- Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture characteristics that form over source regions. The main types are continental polar (CP), maritime polar (MP), continental tropical (CT), and maritime tropical (MT).
- Fronts occur at boundaries between converging air masses. The main types are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts bring strong winds and thunderstorms while warm fronts bring gentle rain.
- Frontogenesis is the formation of fronts while frontolysis is the dissipation of fronts. Mid-latitude cyclones form due to frontogenesis between air masses.
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interaction with the atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
1) EMR can be described as waves with different wavelengths that determine their energy content. Shorter wavelengths like gamma rays have higher energy.
2) The atmosphere only allows certain wavelengths to pass through in "atmospheric windows" while absorbing others. Gases like oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor are significant absorbers.
3) Factors like albedo, scattering, temperature inversions, and cloud cover influence the transmission and absorption of EMR and impact atmospheric temperatures.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document summarizes the causes and patterns of wind globally and locally. Temperature differences between air masses cause pressure differences as warm air rises and cold air sinks, driving wind flows. On a local scale, this causes sea breezes as land heats up more than water during the day and land breezes as land cools faster at night. It also explains valley and mountain breezes caused by differences in heating and cooling of air in valleys versus mountainsides. Globally, prevailing winds are driven by similar temperature and pressure patterns.
Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the earth. It is measured in units called millibars using a barometer, which often contains mercury in a glass column like a thermometer to measure changes in pressure.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including definitions and basic information about the sun and eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It discusses the inner and outer planets, types of planets, and includes 1-2 paragraph descriptions of each planet covering attributes like composition, rotation, moons, and exploration history.
- Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture characteristics that form over source regions. The main types are continental polar (CP), maritime polar (MP), continental tropical (CT), and maritime tropical (MT).
- Fronts occur at boundaries between converging air masses. The main types are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts. Cold fronts bring strong winds and thunderstorms while warm fronts bring gentle rain.
- Frontogenesis is the formation of fronts while frontolysis is the dissipation of fronts. Mid-latitude cyclones form due to frontogenesis between air masses.
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interaction with the atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
1) EMR can be described as waves with different wavelengths that determine their energy content. Shorter wavelengths like gamma rays have higher energy.
2) The atmosphere only allows certain wavelengths to pass through in "atmospheric windows" while absorbing others. Gases like oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor are significant absorbers.
3) Factors like albedo, scattering, temperature inversions, and cloud cover influence the transmission and absorption of EMR and impact atmospheric temperatures.
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document summarizes the causes and patterns of wind globally and locally. Temperature differences between air masses cause pressure differences as warm air rises and cold air sinks, driving wind flows. On a local scale, this causes sea breezes as land heats up more than water during the day and land breezes as land cools faster at night. It also explains valley and mountain breezes caused by differences in heating and cooling of air in valleys versus mountainsides. Globally, prevailing winds are driven by similar temperature and pressure patterns.
Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the earth. It is measured in units called millibars using a barometer, which often contains mercury in a glass column like a thermometer to measure changes in pressure.
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including definitions and basic information about the sun and eight major planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It discusses the inner and outer planets, types of planets, and includes 1-2 paragraph descriptions of each planet covering attributes like composition, rotation, moons, and exploration history.
The document discusses jet streams, which are narrow bands of strong winds found in the westerlies in the upper atmosphere. There are typically two jet streams in each hemisphere - a polar jet around 30-60°N and a subtropical jet around 20-30°N. Jet streams form due to temperature differences between air masses and can reach speeds of over 200 knots, influencing global weather and being an important factor for transcontinental flight planning.
There are several major air masses that influence weather patterns:
1) Continental Arctic (cA) air masses are very cold and dry, originating north of the Arctic Circle.
2) Continental polar (cP) air masses are cold and dry, originating in northern Canada and influencing northern US weather.
3) Maritime polar (mP) air masses are cool and moist, originating over the North Atlantic and Pacific and influencing the Pacific Northwest and Northeast.
4) Maritime tropical (mT) air masses are warm and moist, originating in the Gulf of Mexico and influencing the eastern US.
The document discusses the definition, composition, and structure of the atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The structure of the atmosphere is divided into six concentric layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and magnetosphere - based on variations in temperature with increasing altitude.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature discusses how several factors influence the horizontal and latitudinal distribution of temperatures around the Earth. Some of the key factors discussed include:
1. Latitudinal variations in solar radiation, which causes temperatures to decrease with increasing latitude away from the equator.
2. The mosaic of land and ocean surfaces, which disrupts the strict latitudinal zonation of temperatures. Proximity to oceans moderates temperatures.
3. Altitude, with temperatures decreasing about 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in elevation due to thinner air.
4. Cloud cover, which influences the difference between day and night temperatures through absorption and reflection of radiation.
There are two main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones. Tropical cyclones form in tropical regions between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, originating from warm, moist air masses. Temperate cyclones, also known as extra-tropical cyclones, form in temperate regions between 30-60 degrees latitude due to the convergence of warm and cold air masses along fronts. Some key differences are that tropical cyclones are smaller in size but more intense, with stronger winds near the surface, while temperate cyclones are larger but less severe, with strongest winds at higher elevations.
The document discusses monsoons, which are seasonal winds that change direction with the seasons. Monsoons occur due to differences in land and sea temperatures causing changes in atmospheric pressure. India's climate is dominated by monsoons, with summer monsoons from June to September bringing most of India's rainfall. Monsoons are important but also cause floods and droughts depending on rainfall variability from year to year. Predicting monsoon rainfall amounts is challenging but important for agriculture and the economy.
The document discusses different types of rainfall. It explains that convectional rainfall occurs when the sun heats the earth's surface, warming the air which rises through convection. As the air rises and cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Frontal rainfall happens when a warm air mass forces under a cold air mass, causing the warm air to rise over the cold air where it cools and condenses. Orographic rainfall is produced when warm moist air is forced upward by upland areas, expanding and cooling to produce rain.
The document discusses quantitative and qualitative methods in geography. It explains that quantitative methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data through techniques like statistics, mapping, and modeling to describe and understand geographic phenomena. The quantitative revolution in the 1950s-60s marked a shift in geography from descriptive regional studies to an empirical, spatially focused science. Qualitative research examines observations to discover meanings and relationships without mathematical models. While distinct, quantitative and qualitative approaches are also complementary, with qualitative work informing hypotheses to be tested quantitatively.
climate zones of the world, Class 5,chap1, sstAnayahHareem
This document discusses the major climate zones of the world and the climate of South Asian countries. It outlines five major climate zones: equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, and polar. It then provides details on the climates of specific South Asian countries, including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. The climates range from hot and humid near the equator to cooler temperate zones further away to very cold polar zones at the northern and southern extremes.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of geography as a field of study. It describes contributions from ancient Greek philosophers who first classified the world into climatic regions. It discusses the work of Roman geographers like Strabo and Ptolemy who built upon these concepts and created early maps. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers advanced techniques like triangulation and created detailed maps. In modern times, geography grew as a science with debates between environmental determinism and possibilism perspectives on human-environment relationships.
The document summarizes the trends in temperature and rainfall in Tripura, India from 1901-2007. It analyzes temperature and rainfall data from various districts to identify patterns. Key findings include a rise in average annual temperature of 1 degree Celsius in North Tripura and 0.5 degrees in West Tripura over the past century. Rainfall is highest from May to September during the monsoon season, with average annual rainfall of 2925.1 mm across Tripura. Spatial variations exist between the districts due to factors like elevation and land use changes.
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Fronts are boundaries between two air masses of differing characteristics. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. Cold fronts are steep boundaries where cold air overrides warm air, bringing precipitation. Warm fronts are more gradual, with light, continuous precipitation as warm air rises over cold air. Occluded fronts occur when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement as the air masses are parallel.
Heartland theory
History of Heartland Theory:
Theory of Heartland
1919 modifications
1943 modification and concept of Midland Basin
Why Eastern Europe
Importance
Success and failures
Containment
Criticism
RIMLAND THEORY
THEORY
Spykman’s division of the world
Mackinder vs Spykman
Criticism
The document describes the Earth's movements of rotation and revolution that cause natural phenomena. The Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours, which causes day and night. It takes 365 days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, which divides the year into four seasons as a result. The seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter, each with characteristic weather patterns and effects on plants and animals.
This document discusses residual mapping, which is used to analyze the relationship between two areal variables. It provides steps for calculating residual values, which indicate the difference between observed and estimated dependent variable (y) values. Positive residual values mean y is higher than estimated, while negative values mean y is lower. The document includes a calculation and data table applying this process to analyze the relationship between area and population in West Bengal districts. The resulting residual map shows major parts of several districts have well-distributed populations relative to their areas, while northern districts generally have negative residuals.
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
The document provides an overview of planet Earth. It begins by defining geography as the study of Earth's surface, inhabitants, and their interaction with the environment. It then discusses that Earth is the third planet from the Sun located within the Milky Way galaxy. The key characteristics of Earth discussed are that it is the only known inhabited planet, formed 4.5 billion years ago, and has a surface that is 70% water and 30% land. The document also covers Earth's movements of rotation and revolution that cause days, nights, and seasons, as well as lines on Earth like latitude, longitude, and time zones. It concludes by discussing different map projections and scales used in cartography.
The global circulation of the atmosphere involves three main circulation cells in each hemisphere - the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell - that help transport heat from the equator to the poles. The Hadley cell extends from the equator to 30 degrees latitude and involves warm, moist air rising at the equator and sinking at 30 degrees, powering the trade winds. Between 30-60 degrees is the Ferrel cell, where prevailing westerly winds occur. The polar cell extends from 60 degrees to the poles and involves cold air sinking over high latitudes. Disruptions to these cells, like during El Niño, can significantly impact regional climates and agriculture.
NCERT CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1 INDIA SIZE AND LOCATIONMY GEOGRAPHY
This document provides information about India's size, location, and borders. It discusses:
1) India's location between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E, with its mainland extending over 30 degrees in latitude and longitude.
2) The total land area of India is 3.28 million square km, accounting for 2.4% of the world's total area, making it the 7th largest country.
3) India shares land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, and is separated from Sri Lanka by the Palk Strait and from the Maldives by the
FOLD
DEFINITION:
wave like bends formed in crustal bends by tangential compressive forces resulting from the horizontal movement caused by endogenetic force originating deep within the earth are called fold
The document discusses jet streams, which are narrow bands of strong winds found in the westerlies in the upper atmosphere. There are typically two jet streams in each hemisphere - a polar jet around 30-60°N and a subtropical jet around 20-30°N. Jet streams form due to temperature differences between air masses and can reach speeds of over 200 knots, influencing global weather and being an important factor for transcontinental flight planning.
There are several major air masses that influence weather patterns:
1) Continental Arctic (cA) air masses are very cold and dry, originating north of the Arctic Circle.
2) Continental polar (cP) air masses are cold and dry, originating in northern Canada and influencing northern US weather.
3) Maritime polar (mP) air masses are cool and moist, originating over the North Atlantic and Pacific and influencing the Pacific Northwest and Northeast.
4) Maritime tropical (mT) air masses are warm and moist, originating in the Gulf of Mexico and influencing the eastern US.
The document discusses the definition, composition, and structure of the atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The structure of the atmosphere is divided into six concentric layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and magnetosphere - based on variations in temperature with increasing altitude.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature discusses how several factors influence the horizontal and latitudinal distribution of temperatures around the Earth. Some of the key factors discussed include:
1. Latitudinal variations in solar radiation, which causes temperatures to decrease with increasing latitude away from the equator.
2. The mosaic of land and ocean surfaces, which disrupts the strict latitudinal zonation of temperatures. Proximity to oceans moderates temperatures.
3. Altitude, with temperatures decreasing about 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in elevation due to thinner air.
4. Cloud cover, which influences the difference between day and night temperatures through absorption and reflection of radiation.
There are two main types of cyclones: tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones. Tropical cyclones form in tropical regions between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, originating from warm, moist air masses. Temperate cyclones, also known as extra-tropical cyclones, form in temperate regions between 30-60 degrees latitude due to the convergence of warm and cold air masses along fronts. Some key differences are that tropical cyclones are smaller in size but more intense, with stronger winds near the surface, while temperate cyclones are larger but less severe, with strongest winds at higher elevations.
The document discusses monsoons, which are seasonal winds that change direction with the seasons. Monsoons occur due to differences in land and sea temperatures causing changes in atmospheric pressure. India's climate is dominated by monsoons, with summer monsoons from June to September bringing most of India's rainfall. Monsoons are important but also cause floods and droughts depending on rainfall variability from year to year. Predicting monsoon rainfall amounts is challenging but important for agriculture and the economy.
The document discusses different types of rainfall. It explains that convectional rainfall occurs when the sun heats the earth's surface, warming the air which rises through convection. As the air rises and cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds and rain. Frontal rainfall happens when a warm air mass forces under a cold air mass, causing the warm air to rise over the cold air where it cools and condenses. Orographic rainfall is produced when warm moist air is forced upward by upland areas, expanding and cooling to produce rain.
The document discusses quantitative and qualitative methods in geography. It explains that quantitative methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data through techniques like statistics, mapping, and modeling to describe and understand geographic phenomena. The quantitative revolution in the 1950s-60s marked a shift in geography from descriptive regional studies to an empirical, spatially focused science. Qualitative research examines observations to discover meanings and relationships without mathematical models. While distinct, quantitative and qualitative approaches are also complementary, with qualitative work informing hypotheses to be tested quantitatively.
climate zones of the world, Class 5,chap1, sstAnayahHareem
This document discusses the major climate zones of the world and the climate of South Asian countries. It outlines five major climate zones: equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, and polar. It then provides details on the climates of specific South Asian countries, including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. The climates range from hot and humid near the equator to cooler temperate zones further away to very cold polar zones at the northern and southern extremes.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of geography as a field of study. It describes contributions from ancient Greek philosophers who first classified the world into climatic regions. It discusses the work of Roman geographers like Strabo and Ptolemy who built upon these concepts and created early maps. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers advanced techniques like triangulation and created detailed maps. In modern times, geography grew as a science with debates between environmental determinism and possibilism perspectives on human-environment relationships.
The document summarizes the trends in temperature and rainfall in Tripura, India from 1901-2007. It analyzes temperature and rainfall data from various districts to identify patterns. Key findings include a rise in average annual temperature of 1 degree Celsius in North Tripura and 0.5 degrees in West Tripura over the past century. Rainfall is highest from May to September during the monsoon season, with average annual rainfall of 2925.1 mm across Tripura. Spatial variations exist between the districts due to factors like elevation and land use changes.
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Fronts are boundaries between two air masses of differing characteristics. There are four main types of fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. Cold fronts are steep boundaries where cold air overrides warm air, bringing precipitation. Warm fronts are more gradual, with light, continuous precipitation as warm air rises over cold air. Occluded fronts occur when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement as the air masses are parallel.
Heartland theory
History of Heartland Theory:
Theory of Heartland
1919 modifications
1943 modification and concept of Midland Basin
Why Eastern Europe
Importance
Success and failures
Containment
Criticism
RIMLAND THEORY
THEORY
Spykman’s division of the world
Mackinder vs Spykman
Criticism
The document describes the Earth's movements of rotation and revolution that cause natural phenomena. The Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours, which causes day and night. It takes 365 days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, which divides the year into four seasons as a result. The seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter, each with characteristic weather patterns and effects on plants and animals.
This document discusses residual mapping, which is used to analyze the relationship between two areal variables. It provides steps for calculating residual values, which indicate the difference between observed and estimated dependent variable (y) values. Positive residual values mean y is higher than estimated, while negative values mean y is lower. The document includes a calculation and data table applying this process to analyze the relationship between area and population in West Bengal districts. The resulting residual map shows major parts of several districts have well-distributed populations relative to their areas, while northern districts generally have negative residuals.
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
The document provides an overview of planet Earth. It begins by defining geography as the study of Earth's surface, inhabitants, and their interaction with the environment. It then discusses that Earth is the third planet from the Sun located within the Milky Way galaxy. The key characteristics of Earth discussed are that it is the only known inhabited planet, formed 4.5 billion years ago, and has a surface that is 70% water and 30% land. The document also covers Earth's movements of rotation and revolution that cause days, nights, and seasons, as well as lines on Earth like latitude, longitude, and time zones. It concludes by discussing different map projections and scales used in cartography.
The global circulation of the atmosphere involves three main circulation cells in each hemisphere - the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell - that help transport heat from the equator to the poles. The Hadley cell extends from the equator to 30 degrees latitude and involves warm, moist air rising at the equator and sinking at 30 degrees, powering the trade winds. Between 30-60 degrees is the Ferrel cell, where prevailing westerly winds occur. The polar cell extends from 60 degrees to the poles and involves cold air sinking over high latitudes. Disruptions to these cells, like during El Niño, can significantly impact regional climates and agriculture.
NCERT CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1 INDIA SIZE AND LOCATIONMY GEOGRAPHY
This document provides information about India's size, location, and borders. It discusses:
1) India's location between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E, with its mainland extending over 30 degrees in latitude and longitude.
2) The total land area of India is 3.28 million square km, accounting for 2.4% of the world's total area, making it the 7th largest country.
3) India shares land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, and is separated from Sri Lanka by the Palk Strait and from the Maldives by the
FOLD
DEFINITION:
wave like bends formed in crustal bends by tangential compressive forces resulting from the horizontal movement caused by endogenetic force originating deep within the earth are called fold
Coral reefs are formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons deposited by coral polyps over time. Coral polyps thrive in tropical oceans between 30 degrees north and south latitude where temperatures are between 20-30 degrees Celsius, sunlight levels are sufficient down to around 50 meters depth, and waters have low turbidity with moderate salinity and ocean currents. There are several types of coral reefs including fringing reefs along coastlines, barrier reefs parallel to coastlines separated by lagoons, and ring-shaped atolls which may enclose central lagoons. Coral reefs are most abundant in the tropical Indo-Pacific oceans.
The continental Drift Theory by fb taylorMY GEOGRAPHY
1. F.B. Taylor first proposed the concept of horizontal displacement of continents in 1908 to explain the distribution of folded mountains from the Tertiary period.
2. He proposed that two large landmasses, Laurasia and Gondwanaland, had drifted away from the poles towards the equator due to tidal forces from the Moon.
3. This poleward movement of continents explained the formation of mountain ranges like the Himalayas, Alps, and Rockies, as the lands collided during their drift across the Earth's surface.
The document summarizes the interior structure of the Earth based on scientific evidence. It is divided into three main layers: the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost solid layer that varies in thickness and composition between oceanic and continental areas. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume and is divided into the upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle is solid while the upper mantle contains the asthenosphere. At the center are the core layers, with the solid inner core surrounded by the liquid outer core. Seismic waves have revealed discontinuities that define the boundaries between these internal layers.
It is mainly an case study of urban town of Howrah West Bengal. the socio economics conditions, the way in which urbanization occurred there,how much has changed
Von Thunen published his theory of agricultural land use patterns in 1826 in his book "The Isolated State". The theory was based on an isolated region with homogeneous climate and soil quality where the only mode of transportation was by foot. It proposed that there would be concentric zones of land use radiating from the city center based on transport costs and product perishability. Dairy farming would be in the innermost zone due to high transport costs of perishable products, followed by zones for forestry, vegetables, and grazing further from the city. The bid rent curve showed the relationship between economic rent and distance from the market. While pioneering, the theory was based on unrealistic assumptions and had limitations in applying to contemporary systems
This document discusses different types of economic sectors and their characteristics. It defines economic activity as activity related to production, consumption, and exchange for money or wealth. Non-economic activities are those not related to money or wealth. The three main economic sectors are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary involves agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing. Secondary uses raw materials from primary to manufacture goods. Tertiary provides services connecting the other two sectors, such as trade, banking, and transportation. Some documents include quaternary activities like information technology and quinary activities involving high-level decision making.
Malthus proposed that population growth occurs at a geometric rate, while food production increases at an arithmetic rate, leading to a mismatch. He argued this would result in population outstripping food supply, causing famine, disease, and war. Malthus suggested two ways to regulate population: positive checks like famine/war, and preventive checks like later marriage and moral restraint. His theory was widely criticized for not accounting for technological advances increasing food production or distinguishing between fertility and fecundity. Critics also argued he did not prove the relationship between arithmetic and geometric progression.
What id demographic transition model? How is it from one stage to another stage.what condition has our country in demographic transition model? reason behind the varying birthrate and death rate.
2. পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তর ভ্াগের েঠন থবনযাস সম্পগক
ে আমাগের ধারণা খুব ববশী বনই
কারণ আমরা জাথন পৃথিবীর পথরথধ ৬৩৭০ থকগ াথমটার। পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তর
ঠিক থক রগেগে, থক অবস্থাে আগে, থক থক পোিে দ্বারা েঠিত, েভ্ীরতাই বা
কত বস সম্পগক
ে অনুমান করা সম্ভব নে ভ্
ূ থবজ্ঞানীরা প্রতযক্ষ পর্েগবক্ষগনর
দ্বারা বকব মাত্র পৃথিবীর উপথর ভ্াগের মাত্র কগেক থকথম েভ্ীরতা পর্েন্ত তিয
সংগ্রহ করগত সক্ষম হগেগে। পৃথিবীর সবোথধক েভ্ীর খথন অঞ্চ মাত্র ৫ থকথম
েভ্ীরতা পর্েন্ত থবস্তৃত। আবার Ocean Drilling এর মাধযগম সবগেগে ববথশ ১২
থকথম পর্েন্ত খনন করা সম্ভব হগেগে।
পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরীণবণেনা
3. বর্ সব উৎস গুথ বিগক পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরভ্াে সম্পগক
ে ধারণা পাওো র্াে, বস
গুথ গক প্রধানত দুই ভ্াগে ভ্াে করা হে। র্িা – প্রতযক্ষ উৎস ওপগরাক্ষ উৎস
প্রতযক্ষ উৎস - বর্ সব উৎস বিগক আমরা সরাসথর পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরভ্াে সম্পগক
ে
ধারণা পাে, বসগুথ বক প্রতযক্ষ উৎস বগ । বর্মন - ভ্
ূ -পৃষ্ঠীে থশ া, খথনজ উগতা ন,
েভ্ীর মহাসােরীে খননওঅগ্ন্ুযৎপাত।
পগরাক্ষ উৎস হ বসগুথ বর্গুগ া বিগক সরাসথর আমরা পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরভ্াে
সম্পগক
ে তিয সংগ্রহ করগত না পারগ ও বস উৎস গুথ র থবগেষণ আমাগের
অভ্যন্তগরর েঠন থবনযাস সম্পগক
ে অনুধাবন করগত সাহার্য কগর। বর্মন - উল্কা বা
মহাজােথতক বস্তু,পৃথিবীর মাধযাকষেন ব ,পৃথিবীর বেৌম্বকত্ব এবং ভ্
ূ -কম্পীে তরঙ্গ।
উৎস সমূহ
4.
5. ভ্
ূ কম্পীে তরগঙ্গর েথতপ্রক
ৃ থত থবগেষগণর মাধযগম পৃথিবীর ভ্
ূ -
অভ্যন্তগরর েঠন থবনযাস সম্পগক
ে পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খ ধারণা পাওো র্াে। এই
ভ্
ূ কম্পীে তরগঙ্গর েথতপ্রক
ৃ থতর ওপর থভ্থত কগর পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরগক
থতনটিপ্রধানস্তগর থবনযাস করা হে, র্িা–
•ভ্
ূ ত্বক,
• গুরুমন্ড ও
• বকন্দ্রমন্ড ।
পৃথিবীর অভ্যন্তরীণভ্াগেরবেণীথবভ্াে
6. ভ্
ূ ত্বক
•পৃথিবীর বথহিঃভ্াগের পাত া থশ ামে কঠিন অংশ বক ভ্
ূ ত্বক বগ ।
•ভ্
ূ ত্বক সাধারণত ভ্ঙ্গুর প্রক
ৃ থতর হগে িাগক।
•পৃথিবীর বমাট ভ্গরর মাত্র ১% েখ কগর আগে ভ্
ূ ত্বক।
•ভ্
ূ ত্বগকর েভ্ীরতা ৪ থকথম বিগক ৪০ থকথম েভ্ীরতা পর্েন্ত হগে িাগক।গকািাও আবার
৮০থকথম পর্েন্ত থবস্তৃত।
•ভ্
ূ ত্বগকর তাপমাত্রা প্রধানত ৩০০ থিথগ্র হগে িাগক।
•এই স্তগর প্রধানত থসথ কা, অযা ুথমথনোম , মযােগনথসোম দ্বারা েঠিত।
•ভ্
ূ েঠনকারী পোগিের তারতগমযর ওপর থভ্থতক কগর ভ্
ূ ত্বক বক প্রধানত দুটি প্রধান
ভ্াগে ভ্াে করা হগে িাগক - মহাগেশীে ভ্
ূ ত্বক ওমহাসােরীে ভ্
ূ ত্বক।
7. অযাগস্থগনাথিোর - থশ ামন্ডগ র থনগে অংশ বিগক ৪০০
থকথম েভ্ীরতা পর্েন্ত থবস্তৃত গুরুমন্ডগ র বর্ অংগশ
তাপমাত্রা অগনক ববথশ এবং পোিে গুথ প্লাথকগকর মগতা
তর থস্থথতস্থাপক অবস্থাে রগেগে, তাগক
অযাগস্থগনাথিোর বগ । এই অযাগস্থগনাথিোগরর ওপর
বপ্লট গুথ ভ্াসমানঅবস্থাে রগেগে।