The dental pulp occupies the center of each tooth and consists of soft connective tissue. The pulp has two main parts - the coronal pulp in the crown and the radicular pulp in the root. The coronal pulp contains pulp horns that extend into tooth cusps, while the radicular pulp extends from the crown down the root canal. Blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp through the apical foramen at the root tip. With age, dentin deposition causes the pulp to shrink. Accessory canals may also form connections between the pulp and periodontium. The pulp contains fibroblasts, odontoblasts that form dentin, undifferentiated cells, and defense cells. It functions in tooth development
The pulp is a soft connective tissue found within the tooth that develops from the dental papilla. It occupies the pulp chamber in the crown and root canals in the root. The pulp is responsible for dentin formation and tooth sensitivity. It contains cells like odontoblasts and fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and ground substance. The odontoblastic zone lines the pulp periphery and contains columnar odontoblasts that secrete dentin. With age, secondary dentin formation reduces the pulp size and mineral deposits may form within it.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the pulp chamber and root canal of teeth. It develops from the dental papilla early in tooth formation. The pulp contains odontoblasts along its periphery, as well as fibroblasts, macrophages, blood vessels and nerves throughout its connective tissue matrix. It is responsible for dentin formation and sensation in teeth. The pulp narrows as teeth mature and the root forms, with branches extending into the root canal system and exiting through the apical foramen. The pulp plays an important role in tooth function but is also vulnerable to damage.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document summarizes key information about dental pulp:
1. Dental pulp is the mesenchyme tissue inside the pulp cavity and surrounds the dentin. It contains blood vessels, nerves, fibroblasts, macrophages, and odontoblasts.
2. There are a total of 52 pulp organs in the adult dentition. Molar pulps are 3-4 times larger than incisor pulps. Pulp develops from the dental papilla and is surrounded by dentin except at openings.
3. Histologically, pulp contains four zones - the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone of Weil, cell-rich zone, and pulp core. Odontoblasts
The oral cavity is lined by mucous membrane and bounded by the hard palate superiorly and the lips anteriorly. It contains the teeth and is continuous posteriorly with the oropharynx. The roof consists of the hard and soft palates while the floor contains the tongue and muscles. The oral cavity contains various papillae on the dorsal tongue surface that contain taste buds and glands. Teeth develop from the dental lamina and consist of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp.
The document discusses the structure and development of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the pulp as a soft tissue composed of mesenchymal cells and specialized odontoblasts. The close relationship between odontoblasts and dentin results in the pulp-dentin complex. The primary role of the pulp is to produce dentin, but it also functions as a sensory organ. The document then proceeds to discuss pulp embryology and development, pulp anatomy and histology, innervation and sensitivity, aging changes, and other related topics.
The pulp is a soft connective tissue found within the tooth that develops from the dental papilla. It occupies the pulp chamber in the crown and root canals in the root. The pulp is responsible for dentin formation and tooth sensitivity. It contains cells like odontoblasts and fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and ground substance. The odontoblastic zone lines the pulp periphery and contains columnar odontoblasts that secrete dentin. With age, secondary dentin formation reduces the pulp size and mineral deposits may form within it.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located within the pulp chamber and root canal of teeth. It develops from the dental papilla early in tooth formation. The pulp contains odontoblasts along its periphery, as well as fibroblasts, macrophages, blood vessels and nerves throughout its connective tissue matrix. It is responsible for dentin formation and sensation in teeth. The pulp narrows as teeth mature and the root forms, with branches extending into the root canal system and exiting through the apical foramen. The pulp plays an important role in tooth function but is also vulnerable to damage.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document summarizes key information about dental pulp:
1. Dental pulp is the mesenchyme tissue inside the pulp cavity and surrounds the dentin. It contains blood vessels, nerves, fibroblasts, macrophages, and odontoblasts.
2. There are a total of 52 pulp organs in the adult dentition. Molar pulps are 3-4 times larger than incisor pulps. Pulp develops from the dental papilla and is surrounded by dentin except at openings.
3. Histologically, pulp contains four zones - the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone of Weil, cell-rich zone, and pulp core. Odontoblasts
The oral cavity is lined by mucous membrane and bounded by the hard palate superiorly and the lips anteriorly. It contains the teeth and is continuous posteriorly with the oropharynx. The roof consists of the hard and soft palates while the floor contains the tongue and muscles. The oral cavity contains various papillae on the dorsal tongue surface that contain taste buds and glands. Teeth develop from the dental lamina and consist of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp.
The document discusses the structure and development of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the pulp as a soft tissue composed of mesenchymal cells and specialized odontoblasts. The close relationship between odontoblasts and dentin results in the pulp-dentin complex. The primary role of the pulp is to produce dentin, but it also functions as a sensory organ. The document then proceeds to discuss pulp embryology and development, pulp anatomy and histology, innervation and sensitivity, aging changes, and other related topics.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located in the center of the tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells like odontoblasts. It has formative, nutritive, protective, and defensive functions. Over time, the pulp undergoes changes like decreased size and vascularity, increased calcification in the form of pulp stones or diffuse deposits, and reduced vitality.
The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum covering the tooth root to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and a ground substance. The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are bundles of collagen fibers that follow a wavy course between the cementum and bone. The periodontal ligament develops as the root forms and continues to remodel throughout life.
development of root, Root formation and periodontal ligamentAkram bhuiyan
The document describes the development of the dental pulp and root formation. It discusses how the dental pulp develops from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into odontoblasts. During the bell stage, the dental papilla forms and the cells within differentiate into odontoblasts and fibroblasts. The dental follicle surrounds the developing tooth structures. Root formation is guided by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, which determines the root morphology. Blood vessels and nerves enter the developing pulp. Cementum formation begins with primary acellular cementum laid down by cementoblasts. Secondary cellular cementum is later formed and incorporates cells.
The document describes the development of the dental pulp and root formation. It discusses:
- How the dental pulp develops from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into odontoblasts and fibroblasts.
- How the dental papilla and follicle form during the bud and cap stages and their roles in tooth development.
- How odontoblasts and cementoblasts differentiate during the bell stage to lay down dentin and cementum.
- The development of blood vessels and nerves that enter the dental pulp.
- How root formation is directed by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and how this determines root morphology.
- The formation of acellular cementum on root surfaces by
Chronology of dental development and development of occlusionshilpathaklotra
The document summarizes key stages of dental development and changes in dental arches:
- Tooth development begins with thickening of oral epithelium, forming the primary epithelial band that invades underlying mesenchyme. This forms the dental lamina which serves as the primordium for deciduous teeth.
- Teeth develop through bud, cap, bell, and advanced bell stages. During these stages, the enamel organ and dental papilla form and cells differentiate into ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Enamel knots organize cuspal morphogenesis.
- Root formation begins after crown formation is complete, guided by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath which induces dentin formation and shapes
Dental pulp / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located within the tooth. It can be divided into the coronal pulp within the crown and radicular pulp within the root. The pulp contains cellular elements like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defensive cells, as well as neurovascular elements. With age, the size of the pulp decreases as secondary dentin is deposited. The number of cells and vascularity also decrease with age. Accessory canals may form due to developmental processes or resorption of tissue during aging. The pulp provides nutrients and defenses to the tooth.
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches them to the alveolar bone in the jaw. It ranges from 0.15-0.38mm in width and is narrowest at the mid-root level. The PDL contains principal collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and cells that allow it to absorb forces and remodel throughout life. Diseases can widen the PDL space and disrupt its fibers. The document discusses the development, structure, functions and clinical implications of the PDL.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and functions of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the development of the dental papilla and enamel organ during embryogenesis. It then details the four distinct histological zones of the pulp, including the odontoblastic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp core zones. Other topics covered include the pulp's vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply, as well as the composition of its intercellular substance and cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. The document concludes by discussing regressive changes in the aging pulp and applied aspects of pulp preservation during restorative procedures.
The dentin-pulp complex refers to dentin and pulp as a single functional unit, as they are embryologically and histologically related tissues. Dentin and pulp have a common origin from the dental papilla. The pulp contains cells, fibers, and blood vessels surrounded by dentin, which is produced by odontoblast cells located within the pulp. Throughout life, dentin continues to form through the activity of odontoblasts.
The document discusses the dental pulp. It describes the pulp as the soft connective tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals that supports the dentin. The pulp is divided into zones including the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone, cell-rich zone, and pulp core. The pulp provides inductive, formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions to the tooth. Age-related changes in the pulp include reductions in cell number and activity, fibrosis, and formation of pulp stones.
The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue located within the root canals and pulp chamber of teeth. It contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and tissues that help form dentin. The pulp develops from the dental papilla and contains several cell types including odontoblasts that form dentin and fibroblasts. It has a complex anatomy with a coronal pulp located in the crown and radicular pulp extending into the root. The extracellular matrix of the pulp contains collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that provide structure and regulate cell behavior.
The dental pulp is the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. It is composed of loose connective tissue and nerves that provide sensation and nourishment to the tooth. The pulp contains cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and stem cells embedded within an extracellular matrix. Odontoblasts are responsible for dentin formation and maintenance. With age, the pulp undergoes regressive changes like fibrosis, calcification in the form of pulp stones, and decreased cellularity. Diseases like caries, trauma, and chemical irritation can lead to inflammation of the pulp tissue.
Dental Pulp: development, innervation, vascular functions, pathways of pain, sensitivity and sensibility tests, pulpal diagnosis as applied to pediatric dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The periodontal ligament connects the tooth to the alveolar bone and is made of specialized connective tissue. It develops as cells from the dental follicle migrate into the newly formed root cementum. The principal fibers of the ligament develop with tooth eruption, first entering the alveolar bone and later organizing into bundles. Microscopically, the ligament contains fibroblasts, progenitor cells, and extracellular fibers and ground substance. The fibroblasts are responsible for collagen synthesis and turnover and have a higher rate of protein production compared to gingiva or bone fibroblasts.
The periodontal ligament is a complex connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and connects it to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, cells like fibroblasts and cementoblasts, blood vessels and nerves. The PDL develops from the dental follicle during root formation and ranges in width from 0.15-0.38mm. It contains principal fibers that extend obliquely from cementum to bone and adapt to functional changes in teeth. The PDL maintains homeostasis between the hard tissues of cementum and bone through regulatory molecules and cells.
This document discusses various methods and factors related to making impressions for removable partial dentures with distal extensions. It defines different impression materials and techniques, including primary and secondary impressions. Factors that influence support from distal extension bases include the quality of ridges, bone type, denture design, tissue coverage, occlusal forces, anatomy, and fit of the denture base. Techniques discussed for impressions include McLean's, Hindle's, selective tissue placement, and the altered cast method.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located in the center of the tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells like odontoblasts. It has formative, nutritive, protective, and defensive functions. Over time, the pulp undergoes changes like decreased size and vascularity, increased calcification in the form of pulp stones or diffuse deposits, and reduced vitality.
The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum covering the tooth root to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and a ground substance. The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are bundles of collagen fibers that follow a wavy course between the cementum and bone. The periodontal ligament develops as the root forms and continues to remodel throughout life.
development of root, Root formation and periodontal ligamentAkram bhuiyan
The document describes the development of the dental pulp and root formation. It discusses how the dental pulp develops from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into odontoblasts. During the bell stage, the dental papilla forms and the cells within differentiate into odontoblasts and fibroblasts. The dental follicle surrounds the developing tooth structures. Root formation is guided by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, which determines the root morphology. Blood vessels and nerves enter the developing pulp. Cementum formation begins with primary acellular cementum laid down by cementoblasts. Secondary cellular cementum is later formed and incorporates cells.
The document describes the development of the dental pulp and root formation. It discusses:
- How the dental pulp develops from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into odontoblasts and fibroblasts.
- How the dental papilla and follicle form during the bud and cap stages and their roles in tooth development.
- How odontoblasts and cementoblasts differentiate during the bell stage to lay down dentin and cementum.
- The development of blood vessels and nerves that enter the dental pulp.
- How root formation is directed by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and how this determines root morphology.
- The formation of acellular cementum on root surfaces by
Chronology of dental development and development of occlusionshilpathaklotra
The document summarizes key stages of dental development and changes in dental arches:
- Tooth development begins with thickening of oral epithelium, forming the primary epithelial band that invades underlying mesenchyme. This forms the dental lamina which serves as the primordium for deciduous teeth.
- Teeth develop through bud, cap, bell, and advanced bell stages. During these stages, the enamel organ and dental papilla form and cells differentiate into ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Enamel knots organize cuspal morphogenesis.
- Root formation begins after crown formation is complete, guided by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath which induces dentin formation and shapes
Dental pulp / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Structure and function of of Pulp-Dentin complexPournami Dathan
The dentin and pulp are considered a complex by its similar embryology and function. It is in our practice to distinguish both by its unique functions it serves in our tooth.
The dental pulp is loose connective tissue located within the tooth. It can be divided into the coronal pulp within the crown and radicular pulp within the root. The pulp contains cellular elements like odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defensive cells, as well as neurovascular elements. With age, the size of the pulp decreases as secondary dentin is deposited. The number of cells and vascularity also decrease with age. Accessory canals may form due to developmental processes or resorption of tissue during aging. The pulp provides nutrients and defenses to the tooth.
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches them to the alveolar bone in the jaw. It ranges from 0.15-0.38mm in width and is narrowest at the mid-root level. The PDL contains principal collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and cells that allow it to absorb forces and remodel throughout life. Diseases can widen the PDL space and disrupt its fibers. The document discusses the development, structure, functions and clinical implications of the PDL.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and functions of the dental pulp. It begins by describing the development of the dental papilla and enamel organ during embryogenesis. It then details the four distinct histological zones of the pulp, including the odontoblastic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp core zones. Other topics covered include the pulp's vascular, nervous, and lymphatic supply, as well as the composition of its intercellular substance and cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. The document concludes by discussing regressive changes in the aging pulp and applied aspects of pulp preservation during restorative procedures.
The dentin-pulp complex refers to dentin and pulp as a single functional unit, as they are embryologically and histologically related tissues. Dentin and pulp have a common origin from the dental papilla. The pulp contains cells, fibers, and blood vessels surrounded by dentin, which is produced by odontoblast cells located within the pulp. Throughout life, dentin continues to form through the activity of odontoblasts.
The document discusses the dental pulp. It describes the pulp as the soft connective tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals that supports the dentin. The pulp is divided into zones including the odontoblastic zone, cell-free zone, cell-rich zone, and pulp core. The pulp provides inductive, formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions to the tooth. Age-related changes in the pulp include reductions in cell number and activity, fibrosis, and formation of pulp stones.
The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue located within the root canals and pulp chamber of teeth. It contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and tissues that help form dentin. The pulp develops from the dental papilla and contains several cell types including odontoblasts that form dentin and fibroblasts. It has a complex anatomy with a coronal pulp located in the crown and radicular pulp extending into the root. The extracellular matrix of the pulp contains collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that provide structure and regulate cell behavior.
The dental pulp is the soft tissue contained within the pulp chamber and root canals of teeth. It is composed of loose connective tissue and nerves that provide sensation and nourishment to the tooth. The pulp contains cells such as odontoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and stem cells embedded within an extracellular matrix. Odontoblasts are responsible for dentin formation and maintenance. With age, the pulp undergoes regressive changes like fibrosis, calcification in the form of pulp stones, and decreased cellularity. Diseases like caries, trauma, and chemical irritation can lead to inflammation of the pulp tissue.
Dental Pulp: development, innervation, vascular functions, pathways of pain, sensitivity and sensibility tests, pulpal diagnosis as applied to pediatric dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The periodontal ligament connects the tooth to the alveolar bone and is made of specialized connective tissue. It develops as cells from the dental follicle migrate into the newly formed root cementum. The principal fibers of the ligament develop with tooth eruption, first entering the alveolar bone and later organizing into bundles. Microscopically, the ligament contains fibroblasts, progenitor cells, and extracellular fibers and ground substance. The fibroblasts are responsible for collagen synthesis and turnover and have a higher rate of protein production compared to gingiva or bone fibroblasts.
The periodontal ligament is a complex connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and connects it to the alveolar bone. It is composed of collagen fibers, cells like fibroblasts and cementoblasts, blood vessels and nerves. The PDL develops from the dental follicle during root formation and ranges in width from 0.15-0.38mm. It contains principal fibers that extend obliquely from cementum to bone and adapt to functional changes in teeth. The PDL maintains homeostasis between the hard tissues of cementum and bone through regulatory molecules and cells.
Similar to Oral-Histology-pulp-converted (1).pdf (20)
This document discusses various methods and factors related to making impressions for removable partial dentures with distal extensions. It defines different impression materials and techniques, including primary and secondary impressions. Factors that influence support from distal extension bases include the quality of ridges, bone type, denture design, tissue coverage, occlusal forces, anatomy, and fit of the denture base. Techniques discussed for impressions include McLean's, Hindle's, selective tissue placement, and the altered cast method.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document contains solutions to practice well control questions from an IWCF student exercise book. It covers topics like calculating mud weight to balance formation pressure, circulating pressure calculations, well control principles like maintaining bottom hole pressure, and recognizing and responding to well kicks. Several questions involve calculating pressures using formation pressure gradients, mud weights, and well geometry. The document demonstrates how to apply well control equations to analyze drilling operations and well control situations.
Petroleum Production Engineering, Elsevier (2007) (2).pdfMohammedFouadAmeen
This document provides a preface and overview for a textbook on petroleum production engineering. It was written to provide modern production engineers with information on applying engineering principles to solve problems using computer technologies. The book is organized into four parts covering fundamentals, design principles, artificial lift methods, and production enhancement techniques. It focuses on illustrating principles through examples and provides companion spreadsheet programs to help engineers perform daily work efficiently.
The document appears to be a scanned receipt or invoice containing over 20 pages of dense text and numbers. It lists various items, quantities, prices, and totals but does not provide any clear context about the purpose or nature of the transaction. The extensive length and small text size would make it difficult to understand or summarize the key details in just a few sentences.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted using a pressurized mud balance to more accurately measure the density of drilling mud samples. The pressurized mud balance works by sealing drilling mud in a sample cup under pressure, compressing any entrained air to negligible volumes and providing a more accurate density reading.
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3. Having an accurate measurement of mud density is important for well control by
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Oral-Histology-pulp-converted (1).pdf
1. 1
Oral Histology
Lect 8 The Pulp Dr. Enas Fadhil Kadhim
The dental pulp occupies the center of each tooth and consists
of soft connective tissue. The pulp is housed in the pulp chamber
of the crown and in the root canal of the root. The pulp present
in the crown is called coronal pulp and the pulp present in the
root is called radicular pulp. The shape of the pulp therefore
resembles the shape of the tooth in which it is housed.
Coronal pulp
The coronal pulp in young individuals resembles the shape of
the outer surface of the crown dentin. The coronal pulp has six surfaces:
the roof or occlusal, the mesial, the distal, the buccal,
the lingual, and the floor. It has pulp horns, which are protrusions
that extend into the cusps of each crown. The number of
these horns thus depends on the cuspal number. The cervical
region of the pulp organs constricts as does the contour of the
crown, and at this zone the coronal pulp joins the radicular
pulp. Because of continuous deposition of dentin, the pulp
becomes smaller with age.
Radicular pulp
The radicular or root pulp is that pulp extending from the cervical
region of the crown to the root apex. In the anterior teeth
the radicular pulps are single and in posterior ones multiple.
They are not always straight and vary in size, shape, and number.
The radicular portions of the pulp are continuous with the
periapical connective tissues through the apical foramen or
foramina. The dentinal walls taper, and the shape of the radicular
pulp is tubular. During root formation the apical root end is
a wide opening limited by an epithelial diaphragm .
As growth proceeds, more dentin is formed, so that when the
root of the tooth has matured the radicular pulp is narrower.
The apical pulp canal becomes smaller also because of apical
cementum deposition.
Apical foramen
The location and shape of the apical foramen may undergo
changes as a result of functional influences on the teeth.
A tooth may be tipped from horizontal pressure, or it may
migrate mesially, causing the apex to tilt in the opposite direction.
Under these conditions the tissues entering the pulp
through the apical foramen may exert pressure on one wall of
the foramen, causing resorption. At the same time, cementum
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is laid down on the opposite side of the apical root canal,
resulting in a relocation of the original foramen .
Sometimes the apical opening is found on the lateral side of
the apex, although the root itself is not curved.
Frequently, there are two or more foramina separated by a portion
of dentin and cementum or by cementum only.
Accessory canals
Accessory canals leading from the radicular pulp laterally
through the root dentin to the periodontal tissue may be seen
anywhere along the root but are most numerous in the apical
third of the root. They are clinically significant in
spread of infection, either from the pulp to the periodontal
ligament or vice versa. It is likely that they occur in areas
where there is premature loss of root sheath cells because these
cells induce the formation of the odontoblasts which form the
dentin. Accessory canals may also occur where the developing
root encounters a blood vessel. If the vessel is located in the area
where the dentin is forming, the hard tissue may develop
around it, making a lateral canal from the radicular pulp.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
The central region of both the coronal and the radicular pulp
contains large nerve trunks and blood vessels. Peripherally, the
pulp is circumscribed by the specialized odontogenic region composed
of
(1) the odontoblasts (the dentin-forming cells).
(2) the cell-free zone (Weil’s zone):is a space in which the odontoblast
may move pulpward during tooth development
(3) the cell-rich zone : composed principally of fibroblasts and
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is restricted to the coronal regions, as
it is formed during the pre-eruptive phase of the tooth. During early
dentinogenesis there are also many young collagen fibers in this zone.
(4) pulp core which is characterized by the major vessels and nerves of
the pulp.
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Intercellular substance
The intercellular substance is dense and gel like in nature, varies
in appearance from finely granular to fibrillar, and appears more dense in
some areas, with clear spaces left between various aggregates. It is
composed of both acid mucopolysaccharides and protein polysaccharide
compounds (glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans).
The cells of Pulp
1-Fibroblasts
The pulp organ is said to consist of specialized connective tissue
because it lacks elastic fibers. Fibroblasts are the most numerous
cell type in the pulp. They functionin collagen fiber formation throughout
the pulp during the life of the tooth. They have the typical stellate shape
and extensive processes that contact and are joined by intercellular
junctions to the processes of other fibroblasts.
2-Odontoblasts
the second most prominent cell in the pulp,
reside adjacent to the predentin with cell bodies in the pulp
and cell processes in the dentinal tubules. The number of odontoblasts
corresponds to the number of dentinal tubules.
They have a constant location adjacent to the predentin, in what
is termed the “odontogenic zone of the pulp”. The cell
bodies of the odontoblasts are columnar in appearance with large
oval nuclei, which fill the basal part of the cell. Immediately
adjacent to the nucleus basally is rough-surfaced endoplasmic
reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The cells in the odontoblastic
row lie very close to each other. Between odontoblasts gap, tight
and desmosomal junctions exist. Further toward the
apex of the cell appears an abundance of rough-surfaced endoplasmic
reticulum. Near the pupal-predentin junction the cell cytoplasm
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is devoid of organelles. Focal junctional complexes are
present where the odontoblast cell body gives rise to the process.
During the early period of active dentinogenesis it does
contain occasional mitochondria and vesicles. During the later
stages of dentinogenesis these are less frequently seen.
3-Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are the primary cells in the
very young pulp, but a few are seen in the pulps after root completion.
They are found along pulp vessels, in the cell-rich zone and scattered
throughout the central pulp.
They appear spindle shaped. They are believed to be a
totipotent cell and when need arises they may become odontoblasts,
fibroblasts, or macrophages. They decrease in number in old age.
4-Defense cells
These are histiocytes or macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and
plasma cells.
In addition, there are the blood vascular elements such as the
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and
monocytes. These latter cells emigrate from the pulpal blood
vessels and develop characteristics in response to inflammation.
5-Pulpal stem cells
Among the numerous stem cells that have been identified from
dental tissues and characterized, those from the pulpal tissues
include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from
human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). The stem cells were
shown to undergo proliferation and migrate to the site of
injured odontoblasts and produce dentin.
Blood vessels
The pulp organ is extensively vascularized. It is known that the
blood vessels of both the pulp and the periodontium arise from
the inferior or superior alveolar artery and also drain by the
same veins in both the mandibular and maxillary regions. The
communication of the vessels of the pulp with the periodontium,
in addition to the apical connections, is further enhanced by
connections through the accessory canals. These relationships
are of considerable clinical significance in the event of a potential
pathologic condition in either the periodontium or the
pulp, because the infection has a potential to spread through
the accessory and apical canals.
Small arteries and arterioles enter the apical canal and pursue
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a direct route to the coronal pulp . Along their course they give off
numerous branches in the radicular pulp that pass peripherally to form a
plexus in the odontogenic region
Nerves
The abundant nerve supply in the pulp follows the distribution of the
blood vessels. The majority of the nerves that enter the pulp are
nonmyelinated. Many of these gain a myelin sheath
later in life. The nonmyelinated nerves are found in close association
with the blood vessels of the pulp and many are sympathetic
in nature. They have terminals on the muscle cells of the
larger vessels and function in vasoconstriction .
Thick nerve bundles enter the apical foramen and pass along
the radicular pulp to the coronal pulp where their fibers separate
and radiate peripherally to the parietal layer of nerves.The large
myelinated fibers mediate the sensation of pain that may be caused by
external stimuli. The peripheral axons form a network of nerves located
adjacent to the cell-rich zone. This is termed the parietal layer of nerves,
also known as the plexus of Raschkow.
FUNCTION OF PULP
1-Inductive
The primary role of the pulp anlage is to interact with the oral
epithelial cells, which leads to differentiation of the dental lamina
and enamel organ formation. The pulp anlage also interacts
with the developing enamel organ as it determines a particular
type of tooth.
2-Formative
The pulp organ cells produce the dentin that surrounds and
protects the pulp. The pulpal odontoblasts develop the organic
matrix and function in its calcification. Through the development
of the odontoblast processes, dentin is formed along the
tubule wall as well as at the pulp–predentin front.
3-Nutritive
The pulp nourishes the dentin through the odontoblasts and their
processes and by means of the blood vascular system of the pulp.
4-Protective
The sensory nerves in the tooth respond with pain to all stimuli
such as heat, cold, pressure, operative cutting procedures, and
chemical agents. The nerves also initiate reflexes that control
circulation in the pulp. This sympathetic function is a reflex,
providing stimulation to visceral motor fibers terminating on
the muscles of the blood vessels.
5-Defensive or reparative
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The pulp is an organ with remarkable reparative abilities.
It responds to irritation, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical,
or bacterial, by producing reparative dentin and mineralizing
any affected dentinal tubules.
REGRESSIVE CHANGES (AGING)
1-Cell changes
In addition to the appearance of fewer cells in the aging pulp,
the cells are characterized by a decrease in size and number of
cytoplasmic organelles.
The fibroblasts in the aging pulp exhibit less
perinuclear cytoplasm and possess long, thin cytoplasmic processes.
2-Fibrosis
In the aging pulp accumulations of both diffuse fibrillar components
as well as bundles of collagen fibers usually appear.
Fiber bundles may appear arranged longitudinally in bundles
in the radicular pulp, and in a random more diffuse arrangement
in the coronal area. Any external trauma such as dental caries or deep
restorations usually causes a localized fibrosis or scarring effect.
3-Vascular changes
Vascular changes occur in the aging pulp organ as they do in any
organ. Atherosclerotic plaques may appear in pulpal vessels.
In other cases the outer diameter of vessel walls becomes greater
as collagen fibers increase in the medial layer.
Also calcifications are found that surround vessels .
Calcification in the walls of blood vessels is found most often in
the region near the apical foramen. The capillary endothelium
shows changes due to age. The endothelium in the elderly shows
numerous pinocytic vesicles, microvesicles and microfilaments.
In addition lipid like vacuoles and glycogen granules are present.
Blood flow decreases with age.
Pulp stones (denticles)
Pulp stones, or denticles, are nodular, calcified masses appearing
in either or both the coronal and root portions of the pulp
organ. They often develop in teeth that appear to be quite normal
in other respects. They usually are asymptomatic unless
they impinge on nerves or blood vessels. They have been seen in
functional as well as embedded unerupted teeth.
Pulp stones are classified, according to their structure as
true denticles or false denticles.
1-True denticles are similar in structure to dentin in that they have dental
tubules and contain the processes of the odontoblasts that formed them
and that exist on their surface . True denticles are comparatively rare and
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are usually located close to the apical foramen. A theory has been
advanced that the development of the true denticle is caused by the
inclusion of remnants of the epithelial root sheath within the pulp. These
epithelial remnantsinduce the cells of the pulp to differentiate into
odontoblasts, which then form the dentin masses called true pulp stones.
2-False denticles do not exhibit dentinal tubules but appear
instead as concentric layers of calcified tissue. In
some cases these calcification sites appear within a bundle of
collagen fibers . Other times they appear in a location
in the pulp free of collagen accumulations . In the center of these
concentric layers of calcified tissue there may be remnants of necrotic
and calcified cells. Calcification of thrombi in blood vessels, called
phleboliths, may also serve as nidi for false denticles. All denticles
begin as small nodules but increase in size by incremental
growth on their surface. The surrounding pulp tissue may
appear quite normal. Pulp stones may eventually fill substantial
parts of the pulp chamber.
3-Diffuse calcifications
Diffuse calcifications appear as irregular calcific deposits in the
pulp tissue, usually following collagenous fiber bundles or
blood vessels . Sometimes they develop into larger
masses but usually persist as fine calcified spicules. The pulp
organ may appear quite normal in its coronal portion without
signs of inflammation or other pathologic changes but may
exhibit these calcifications in the roots. Diffuse calcifications
are usually found in the root canal and less often in the coronal
area, whereas denticles are seen more frequently in the coronal
pulp. Diffuse calcification surrounds blood vessels.
True Denticles
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False Dentricles
Diffuse Calcification
Pulp stones may also be classified according to their location as free,
attached, or
embedded, depending on their relation to the dentin of the
tooth.
1-The free denticles are entirely surrounded by
pulp tissue,
2-attached denticles are partly fused with the dentin,
3-embedded denticles are entirely surrounded by dentin.