A lecture for 5th stage dental students.
any questions or notes please contact me on theses links :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOamwwIygP5uCZa6HBntFxw
https://www.slideshare.net/mohamedrahilalhadithy?
utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideview
https://web.facebook.com/mohamedrahil.alhadithy
https://www.instagram.com/mohamed_rhael/
https://twitter.com/DrMohamed_rahil
The socket shield technique at molar sitesNaveed AnJum
The socket-shield technique for avoiding postextraction tissue alteration was first described in 2010. The technique was developed for hopeless teeth in anterior esthetic sites but has not yet been described for molar sites. Managing postextractive ridge changes in the posterior region by prevention or regeneration remains a challenge. The socket shield aims to offset these ridge changes wherever possible, preserving the patient’s residual tissues at immediate implants.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
A lecture for 5th stage dental students.
any questions or notes please contact me on theses links :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOamwwIygP5uCZa6HBntFxw
https://www.slideshare.net/mohamedrahilalhadithy?
utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideview
https://web.facebook.com/mohamedrahil.alhadithy
https://www.instagram.com/mohamed_rhael/
https://twitter.com/DrMohamed_rahil
The socket shield technique at molar sitesNaveed AnJum
The socket-shield technique for avoiding postextraction tissue alteration was first described in 2010. The technique was developed for hopeless teeth in anterior esthetic sites but has not yet been described for molar sites. Managing postextractive ridge changes in the posterior region by prevention or regeneration remains a challenge. The socket shield aims to offset these ridge changes wherever possible, preserving the patient’s residual tissues at immediate implants.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. What is the implant ?
A dental implant ( also known as an endosseous implant or
fixture ) :
Is a surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the
jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown ,
ridge , denture , facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic
anchor .
4. The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process
called osseointegration ( bone-to-implant interface ) where
materials, such as titanium , form an intimate bond to bone.
The implant fixture is first placed, so that it is likely to
osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added.
A variable amount of healing time is required for
osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a crown,
bridge or denture) is attached to the implant or an abutment
is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic.
5. Indication
Generally any edentulous area can be an
indication for dental implants.
Severe morphologic compromise of denture
supporting areas that significantly
undermine denture retention.
Poor oral muscular coordination.
Low tolerance of mucosal tissues.
Para-functional habits leading to recurrent
soreness and instability of prostheses.
Active or hyper active gag reflexes, elicited
by a removable prosthesis.
6. Psychological inability to wear a removable
prosthesis even if adequate denture
retention and stability is there.
Unfavorable number and location of
potential abutments in a residual dentition.
(Adjunctive location of optimally placed
osseointegrate root analogues would allow
for provision of a fixed prosthesis.) .
Single tooth loss to avoid involving
neighboring teeth as abutments.
7. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Acute illness .
Terminal illness .
Pregnancy .
Uncontrolled metabolic disease .
Tumoricidal radiation including the implant site .
History of intravenous bisphosphonate therapy .
Unrealistic expectation .
Improper motivation .
Lack of operator experience .
Unable to restore teeth prosthodontically .
Inability of patient to manage oral hygiene.
Patient hypersensitivity to specific components of the implant.
12. 1- ENDOSSEOUS:
a- Root form, blade (plate) form:
o Adequate bone to support the implant
with width and height being the primary
dimensions of concern.
o Maxillary and mandibular arch locations.
o Completely or partially edentulous
patients.
b- Ramus frame:
o Adequate anterior bone to support the
implant with width and height being the
primary dimensions of concern.
o Mandibular arch location.
o Completely edentulous patients.
13. 2- SUBPERIOSTEAL:
( complete, unilateral, circumferential ):
o Atrophy of bone but with adequate bone to support the
implant.
o Maxillary and mandibular arch locations.
o Completely and partially edentulous patients.
o Stable bone for support.
14. 3- TRANSOSSEOUS:
( staple, single pin, multiple pin ):
o Adequate anterior bone to support the implant with width and
height being the primary dimensions of concern.
o Anterior mandibular arch location.
o Completely and partially edentulous patients.
15. For long-term successful performance of all
dental implant types the following general
factors should be considered:
Biomaterials.
Biomechanics.
Dental evaluation.
Medical evaluation.
Surgical requirements.
Healing processes.
Prosthodontics.
Post insertion maintenance.
16. Generally Accepted Implant Success Criteria
1. The individual unattached implant is immobile when tested
clinically .
2. No evidence of pri-implant radiolucency is present , as
assessed on an undistorted radiograph .
3. The mean vertical bone loss is less than 0.2 mm annually
after the first year of service .
4. No persistent pain , discomfort , or infection is attributable
to the implant .
5. The implant design does not preclude placement of a crown
or prosthesis with an appearance that is satisfactory to the
patient and the dentist .
17. The mean vertical bone loss is less than 0.2 mm annually after the first year
of service .
Success Implant
Vertical bone loss after 10 Ys
20. 1-Implant body .
The dental implant body , often referred to as the
fixture , is the component placed within the bone
during first-stage surgery.
Types of root form of implant body :
1. Threaded root form
2. Non-threaded root form
The main categories of implant body :
1. Titanium screw .
2. Hydroxyapatite-coated screw
3. Titanium plasma-sprayed cylinder
4. Hydroxyapatite-coated cylinder
22. 2- Healing Screw
During the healing phase after first stage surgery , a screw is
normally placed in superior aspect of the fixture .
The screw is usually low in profile to facilitate the suturing of
soft tissue in two stage implant or minimize loading in the one
stage implant
A second stage surgery , the screw is removed and placed by
subsequent components .
23. 3- Interim Abutment
Interim abutment are dome-shaped screws placed after
second stage surgery and before insertion of prosthesis .
The abutments range in length from 2-10 mm and project
through the soft tissue into the oral cavity .
The abutments may screw directly into the fixture or, in some
systems , onto the abutment immediately after second stage
surgery
24. 4- Abutments
Abutments are the component of the implant system that
screw directly into the implant .
Abutments eventually support the prosthesis in screw-
retained restoration , in as much as they accept the retaining
screw of prosthesis .
For cement retained restorations, abutments may be shaped
like a conventional crown preparation .
25. The walls of abutments are usually smooth ,
polished , and straight – sided .
The length range from 1-10 mm
In nonesthetic areas , 1-2 mm of titanium should
be allowed to penetrate the soft tissue to
maximize the patient’s ability to clean the
prosthesis
The choice of abutment size depends on the
vertical distance between the fixture base and
opposing dentition , the existing sulcular depth ,
and the esthetic requirements in the area being
restored .
For acceptable appearance , an anterior maxillary
crown may require 2-3 mm of subgingival
porcelain at the facial gingival margin to create the
proper emergence profile and appearance ,
whereas fixtures in the posterior maxilla or
mandible may have margin termination at or
below the gingival crest .
26. 5- Impression Coping
Impression coping facilitate transfer of the of intraoral
location of the implant or abutment to a similar position on
the laboratory cast .
Impression coping may screw into the implant or onto the
abutment and are customarily subdivided into fixture types or
abutments types .
Types of impression coping :
1. Transfer ( indirect ) .
2. Pickup ( direct ) .
27. 6- implant analog
Implant analogs are made to represent
exactly the top of the implant fixture or
the abutment in the laboratory cast .
Therefore , analogs can be classified as
fixture analogs and abutment analogs .
Both types of analog screw directly into
the impression coping after it has been
removed from the mouth , and the
joined components are returned to the
impression before pouring .
Abutment + Transfer r + Analog + Healing Cup
28. 7- waxing sleeve
Waxing sleeves are attached to the abutment by the
relating screw on the laboratory model .
The sleeves eventually become part of prosthesis .
In non segmented implant crowns , the sleeves are
attached directly to the implant body analog in the
cast .
29. 8- prosthesis retaining screw
prosthesis retaining screws
penetrate the fixed restoration and
secure it to the abutment .
The screws are tightened with a
screwdriver and attach non-
segmented crowns to the body of
the implant .
31. 1- before Implant placement
Successful implant placement relies on adequate
bone quantity and quality .
The availability of bone at the implant site is
based on many variables .
Some of variables controlled by the dentist
include use of :
1. Atraumatic extraction techniques .
2. Preservation of the bony socket .
3. Selection of interim prosthesis.
4. Timing of implant placement .
32. 2- implant placement
a) Patient preparation
b) Soft tissue incision
c) Preparation of implant site
d) Implant placement
33. a- Patient preparation
Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is
usually recommended .
Profound local anesthesia is required
for precise implant placement .
The patient can rinse with 15 ml 0.12%
chlorhexidine gluconate ( Peridex ) for
30 sec immediately before the start of
surgery to reduces the oral microbial
count .
34. b- soft tissue Incision
Several types of incisions can be
used to gain access to the
residual ridge for implant
placement.
The incision should be designed
to allow convenient retraction of
the soft tissue for unimpeded
implant placement.
It should preserve or increase the
quantity of attached tissue and
preserve local soft tissue
esthetics .
35. c- preparation of the implant site
After the bone is exposed the surgical guide template is
positioned, and a preliminary assessment of the implant site is
made .
The residual ridge may have areas of unevenness or sharp ridges
that are best reduced with a rongeur or a bur before drilling for
implant placement .
Fibrous tissue should also be removed so that it will not be
incorporated into the implant site .
Placement procedures for all implant systems require atraumatic
preparation of recipient site .
A low speed , high torque handpiece and copious irrigation are
necessary to prevent excess thermal injury to the bone .
37. All implant systems have an initial small diameter drill that is
used to mark the implant site .
With that initial drill the center of implant recipient site is
marked and the initial pilot hole is prepared .
The implant recipient site preparation continuous by drilling
with a series of gradually larger burs .
38. d-implantplacement
After the desired depth and diameter of the recipient site is
accomplished , the implant is placed .
Although some implants are pressed into place , most are
threaded and must be screwed in place by handpiece at very
low speed or by hand .
Final tightening in most cases is done by hand with a ratchet .
After all implants are placed , the wound is closed .
39. 3- post-operativecare
A radiograph should be taken postoperatively to
evaluate the position of implant in relation to
adjacent structures , such as sinus and inferior
alveolar canal , and relative to other implants .
Patients should be provided analgesics .
Patients can also be instructed to use 0.12%
chlorhexidine gluconate , rinse for 2 weeks after
surgery to help keep bacterial populations at a
minimum during healing .
A patient is evaluated weekly until soft tissue
wound healing is complete ( approximately 2-3
weeks )
40. If the patient wears a tissue borne denture
over the area of implant placement , the
denture can be relined with soft liner after
one week and may be worn .
Interim partial dentures or orthodontic
retainers with an attached pontic may be
worn immediately but must be contoured to
avoid soft tissue loading over the implant site .
41. After 3-4 months, at second stage surgery the implant site is
re-opened and cover screw is taken out .
Gingival former is fitted on the implant screw for one week
In one stage implants , cover screw and gingival former are
not required , as we directly go for prosthetic work just after
the insertion of the implant in the bone .
4- prostheticstage
42. Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
5th ed ( Ch:14 )
http://www.slideshare.net/indiandentalacade
my/indications-contra-indications-of-isp
Reference