Trauma and stressor related disorders include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder. Trauma can result from extremely distressing experiences like accidents, deaths, or rape that cause severe emotional shock and long-lasting psychological effects. Symptoms include nightmares, anxiety, depression, guilt, anger, and substance abuse. Predisposing factors include characteristics of the traumatic experience itself, individual traits like coping abilities or preexisting conditions, and aspects of the recovery environment like social support. Treatment involves cognitive therapy, prolonged exposure therapy, group therapy, EMDR, and psychopharmacology with medications like antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs.

1. Trauma and stressor related
disorders

2. Two types:
1. Post traumatic stress disorder
and
2. acute stress disorders

3. • Trauma: an extremely distressing experience
that causes severe emotional shock and may
have long lasting psychological effects.
• Trauma could be caused by natural or man
related disaster e.g: accidents, deaths or
rape,,,,,

4. S&S
• Nightmares
• High level of anxiety
• Not remembering certain aspect of the event
• Depression
• Painful guilt feeling
• Anger
• Substance abuse
• Interference with social or occupational areas

5. Predisposing Factors:
1. Psychosocial theory: it is related to three
variables which: a) the traumatic experiences b)
the individual c) the recovery environment
a) The traumatic experience:
• severity and duration of stressor
• Extent of preparation of event
• Exposure to death
• Numbers affected by life threat
• Amount of control over recurrence

6. b) The individual:
• Degree of ego strength
• Effectiveness of coping resources
• Presence of preexisting psychopathology
• Outcomes of previous experience of trauma
• Behavioral tendencies (temperament)
• Current psychosocial developmental age
• Demographic factors ( age, education,,,,

7. 3. The recovery environment:
• Availability of social support
• The protectiveness of family and friends
• the attitudes of society regarding the
experiences
• Cultural and subcultural influence

8. 2. Learning theory: Negative reinforcement
leads to the reduction in an aversive
experience, thereby reinforcing and
resulting in repetition of the behavior.
• - Avoidance may result . Ex. Blown up in
car, will not get into a car again

9. 3. Cognitive theory: it is a cognitive appraisal
about the world.
A person is vulnerable to posttraumatic stress
disorder when fundamental beliefs are
invalidated by experiencing trauma that cannot
be comprehended and when a sense of
helplessness and hopelessness succeed e.g

10. - For example: belief of.- I will be successful, I am a good person, etc.
If those beliefs shaken by an experience, they will reinforce the
negative experience thinking it will always be (ex. always be lonely b/c
friends died in situation)
• this reflect If trauma occur there will be dis-equilibrium until
accommodation for the change would occur. If a person does not
comprehend the situation helplessness and hopelessness would
occur.

11. 4. Biological aspect: if individual exposed to
trauma and he has been exposed to previous
trauma this individual is more likely to
develop symptoms. Because they will
activate the behaviors associated with
original trauma.

12. • There are studies suggest that when endogenous
opioids increase at the beginning of the trauma
leading to feeling comfort and control but when
the stressor terminates the client will suffer from
opioids withdrawal symptoms and they will
express strong trauma symptoms

13. Extra information related to biological
aspect of trauma
• Genetics

14. • Neuroanatomical: Brain
areas involved in the stress
response include the
amygdala, hippocampus,
and prefrontal cortex.
Traumatic stress can be
associated with lasting
changes in these brain
areas. Traumatic stress is
associated with increased
cortisol and norepinephrine
responses to subsequent
stressors.

15. • Biochemical: abnormal secretions of stress
hormones such as cortizole
• Neurochemical:

16. Nursing Care Plan page 497

17. Treatment Modalities
• Trauma Related Disorders:
1. Cognitive therapy: the individual learns to
modify the relationship between thoughts
and feeling and to replace these negative
thoughts with more accurate and less
distressing thoughts and to gain hope and
optimism about safety, trust and power.

18. 2. Prolonged exposure therapy:
It has four main parts: a) education about the
treatment b) breathing retraining for relaxation
c) Imagined exposure through repeated
discussion with therapist d) exposure to real
world situations related to the trauma.
• it is confronting a client with traumatic
situation in safe limit till the client feel the
event is not traumatic.

19. • What is Prolonged Exposure for Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5C2ruCz
j_4

20. 3. Group/ Family Therapy: it is taking and
expressions of feeling and finding options to
manage their stresses and facilitate therapeutic
change. It could be done with support group or
individuals with experiences or with family
members.

21. • PTSD Group Therapy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAMPuW
g4ISA

22. 4. Eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f7oHNKN
QNY
• Psychotherapist is explaining it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ_TnyknP
5I

23. • ‫النابلسي‬ ‫راتب‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫للدكتور‬ ‫رة‬ّ‫ث‬‫مؤ‬ ‫قصة‬ ‫؟؟‬ ‫الخوف‬ ‫لماذا‬
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvyj-
9wCpqA

24. Extra information:
• How Childhood Trauma Can Make You A Sick
Adult
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3cCAcGeG
8E

25. 5. Psychopharmacology:
• Antidepressant
• Anxiolytics
• Anti- hypertensives
• Other medications: carbamazepine, valproic
acid, lithium carbonate

26. Thank You