The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
An odontoblast is a biological cell of neural crest origin whose main function is formation of dentin.
This slide gives a detailed explanation of the same.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
An odontoblast is a biological cell of neural crest origin whose main function is formation of dentin.
This slide gives a detailed explanation of the same.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
A detailed look at the differences between the human primary and permanent dentition. Hope you find this informative. for further queries, please contact at dr.mathewthomasm@gmail.com.
I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
A detailed look at the differences between the human primary and permanent dentition. Hope you find this informative. for further queries, please contact at dr.mathewthomasm@gmail.com.
Dental pulp / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Concise description of pulp and it's structural components with images. The information is collected from various resources and is accurate. This slide will help you grab the important points about the each structure and better understanding of the topic.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:-
At the end of the seminar learner should be able to:
Define dental pulp.
Describe the morphology of pulp
Describe the development of pulp
Label the histopathology of pulp
Describe the etiopathogenesis of pulp pathologies
Initiate the examination of pulp pathologies
Describe sequel of pulp pathology.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. CONTENTS
DEFINITION
MORPHOLOGY OF PULP
DETAILED HISTOLOGY OF PULP
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
FUNCTIONS OF THE PULP
AGE CHANGES IN THE PULP
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
PULPAL DISEASES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Dental Pulp is a richly vascularized
and innervated connective tissue inside
the pulp cavity of a tooth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Development :-
The tooth pulp is initially called the dental papilla.
This tissue is called pulp only after dentin forms
around it.
The young dental papilla is highly vascular, and a
well organised network of vessels appears by the
time dentin formation begins.
After the inner enamel organ cells differentiate into
ameloblasts, the odontoblasts then differentiate
from the peripheral cells of the dental papilla and
dentin production begins.
As this occurs, the tissue is no longer called as
dental papilla but now is designated as the pulp
organ.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Morphlogy
*The coronal pulp: it is present in
the pulp chamber.
*The radicular pulp: it is that part of
the pulp extending from the cervical
region of the crown to the root
apex.
*Apical foramen: The pulp organs
are continuous with the periapical
tissue through the apical foramen.
The average size of the apical
foramen of the maxillary teeth in
the adult is 0.4 mm, while in the
mandibular teeth it is 0.3 mm in
diameter.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Accessory canals:
They are commonly seen to extend from the
radicular pulp laterally through the root dentin
to the periodontal ligament.
They are numerous in the apical third of the
root.
Formation :-
1- it occurs in areas, where the developing root
encounters a large blood vessel, where
dentin will be formed around it, then making
the lateral canal .
2- Early degeneration of the epithelial root
sheath of Hertwig before the differentiation of
the odontoblasts.
3- Lack of complete union of the epithelial
diaphragm at the floor of the pulp chamber.
AccessoryAccessory
canalscanals
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Blood vessels,nerves and lymphatics
The dental pulp is formed of specialize loose connective tissue:
intercellular substance
cells fibers
Histological structure of theHistological structure of the
pulppulp
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Odontogenic zone:
Location: Adjacent to the predentin with the cell bodies in the
pulp and cell processes in the dentinal tubules.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Cell free zone:
It is present Immediately beneath the
odontoblastic layer .
The cell free zone is the area of mobilization and
replacement of odontoblasts.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Cell rich zone
It is present beneath the cell free zone.
It is composed of fibroblasts and undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Cells of the pulp
1- Synthetic cells (formative cells):
odontoblasts and fibroblasts.
2- Defensive cells:
Macrophages, small lymphocytes,
eosinophil, mast cells and plasma cells.
3- Progenitor cells:
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Odontoblasts:
Length:
5-7u in the diameter
25-40u in length.
In the early stage of development
odontoblasts consist of a single layer of
columnar cells .
In the later stages of development, the
odontoblastic layer appear pyriform
where the broadest part of the cell
contains the nucleus
They are longer in the crown and then
become cuboidal root wise, at the root
apex, they may be almost flattened.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. The cell membranes of adjacent odontoblasts exhibit
junctional complexes.
The clear terminal part of the cell body and the adjacent
intercellular junction is known as terminal bar.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Fibroblasts
These are the most numerous
type of cells.
They are spindle in shape.
They have elongated
processes which are widely
separated and link up with
those of other pulpal
fibroblasts (stellate
appearance).
The nucleus stains deep with
basic dye and the cytoplasm
is highly stained and
homogenous.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. These cells have a dual function: They aid in
synthesizing and degradation of fibers and ground
substances in the same cell .
In young pulp, they are :In young pulp, they are :
*large*large
*with large multiple processes*with large multiple processes
*centrally located oval*centrally located oval
nucleus,nucleus,
*numerous mitochondria,*numerous mitochondria,
*well developed Golgi bodies*well developed Golgi bodies
*well developed RER*well developed RER
mitochondriamitochondria
FibroblastFibroblast
(protein secreting cell).(protein secreting cell).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. In periods of less activity and aging theseIn periods of less activity and aging these
cells appear smaller and round or spindle-cells appear smaller and round or spindle-
shaped , they are termedshaped , they are termed fibrocytesfibrocytes..
fibrocytefibrocyte
fibroblastfibroblast
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Defensive cells:
Histiocyte ( macrophage ):
In light microscope, the cells appear
irregular in shape with short blunt
processes.
The nucleus is small, more rounded and
darker in staining than fibroblast.
Their presence is disclosed by intra-vital
dyes such trypan blue.
These cells are distributed around the
odontoblasts and small blood vessels
and capillaries.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. In case of inflammation, *nuclei,
increase in size and exhibit a
prominent nucleolus.
it exhibits granules and vacuoles in
their cytoplasm
Invaginations of plasma membrane
are noted ultastructurally with
aggregation of vesicles or
phagosomes .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Plasma cells:
These cells are seen during inflammation.
The arrangement of chromatin gives the
nucleus a cart wheel appearance.
The mature type exhibits a typical small
eccentric nucleus and more abundant
cytoplasm.
The plasma cells are known to produce
antibodies.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Lymphocytes
They are found in normal pulp
and they increase during
inflammation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Eosinophils
They are also found inThey are also found in
normal pulp and theynormal pulp and they
increase duringincrease during
inflammation.inflammation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Mast cells:
They have a round nucleus and their
cytoplasm contains many granules.
They are demonstrated by using
specific stains as toluidine blue.
They produce histamin& heparin.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Progenitor cells:
(The undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells):
They are smaller than
fibroblasts but have a similar
appearance.
They are usually found along
the walls of blood vessels.
These cells have the
potentiality of forming other
types of formative or defensive
connective tissue cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Fibers of the pulp
In young pulp the fibers are relatively
sparse and delicate throughout the pulp
and gradually the bundles increase in
size with advancing age.
In older pulp two patterns of collagen
distribution can be seen:
one is a diffuse collagen network with no
definite orientation,
the second is bundles of collagen.
There are no elastic fibers in the pulp
except those present in the walls of the
larger blood vessels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. The ground substance of the pulp:
The ground substance consists of acid
mucopolysaccharides and neutral
glycoprotein.
These substances are the environment that
promotes life of the cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Blood vessels
The pulp is highly vascularized.
It is supplied by the inferior and superior
alveolar arteries
As the vessels enter the tooth, their walls
become considerably thinner than those
surrounding the tooth.
Along their course they give numerous
branches in the radicular pulp that pass
peripherally to form a plexus in the
odontogenic region.
The pulpal blood flow is more rapid than
in most areas of the body.
D
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Nerve fibers :-
The pulp has an abundant nerve
supply which follows the
distribution of the blood vessels.
Two types of nerve fibers are
present:
The nonmyelinated nerves, are
sympathetic in nature, they control
the contraction of the smooth
muscles of the blood vessels
Myelinated fibers which are sensory
parasympathetic nerves.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. The peripheral non mylinated axons
form a network of nerves located
adjacent to the cell-rich zone. This
is termed the " parietal layer of
nerves"or “plexus of Raschkow.”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. More nerve endings are found in the pulp
horns than in other peripheral areas of
the coronal or radicular pulp.
Sensory response in the pulp cannot
differentiate between heat, touch,
pressure, chemicals. This is because
the pulp lacks those types of receptors.
So the sensory nerve ending in the pulp
are presumed to function in pain
reception.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Functions of the pulp:Functions of the pulp:
1- Inductive:
Dental papilla induces the enamel organ formation and
also determines the morphology of the tooth.
2- Formative :
Pulp organ produces dentin. Odontoblasts develop the
organic matrix and functions in its calcification.
3- Nutritive :
The pulp nourishes the dentin. Nutrition is mediated
through the odontoblasts and their processes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. 4- Protective:
The sensory nerves in the tooth respond with pain to all
stimuli, Pain sensation is a useful alarm system of the
pulp.
5- Defensive or reparative:
The pulp responds to irritation by producing reparative
dentin and mineralizing any affected dentinal tubules.
These reparative reactions are an attempt to wall off
the pulp from the source of irritation.
The presence of macrophages, lymphocytes and
leucocytes aid in the process of repair of the pulp.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Age changes in the pulp
The size of the pulp chamber
The size of the apical foramen
The cellular elements
The bl. vessels & nerves
The Vitality
Reticular atrophy: The total affect is the production of a lessened vitality of
the pulp tissue and a lessened response to stimulation.
decreased
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. True denticles
They consist of irregular dentin
containing traces of dentinal
tubules and few odontoblasts.
True denticles are rare to occur,
they are small in size and
commonly found in the root canal
near the apical foramen.
odontoblastodontoblast
dentinaldentinal
tubulestubules
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. False denticles
They are evidence of dystrophic
calcification of the pulp tissue .
They contain no dential tubules.
They are formed of degenerated cells or
areas of hemorrhage which act as a
central nidus for calcification.
Overdoses of vit. D, may favor the
formation of numerous denticles.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Pulp stones are classified according to
their location into: free, attached and
embedded.
they continue to increase in size and in
certain cases they fill up the pulp
chamber completely.
If pulp stones come close enough to a
nerve bundle pain may be elicited.
The close proximity of pulp stones to
blood vessels may cause atrophy of it.
freefree
attachedattached
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Diffuse pulp calcification
Commonly occurs on top of hyaline
degeneration in the root canal and
not common in the pulp chamber.
They are irregular calcific
deposition in the pulp tissue
following the course of blood vessels
or collagenous bundle.
Advancing age favors their
development.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. For all operative procedures, the shape of pulp chamber and
its extensions into the cusps, the pulpal horns, is important to
remember.
Pulp stones lying at the opening of the root canal may cause
considerable difficulty when attempting to locate the canal.
When accessary canals are located near the coronal part of
the root or in the bifurcation area, a deep periodontal pocket
may cause inflammation of the dental pulp. Thus periodontal
disease can have a profound influence on pulpal integrity.
Conversely, a necrotic pulp can cause spread of disease to
the periodontium through an accessary canal.
Clinical considerations:-www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. The pulp is highly responsive to stimuli.
Even a slight stimulus will cause
inflammatory cell infiltration.
A severe reaction is characterised by
increased inflammatory cell infiltration
adjacent to cavity site, hyperaemia, or
localised abscesses.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. PULPITIS
Pulpitis is an
inflammation of pulp
tissue, a response to
surrounding environment
The vitality of the tooth
depends on defence
response of pulp dentine
complex by:
- sclerotic dentin
- tertiary dentin
- Calcified bridge of
dentinal tubules
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44. ETIOLOGY
1. MECHANICAL: Trauma, iatrogenic damage
and barometric changes.
2. THERMAL: uninsulated metallic restorations
and dental procedures like cavity preparation,
exothermic chemical reactions of dental
materials etc.
3. CHEMICAL: Irritation from certain dental
materials or from erosion.
4. BACTERIAL: Through toxins or from direct
extension of caries
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45. CLASSIFICATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE DENTAL PULP:-
a)Reversible pulpitis
- symptomatic (acute)
- asymptomatic (chronic)
b) Irreversible pulpitis
- Acute
abnormally responsive to cold
abnormally responsive to heat
-chronic
asymptomatic with pulp exposure
hyperplastic pulpitis
internal resorption
PULP DEGENERATION
Calcific
Others
NECROSIS
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48. CLINICAL FEATURES: -
Signs and symptoms: painful
Duration: 10-15 minutes, severe and short
Precipitating factors of pain: hot and cold
agents
Nature of pain:
Throbbing, continuous and radiating.
Pain stops when precipitating factors are
removed
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49. The pain depends on -
The size of exposed pulp (size of
dental caries)
Severity of pulp inflammation
Age of patient
Nature of covering dentine
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50. HISTOLOGICAL
FEATURES: -
Inflamed or
hyperaemic pulp
tissue contains
dilated blood vessels
of various sizes and
are lined by
endothelial cells
Presence of
reparative
dentin,extravasation
of edema fluid
Presence of normal
odontoblasts indicate
vitality of the pulp
tissue.
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51. PROGNOSIS-:
It is a reversible condition.
If it is treated , pulp will return back to
its normal status.
If it is left untreated , it will not return
back to its normal status but it will
enter the next phase....
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53. CLINICAL FEATURES: -
Duration : - more than 10-15 minutes,
severe and continuous, especially at night
Precipitating factors of pain : -
spontaneous, as well as hot and cold
agents
Nature of pain : -
Throbbing continuous and radiating pain
The pain does not stop even when
precipitating factors are removed.
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54. PROGNOSIS: -
If it is left untreated, it will change
to chronic irreversible pulpitis or
pulp necrosis
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58. It is a chronic
inflammation of pulp
tissue characterized
by specific clinical
features.
CLINICAL
FEATURES: -
Signs and symptoms:
- painful
Duration: - long
duration (few days to
months).
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59. Precipitating factors of pain: -
hot, cold agents and during
mastication.
Nature of pain: -
Mild and intermittent pain
The pain stops when
precipitating factors are relieved
and when the tooth is treated
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60. The pain depends on: -
The size of exposed pulp (size of
dental caries)
Severity of pulp inflammation
Age of patient
Nature of covering dentin
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61. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES:
-
The pulp tissue
contains dilated
blood vessels
with varying
sizes.
Degenerated
odontoblasts are
seen.
Areas of chronic
inflammatory
cells and fibrosis
can be seen
around inflamed
areas
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62. PROGNOSIS: -
It is dependant on the success of
pulp capping.
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64. It is a chronic inflammation ofIt is a chronic inflammation of
pulp tissue characterized bypulp tissue characterized by
hyperplasia of connective tissuehyperplasia of connective tissue
of pulp in the form of polypoidof pulp in the form of polypoid
mass which originates frommass which originates from
exposed pulp chamberexposed pulp chamber
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65. CLINICAL FEATURESCLINICAL FEATURES ::
--
Site:Site:
A grossly cariousA grossly carious
molar(permanent/decimolar(permanent/deci
duous) where pulpduous) where pulp
chambers are wide,chambers are wide,
having multiple rootshaving multiple roots
with highly vascularwith highly vascular
pulp tissuepulp tissue
Shape :Shape : nodularnodular
fungated mass fills thefungated mass fills the
pulp chamberpulp chamber
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66. Size :Size : variablevariable
Colour :Colour : reddish, bleeds readilyreddish, bleeds readily
Covering surface :Covering surface : intact orintact or
ulceratedulcerated
Symptoms:Symptoms: it is symptomless,
except during mastication, when
pressure of the food bolus may
cause discomfort.
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67. HISTOLOGICALHISTOLOGICAL
FEATURESFEATURES : -: - Mass consists of proliferation of granulationMass consists of proliferation of granulation
tissue with newly formed, dilated bloodtissue with newly formed, dilated blood
vessels of varying sizes, chronicvessels of varying sizes, chronic
inflammatory cells and fibrosisinflammatory cells and fibrosis
Surface of pulp polyp is usually covered bySurface of pulp polyp is usually covered by
stratified squamous epithelium.stratified squamous epithelium.
Presence of generalized degeneratedPresence of generalized degenerated
odontoblasts also called “Wheat Sheaving”odontoblasts also called “Wheat Sheaving”
of Odontoblasts .of Odontoblasts .
Source of epithelial cells are from saliva orSource of epithelial cells are from saliva or
desquamated mucosa of cheek or gingiva .desquamated mucosa of cheek or gingiva .
Nerve fibers may be found in epithelialNerve fibers may be found in epithelial
layer.layer.
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70. INTERNAL RESORPTION
It is an ediopathic slow or fast
progressive resorptive process
occurring in the dentin of the pulp
chamber or root canals of the teeth.
CAUSE- The cause is not known, but
such patients often have a history of
trauma.
SYMPTOMS- Internal resorption in
the root of a tooth is asymptomatic, if
in the crown of the tooth then may be
manifested as a reddish area called
“ pink spot” .
The radiograph usually shows a
change in the appearance of the wall
in the root canal or pulp chamber, with
a round or ovoid radiolucent area
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71. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
Unlike caries, the internal
resorption is a result of
osteoclastic activity.
The resorptive process is
characterised by lacunae,
which may be filled in by
osteoid tissue.
Multinucleated giant cell
or dentinoclasts may be
seen.
The pulp is usually
chronically infammed.
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72. TREATMENT- Extirpation of pulp stops the
internal resorptive process.
PROGNOSIS- it is best before perforation
of the root or crown occurs.
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74. It is an irreversible condition
of pulp tissue
characterized by dead pulp
tissue and degeneration
( necrosis )
ETIOLOGY : -Severely
irritant agents.
CLINICAL FEATURES : -
Signs and symptoms : no
painful symptoms.
Discoloration of tooth is
seen.
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75. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
In a necrotic pulp , cellular
debris , microorganisms
may be seen.
The periapical tissue may
be normal ,or a slight
evidence of inflammation
of apical periodontal
ligament may be present .
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76. CONCLUSION
The preservation of healthy pulp during operative
procedures and successful management in cases of disease
are two of the most important challenges to the Dentist.
The resistance of pulp depends upon the cellular activity,
nutritional supply , age, and other metabolic and physiologic
parameters.
This variability has led to the remark that “ some pulps will
die if you look crossly at them, while others can’t be killed
with an axe.”
If pulpitis is left untreated , the infection will enter the
periapical region, causing further damage.
The value of the pulp as an integral part of the tooth, both
anatomic and functional, should be recognised and every
effort should be made to conserve it.
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77. BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
Orban's , textbook of oral histology andOrban's , textbook of oral histology and
embryology, 11embryology, 11thth
editionedition
Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A textShafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A text
book of oral pathology. 5book of oral pathology. 5thth
editionedition
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, BouquotNeville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot
JE. Textbook of Oral and maxillofacialJE. Textbook of Oral and maxillofacial
pathology. 2pathology. 2ndnd
edition.edition.
Grossman’s Endodontic Practice. 12Grossman’s Endodontic Practice. 12thth
editionedition
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