Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are characterized by changes in mood or affect that result in depression, mania, or both. The three main types of mood disorders are major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy using antidepressants or mood stabilizers as well as psychotherapy. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, meeting basic needs, promoting appropriate behavior, and providing education to clients and their families.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
The most common types of mood disorders are major depression, dysthymia (dysthymic disorder), bipolar disorder, mood disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced mood disorder. There is no clear cause of mood disorders.
Major depressive disorder, also known as depression, is a severe medical condition that affects people's feelings, thoughts, and behaviours.Read more:https://mpmacolorado.blogspot.com/2023/03/all-about-depression.html
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
The most common types of mood disorders are major depression, dysthymia (dysthymic disorder), bipolar disorder, mood disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced mood disorder. There is no clear cause of mood disorders.
Major depressive disorder, also known as depression, is a severe medical condition that affects people's feelings, thoughts, and behaviours.Read more:https://mpmacolorado.blogspot.com/2023/03/all-about-depression.html
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Introduction
• Mood disorders also called affective disorders are pervasive
alterations in emotions that are manifested by depression,
mania, or both.
• They are very common with a high level of morbidity and
mortality
• The fundamental disturbance is a change in mood or affect,
usually to depression (with or without associated anxiety) or to
elation.
• The mood change is usually accompanied by a change in the
overall level of activity.
• Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent, and the onset of
individual episodes is often related to stressful events or
situations.
4. Depressive Episode
• Depression is an alteration in mood that is expressed by
feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism.
• A major depressive episode lasts at least 2 weeks,
during which the person experiences a depressed mood
or loss of pleasure in nearly all activities.
• In addition, four of the following symptoms are present
– changes in appetite or weight, sleep, or psychomotor activity;
– decreased energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt;
– difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions;
– recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plans, or
attempts
5. Types of Depressive Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
• characterized by depressed mood or loss of
interest or pleasure in usual activities.
• Evidence will show impaired social and
occupational functioning that has existed for at
least 2 weeks
• No history of manic behavior, and symptoms that
cannot be attributed to use of substances or a
general medical condition
• It may be single (the individual’s first encounter)
or recurrent episode
6. Classification of MDD
Mild depressive episode
Moderate depressive episode
Severe depressive episode without psychotic
symptoms
Severe depressive episode with psychotic
symptoms
Other depressive episodes
Depressive episode, unspecified
7. Mild Depressive Episode
• Two or three of the above symptoms are usually
present.
• For mild depressive episode are typical
depressed mood, anhedonia and increased
fatigability.
• The patient is usually distressed by the
symptoms and has some difficulty in continuing
with ordinary work and social activities, but will
probably not cease to function completely.
8. Moderate Depressive Episode
• An individual with moderate depressive episode
suffers from more symptoms
• Four or more of the above symptoms are usually
present
• Symptoms are of greater severity and will
usually have considerable difficulty in continuing
with social, work or domestic activities.
9. Severe Depressive Episode without
Psychotic Symptoms
• In a severe depressive episode, the sufferer usually
shows considerable distress or agitation.
• Loss of self-esteem or feelings of uselessness or guilt
are be prominent,
• Suicide is a distinct danger in particularly severe cases.
• A number of "somatic" symptoms are usually present.
– Significant decrease in appetite or weight.
– Early morning awakening
– Diurnal variation
– Pervasive lack of interest and lack of reactivity to
pleasurable stimuli.
– Psychomotor agitation or retardation
10. Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic
Symptoms
• Psychotic symptoms is present, such as
• delusions (ideas of sin, poverty or imminent
disasters)
• hallucinations (defamatory or accusatory
voices or of rotting filth or decomposing
flesh)
• depressive stupor
• Ordinary social activities are impossible
11. Dysthymic Disorder
• The essential feature is a chronically depressed
mood (or possibly an irritable mood in children
or adolescents) for most of the day, more days
than not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children
and adolescents).
• The diagnosis is identified as early onset
(occurring before age 21 years) or late onset
(occurring at age 21 years or older).
12. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
• The essential features include markedly
depressed mood, excessive anxiety, mood
swings, and decreased interest in activities
during the week prior to menses and
subsiding shortly after the onset of
menstruation
13. Other Depressive Disorders
• Mood Disorder (Depression) Due to a General
Medical Condition
• judged to be the result of direct physiological
effects of a general medical condition
• Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
• Direct result of physiological effects of a
substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication,
or toxin exposure)
14. Recurrent Depressive Disorder
• Recurrent depressive disorder is characterized by repeated
episodes of depression without any history of independent
episodes of mood elevation and overactivity.
• Recovery is usually complete between episodes, but a substantial
part of patients will have a recurrence and about 30% may
develop a persistent depression.
• Seasonal affective disorder - onset of mood symptoms is
connected with changes of seasons, with depression typically
occurring during the winter months and remissions or changes
from depression to mania occurring during the spring.
15. Etiological Implications
Genetic/heredity
Twin studies; family studies; adoption studies
Biochemical Influences
↓norepinepherine, serotonin, and dopamine
Hormonal imbalance
Psychoanalytic theory: depression results due to loss of a
“loved object”
Sociological theory: Stressful life events, e.g. death, marriage,
financial loss before the onset of the disease or a relapse
probably have a formative effect
Behavioural theory: repeated losses in the past
Cognitive theory: due to negative cognitions which include:
Negative expectations of the environment
Negative expectations of the self
Negative expectations of the future
16. Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy: Antidepressants are the
treatment of choice
• Cognitive therapy: It aims at correcting the
depressive negative cognitions like hopelessness,
worthlessness, helplessness and pessimistic
ideas and replacing them with new cognitive and
behavioural responses.
• Supportive psychotherapy: Various techniques
are employed to support the patient. They are
reassurance, ventilation, occupational therapy,
relaxation and other activity therapies.
17. Treatment
• Group therapy: useful for mild cases of
depression.
• Family therapy: used to decrease intra-familial
and interpersonal difficulties and to reduce or
modify stressors, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Behaviour therapy: social skills training, problem
solving techniques, assertiveness training, self-
control therapy, activity scheduling and decision
making techniques.
18. Manic Episode
• Mania refers to a syndrome in which the central
features are over-activity, mood change and self
important ideas.
• A distinct period during which mood is abnormally
and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable.
• The period lasts 1 week. At least three of the
following symptoms are present:
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity;
• decreased need for sleep;
• pressured speech ;
• flight of ideas;
• distractibility;
• psychomotor agitation; and
• excessive involvement in pleasure-seeking activities with a high
potential for painful consequences
19. Classification of Manic Episode
Hypomania
Mania without psychotic symptoms
Mania with psychotic symptoms
Other manic episodes
Manic episode, unspecified
20. Hypomania
• A period of abnormally and persistently elevated,
expansive, or irritable mood lasting 4 days and
including three or four of the additional symptoms
described earlier.
• The episodes do not impair the person’s ability to
function and there are no psychotic features
(delusions and hallucinations).
21. Mania without Psychotic Symptoms
• Mania without psychotic symptoms:
– last for at least 1 weak
– mood is elevated out of keeping with individual’s
circumstances and may vary from carefree joviality to almost
uncontrollable excitement
– elation is accompanied by increased energy, resulting in
overactivity, pressure of speech, and a decreased need for
sleep
– normal social inhibition are lost, attention cannot be
sustained, and there is often marked distractibility
– self-esteem is inflated, and grandiose or over-optimistic ideas
are freely expressed
– perceptual disorders may occur
– the individual may embark on extravagant and impractical
schemes, spend money recklessly, or become aggressive,
amorous, or factious in inappropriate circumstances.
22. Mania with Psychotic Symptoms
• A more severe form of mania:
– inflated self-esteem and grandiose ideas may develop into
delusions, and irritability and suspiciousness into delusions of
persecution
– in severe cases, grandiose or religious delusions of identity or
role may be prominent, and flight of ideas and pressure of
speech may result in the individual becoming
incomprehensible
– sustained physical activity and excitement may result in
aggression or violence, and neglect of eating, drinking, and
personal hygiene may result in dangerous states of dehydration
and self neglect
• Mania with:
– mood-congruent psychotic symptoms
– mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms
• Manic stupor
23. Treatment of Mania
• Mood stabilizers:
– lithium 900-2100 mg/day
– Carbamazepine 600-1800 mg/day.
– valproate 600-2600 mg/day
• Anticonvulsants:
– gabapentine
– topiramate
– lamotrigine
• Agitated or psychotic patient – coadministartion of
– antipsychotics of second generation (olanzapine,
risperidone)
– benzodiazepines (lorazepam, clonazepam)
• ECT
24. Nursing Interventions
Provide for client’s physical safety and safety of those around
client.
• Set limits on client’s behavior when needed.
• Remind the client to respect distances between self and
others.
• Use short, simple sentences to communicate.
• Clarify the meaning of client’s communication.
• Frequently provide finger foods that are high in calories
and protein.
• Promote rest and sleep.
• Protect the client’s dignity when inappropriate behavior
occurs.
• Channel client’s need for movement into socially
acceptable motor activities.
25. Bipolar Affective Disorder
• A bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings from
profound depression to extreme euphoria (mania), with
intervening periods of normalcy
• During a manic episode, the mood is elevated,
expansive, or irritable. Motor activity is excessive and
frenzied. Psychotic features may be present.
• The diagnostic picture for depression associated with
bipolar disorder is identical to that described for major
depressive disorder, with one addition: the client must
have a history of one or more manic episodes.
• Bipolar mood disorders is further classified into bipolar I
and bipolar II disorder
26. Bipolar I
• The diagnosis given to an individual who is experiencing,
or has experienced, a full syndrome of manic or mixed
symptoms.
• The client may also have experienced episodes of
depression.
• This diagnosis is further specified by the current or most
recent behavioral episode experienced.
• For example, the specifier might be “single manic episode”
(to describe individuals having a first episode of mania).
For individuals who have had recurrent mood episodes,
the current (or most recent) episode may be identified as
manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressed
27. Bipolar II
• This diagnostic category is characterized by
recurrent bouts of major depression with episodic
occurrence of hypomania.
• The individual who is assigned this diagnosis may
present with symptoms (or history) of depression or
hypomania.
•
• The client has never experienced an episode that
meets the full criteria for mania or mixed
symptomatology.
28. Dysthymia
• A chronic, milder form of depression which does
not fulfill the criteria for recurrent depressive
disorder especially in terms of severity.
• Sufferers usually have periods of days or weeks
when they describe themselves as well, but most
of the time they feel tired and depressed.
• It usually begins in adult life and lasts for at least
several years, sometimes indefinitely.
29. Cyclothymia
• For cyclothymia persistent instability of mood,
involving periods of mild depression and mild elation
is typical.
• This instability usually develops early in adult life
and pursues a chronic course, although the mood
may be normal and stable for months at a time.
• The mood swings are usually perceived by the
individual as being unrelated to life events.
32. Nursing Diagnoses
• Risk for Other-Directed Violence
• Risk for Injury
• Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements
• Ineffective Coping
• Noncompliance
• Ineffective Role Performance
• Self-Care Deficit
• Chronic Low Self-Esteem
• Disturbed Sleep Pattern
33. Nursing Intervention
• Provision of safety
• Meeting physiologic need
• Promoting therapeutic relationship
• Promoting activities of daily living
• Provide physical care
• Promoting appropriate behaviour
• Managing medication
• Providing client and family teaching