to identify individual organelles and electron microscopy confirms purity. This technique provides information on potential cellular irregularities and correction methods.
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This document provides information about centrifuges. It discusses the history of centrifuges, including their invention by Benjamin Robins in the 18th century. It defines a centrifuge as a device that separates heavier and lighter particles through centrifugal force. The document describes the main components and working principles of centrifuges, and discusses different types including fixed-angle, swinging head, continuous tubular, ultracentrifuges, hematocrit, and gas centrifuges. It also outlines common applications and safety procedures for operating centrifuges.
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What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
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This document provides information about estimating serum urea levels, including:
- An overview of the urea cycle and how urea is produced from excess amino acids and used to excrete nitrogen from the body.
- Details two common enzymatic methods for quantifying urea levels: the urease method and diacetyl monoxime method.
- Discusses factors that influence serum urea levels and the clinical significance of elevated or decreased levels. elevated BUN:creatinine ratio indicates prerenal azotemia while a low ratio suggests renal failure.
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Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on properties like size, shape, density. During centrifugation, a centrifuge spins the samples at high speeds, applying centrifugal force that causes more dense components to sediment away from the axis of rotation while less dense components migrate towards the axis. Different types of centrifuges exist for various applications, utilizing rotors that hold sample tubes at fixed angles or allow swinging buckets. Centrifugation is used across industries and in research/medical labs for tasks like separating blood components, purifying proteins and organelles, and producing density gradients for analytical separations.
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Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It has been used since the 17th century and has evolved significantly. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, ultracentrifuges, and more specialized types. Centrifugation principles involve applying centrifugal force to separate components based on size, density, viscosity, and rotor speed. It has many applications in science, medicine, and industry such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and viruses, and producing skim milk.
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Albert Claude developed the technique of cell fractionation in 1930 which identified different organelles. Subcellular fractionation uses centrifugation to isolate organelles free from contamination so their structure and function can be precisely studied. It involves homogenizing tissues to break open cells and differential centrifugation to separate organelles by density. Specific marker enzymes are used to identify individual organelles and electron microscopy confirms purity. This technique provides information on potential cellular irregularities and correction methods.
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This presentation is about the introduction of microscopy, its history, parts of a microscope and different types of microscopes along with a brief discussion of their working principles.
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The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
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The document provides information on various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including enzymatic tests like catalase, coagulase, oxidase, and urease. It describes the basic principles, procedures, reagents, and results for each test. The catalase test detects the presence of the catalase enzyme, while the coagulase test detects coagulase production in Staphylococcus aureus. Positive and negative results are indicated by bubble or clot formation, respectively.
Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Includes concepts of Centrifugation; Types of centrifugations; Analytical Ultracentrifugation in detail; Marker enzymes overview
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Manipulating proteins
Histochemical methods identify chemicals in cells and tissues through staining reactions. Proteins can be separated based on properties like charge, size, and binding affinity through techniques like gel electrophoresis, centrifugation, and chromatography. Mass spectrometry identifies proteins by measuring peptide masses after digestion. Assays then detect and quantify isolated proteins through methods such as staining, autoradiography, antibodies, and crystallography.
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Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture.
Ultra centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation is a technique that uses very high rotational speeds, up to 80,000 rpm, to separate particles via centrifugal force up to 600,000g. There are two main types: analytical ultracentrifugation monitors particles in real-time to study molecular interactions and properties, while preparative ultracentrifugation isolates and purifies particles like organelles. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate organelles and density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density.
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This document provides information about centrifuges. It discusses the history of centrifuges, including their invention by Benjamin Robins in the 18th century. It defines a centrifuge as a device that separates heavier and lighter particles through centrifugal force. The document describes the main components and working principles of centrifuges, and discusses different types including fixed-angle, swinging head, continuous tubular, ultracentrifuges, hematocrit, and gas centrifuges. It also outlines common applications and safety procedures for operating centrifuges.
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The document describes different types of centrifuges based on their design features and intended applications. Centrifuges vary in maximum speed, capacity, temperature control, and sample volume capabilities. Small benchtop centrifuges are used in clinical labs for blood separation and can hold around 100 tubes. Microcentrifuges are very common in biology labs, can hold small tube volumes, and generate forces up to 15,000g. High speed centrifuges spin at 15,000-20,000 RPM and are used for research applications requiring separation of cellular components. Ultracentrifuges provide the highest speeds and forces but are expensive and require special rotors and cooling due to heat generation.
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This document provides an overview of microscopes. It begins with definitions of microscopes and microscopy. It then discusses the history and development of microscopes from the Romans to modern electron microscopes. It classifies microscopes and describes the key parts and optical components of compound microscopes, including objectives, eyepieces, stages, illumination systems, and more. The document provides detailed explanations of the functions of these various components and how they work together to produce magnified images.
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A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Estimation of Serum Urea
This document provides information about estimating serum urea levels, including:
- An overview of the urea cycle and how urea is produced from excess amino acids and used to excrete nitrogen from the body.
- Details two common enzymatic methods for quantifying urea levels: the urease method and diacetyl monoxime method.
- Discusses factors that influence serum urea levels and the clinical significance of elevated or decreased levels. elevated BUN:creatinine ratio indicates prerenal azotemia while a low ratio suggests renal failure.
Creatinine estimation
This document describes the Jaffe method for measuring serum creatinine levels. It discusses how creatinine reacts with picric acid in an alkaline solution to form an orange-red complex, which is measured spectrophotometrically. It notes that the kinetic method is now more widely used as it is faster and more specific. The kinetic method measures the rate of change in absorbance over time to account for interfering substances. Normal creatinine levels and causes of increased or decreased levels are also mentioned.
Glucose estimation
The document discusses various methods for estimating blood glucose levels, including the glucose oxidase, alkaline copper reduction (Folin-Wu), and oxidase-peroxidase methods. It provides details on the chemical reactions involved in each method and notes that the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method is preferred for measuring glucose in plasma due to its accuracy. Normal fasting blood glucose values are 70-100 mg/dL while post-meal values should be less than 140 mg/dL. Increased glucose can indicate conditions like diabetes while decreased levels may signal hypoglycemia or infections.
Electron microscope
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Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. Particles of different masses will settle at different rates in response to gravity when placed in a centrifuge. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges that can generate different centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques like density gradient centrifugation and differential centrifugation are used to separate components of a mixture based on properties like size, shape, and density. Centrifugation has many applications in clinical and research laboratories, such as separating blood components and isolating organelles or other cellular components.
4 Final Centrifugation.pptx
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a suspension based on properties like size and density, with rate of sedimentation determined by factors like particle nature, medium viscosity, and applied centrifugal field; common types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed refrigerated, and ultracentrifuges which are used to separate components of biological samples like blood based on differential pelleting or density.
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Centrifugation mlt topic medical laboratory instrumentation
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- 1. Centrifugation A centrifuge is used to separate particles or even macromolecules: -Cells -Sub-cellular components -Proteins -Nucleic acids Basis of separation: -Size -Shape -Density Methodology: -Utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed -Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields
- 2. Densities of biological material Material Density (g/cm 3 ) Microbial cells 1.05 - 1.15 Mammalian cells 1.04 - 1.10 Organelles 1.10 - 1.60 Proteins 1.30 DNA 1.70 RNA 2.00
- 10. Preparative centrifugation r a r t Q z (B)
- 11. Preparative centrifugation Dividing (A) by (B) and integrating: