This document discusses the components and current concepts in dental implant design. It covers key aspects such as implant diameter, length, threads, attachments, and abutments. The ideal implant diameter is 4mm to ensure adequate strength. Shorter implants are not recommended biomechanically. Thread shape and configuration impact biomechanical optimization. Attachments include external hex, internal hex, and morse taper connections. Abutments include prefabricated, custom, healing, temporary, ball, and locator attachments for overdentures. Components like transfer copings and abutments are also summarized.

1. DENTAL IMPLANT COMPONENTS
AND CURRENT CONCEPTS IN
IMPLANT DESIGN
PREPARED BY:
ROSHNA TALIB

2. COMPONENTS OF IMPLANT DESIGN
Diameter of implant
The implant diameter is the dimension measured from the peak of
the widest thread to the same point on the opposite side of the
implant .
The diameter of the implant is more important in load distribution
as compared to the length of the implant.
literatures suggests that at least 3.25 mm implant diameter is
required to ensure adequate implant strength and ideal implant
diameter is 4 mm in.

3. IMPLANT DIAMETER

4. COMPONENTS OF IMPLANT

5. IMPLANT LENGTH
The implant length is the distance between the implant platform to
the apex of the implant. Usually, an implant length of 7 to 13 mm is
commonly used.
The use of shorter implants is not recommended from a
biomechanical point of view because occlusal forces must be
dissipated over a larger implant surface area to prevent excessive
stresses at the interface.

7. IMPLANT THREADS
Threads are designed to maximize initial contact, enhance the
surface area, and facilitate the dissipation of stresses at the bone-
implant interface.
Implant thread configuration plays an important in the
biomechanical optimization of dental implants.
Thread shapes in dental implant designs include square, V-shape,
and buttress.

8. BASIC THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The threads have been incorporated into implants to improve
initial stability, enlarge the implant surface area and distribute
stress favorably.
The major diameter refers to the diameter of implant measured
from crest to crest of the opposite sides of the implant.
The minor diameter refers to the diameter of implant measured
from root to root of the opposite sides of the implant.

9. The angle of the thread refers to the angle of the V-shaped groove made
between two threads.
Flank is the distance between the crest and the root of a thread.
Pitch stands for the number of threads per unit length.

10. IMPLANT COLLAR
Usually, implants have been modified by surface treatment, for example,
hydroxyapatite (HA) coated implants have an implant collar at the superior
aspect of the crest module.
This is an important part of the implant as it makes the area of transition of
the implant from the bone to the soft tissue.

11. IMPLANT-ABUTMENT ATTACHMENTS
The part of the implant that gives attachment to the superstructure is known as
the implant abutment attachment.
There are different types of prosthetic attachment: the external hex, internal
hex, and internal taper conical connection (morse taper).
(a) External connection. (b) Conical connection from 5 to 6 degrees. (c) Conical connection
from 8 to 20 degrees. (d) Internal connection.

12. EXTERNAL HEX
External hex prosthetic connection was introduced as Bränemark protocol
for restoring completely edentulous arches where implants were connected
together via a metal bar with a fixed prosthesis.
The external hex design was introduced to connect the superstructure to
the implant and also as an anti-rotational device to keep the superstructure
in its exact place.
This external hex, which was only 0.7 mm in height, was not designed to
withstand the forces directed on the crowns intraorally.
Presently, external hex connections are used widely with more predictable
results in implant therapy.

13. INTERNAL HEX
The internal hex was designed for more stability and strength of the
implant-abutment connection.
The reasons for this specific internal hex design were the distribution of
intraoral forces deeper within the implant to protect the retention screw from
excess loading, and to reduce the potential of micro-leakage.
This design offers a reduced vertical height platform which helps in the
attachment of the prosthetic component. The greater stability of internal hex
attachment is due to its longer hex.
One major disadvantage is a possible fracture of the thin fixture head. The
internal hex connection may be passive fit or friction fit (morse taper).

14. PASSIVE FIT INTERNAL HEX IMPLANTS
3-point internal trigon
In this design the internal tripod allows abutment to fit only in three
possible positions on the implant with a rotation of 120°. The hexagon
attachment was preferred over the tripod attachment because of its more
degree of freedom of rotation.
6-point internal hexagon attachment
In this design, the abutment can be placed at six different positions over the
implant with a rotation of 60° which allows a high degree of freedom for
abutment placement. Due to long internal screw attachment, the forces are
distributed deep into the implant.
12 -point internal hexagon attachment
The advantage of this design is the freedom of 30° rotation during
placement of the abutment. This is especially useful in case of angled
abutments.

15. INTERNAL TAPER ("MORSE" TAPER)
In this kind of attachment, a tapered abutment post is inserted into
the nonthreaded shaft of a dental implant with the same taper.
Here, the abutment is friction seated into the head of the implant
fixture. This type of attachment is simple to use and uses no screws,
but there is no way to accurately re-seat an abutment.
Another problem is the possibility of fixture head fracture.

16. OTHER IMPLANT COMPONENTS
Indirect transfer coping (Closed impression)
In this impression technique, the transfer coping is screwed into the implant and
impression is made with impression material having elastic properties.
The coping is not removed from the implant throughout the impression making procedure.
Once the impression is set, it is removed from the mouth.
Once the impression is out of the mouth, coping is removed from the implant, and is re-
oriented and placed back in the impression.

17. DIRECT TRANSFER COPING (OPEN IMPRESSION)
This technique is used when multiple implants have been placed and many of them or all
are oriented in different directions i.e. not parallel to each other.
It utilizes a hollow transfer component with a long central screw. Holes are incorporated in
the impression tray to allow the long screws to pass through.
The screws are accessible to the clinician throughout the impression making procedure
projecting out of the impression tray. Once the impression is set, the screws are removed
from the abutment transfer coping and impression can be easily removed from the mouth
along with transfer coping.

18. IMPLANT ABUTMENTS
PRE-FABRICATED ABUTMENTS
These are provided by the implant manufacturer companies in various shapes,
sizes, and angulations but they cannot be used in each and every case.
The use of a prefabricated abutment is contraindicated in Cases with:
• insufficient interocclusal space
• Cases where implant requires an angle of correction greater than 150.

19. CUSTOM ABUTMENTS
A custom abutment is one which is designed by the practitioner for an
individual patient.
Custom made abutments are designed when the angulation required is more
15° and relative parallelism is difficult to achieve.
The main advantage of this abutment is that the clinician has all the freedom
to fabricate the design of abutment according to the restrictions present in a
particular patient.

20. HEALING ABUTMENT
A healing abutment is temporarily placed on the implant for a few days to achieve a
natural contour of the gingiva. These abutments may be pre- fabricated or customizable
healing abutments.
Pre-fabricated abutments have a specific shape which cannot be modified by the
practitioner. On the other hand, customizable healing abutments are made up of polymer
material which allows for easy and quick chair-side modification.
After a healing period of 7-10 days, a nicely contoured gingival collar is achieved. After
placement of the superstructure, it gives an impression of a natural tooth coming out of
gingiva.

21. TEMPORARY ABUTMENTS
These are used for short term and are usually not used in the mouth for
longer than 6 months.
These are usually made up of polymer material which allows for easy and
quick chair-side modification.
These are used for screw- or cement-retained temporary crowns or cement-
retained temporary bridges.

22. BALL ABUTMENTS
Ball abutments for implant-supported over-denture has traditionally been in the
mandible, utilizing two implants for implant-supported over-denture.
So, when we place the denture in the mouth, the ball and socket snap-fit with
each other and support the denture.
The problem with this attachment is that with the passage of time the ball and
socket joint become loose and demands a replacement.

23. LOCATOR ATTACHMENT OF IMPLANT-SUPPORTED
OVERDENTURES
In this system, a metal housing which is encapsulated within the prosthesis retains a resilient
nylon liner which allows for attachment to the abutment head.
The abutments have a self-aligning feature which helps the denture removal by the patient
without damage to the nylon component.
The nylon liner may be changed after few years, as with due course in time, the attachment may
become loose.

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