Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest, feelings of guilt and low self-worth, sleep and appetite disturbances, low energy, and poor concentration. Common symptoms include reduced concentration, low self-esteem, guilt, pessimistic views, self-harm ideation, and sleep or appetite changes. Depressive episodes are classified as mild, moderate or severe, with or without psychotic features. Causes may include genetics, brain changes, stress, medical conditions, medications, and lack of social support. Risk factors include family history, previous episodes, medical conditions, abuse history, and substance abuse. Self-help options include meditation, exercise, nutrition, and avoiding drugs and alcohol.

1. DEPRESSION
MD AAQUIB SAHRWARDI
M.S.W (MEDICAL &
PSYCHIATRY)

2. Depression is a common mental disorder that
causes people to experience depressed mood, loss
of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low
self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low
energy, and poor concentration

3. Common symptoms
(A) reduced concentration and attention;
(B) reduced self-esteem and self-confidence;
(C) ideas of guilt and unworthiness;
(D) bleak and pessimistic views of the future;
(E) ideas or acts of self-harm or suicide;
(F) disturbed sleep
(G) diminished appetite.

4. Somatic symptoms
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that are normally enjoyable;
• Lack of emotional reactivity to normally pleasurable surroundings
and events;
• Waking in the morning 2 hours or more before the usual time;
• Marked loss of appetite;
• Weight loss (often defined as 5%or more of body weight in the past
month);

5. Types of depressive episodes
1. Mild depressive episode
• Without somatic syndrome
• With somatic syndrome
2. Moderate depressive episode
• Without somatic syndrome
• With somatic syndrome
3. Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms
4. Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms

6. 1. Mild Depressive Episode
Depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment are usually regarded as the most
typical symptoms of depression, and at least two of these, plus at least two of the
other symptoms should usually be present for a definite diagnosis. None of the
symptoms should be present to an intense degree. Minimum duration of the whole
episode is about 2 weeks.
An individual with a mild depressive episode is usually distressed by the
symptoms and has some difficulty in continuing with ordinary work and social
activities, but will probably not cease to function completely.

7. 2. Moderate Depressive Episode
At least two of the three most typical symptoms noted for mild
depressive episode should be present, plus at least three (and preferably
four) of the other symptoms. Several symptoms are likely to be present
to a marked degree, but this is nonessential if a particularly wide
variety of symptoms is present overall. Minimum duration of the whole
episode is about 2 weeks. An individual with a moderately severe
depressive episode will usually have considerable difficulty in
continuing with social, work or domestic activities.

8. 3. Severe Depressive Episode without
Psychotic Symptoms
The sufferer usually shows considerable distress or agitation, unless
retardation is a marked feature. Loss of self-esteem or feelings of
uselessness and suicide is a distinct danger in particularly severe cases.
It is presumed here that the somatic syndrome will almost always be
present in a severe depressive episode.

9. 4. Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic
Symptoms
A severe depressive episode which meets the criteria
given for above and in which, delusions and
hallucinations are present. The delusions usually
involve ideas of sin, poverty, or future disasters,
responsibility for which may be assumed by the
patient. Severe psychomotor retardation may progress
to stupor.

10. Causes
• Heredity -- a gene called SERT that controls the brain chemical serotonin has been linked to depression.
In addition, some studies show that people with depressed family members are more likely to be
depressed.
• Changes in the brain -- some imaging studies suggest that people with depression may have physical
changes in their brains.
• Long-term stress, such as from loss, abuse, or being deprived as a child
• Being exposed to low levels of light, in SAD
• Sleep problems
• Social isolation
• Not getting enough of some vitamins and minerals
• Serious medical conditions, such as heart attack or cancer
• Certain medications, including those for high blood pressure, or irregular heartbeat

11. Risk factors
• Having had depression
• Family history of depression
• Suicide attempt -- having made a suicide attempt while depressed raises the risk of another episode of depression
• Being a woman -- more women than men seem to have depression. This may be because women tell their doctors about
their symptoms more often than men. Or hormone changes may make women more likely to have depression.
• Stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one
• Just having given birth to a baby (postpartum)
• Having a long-lasting illness, including autoimmune diseases (such as lupus), cancer, heart disease, chronic headaches,
chronic pain, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Medical conditions that
cause shifts in hormones, such as thyroid disorders or menopause, may also contribute to depression.
• History of abuse, such as mental, physical, or sexual
• Lack of a support system, such as a network of close friends or family
• Alcohol or drug abuse -- 25% of people with addictions have depression.

12. Self-help and alternative therapies
• Meditation
• Relaxation and meditation techniques
• Good nutrition
• Alcohol and drug avoidance
• Exercise
• Yoga

13. References
• The icd-10classification of mentaland behaviouraldisorders, clinical descriptions anddiagnostic guidelines,
world health organization.Pdf
• Http://www.Blackdoginstitute.Org.Au/docs/treatmentsfordepression.Pdf
• Http://www.Macalester.Edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/depression05/history.Html
• Http://www.Who.Int/bulletin/archives/78%284%29439.Pdf [retrieved on 17 august 2013]
• Http://www.Psychologytoday.Com/blog/theory-knowledge/201201/what-is-depression
• Http://brainblogger.Com/
• Http://www.Who.Int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.Pdf
• Http://www.Gpnotebook.Co.Uk/simplepage.Cfm?Id=x20091123152205182440
• Http://www.Health.Am/psy/more/prognosis_of_depression/#ixzz2crwybw1v
• Http://umm.Edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/depression

14. THANK
YOU