The document is a comprehensive presentation on dementia, covering its definition as a cognitive impairment primarily affecting memory and intellect without loss of consciousness. It discusses various types, causes, stages, warning signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, emphasizing the importance of nursing management and caregiver support. The conclusion highlights the prevalence of dementia in the elderly and the necessity for awareness and education about the condition.

2. PRESENTATIONON DEMENTIA :
Presented by –
Soumita Maiti
3 rd Yr B.Sc Nursing
Student
W.B.G.C.O.N , SSKM
Campus

3. Introduction:
Cognition is that operation of the mind
process by which we become aware of
objects of thought and perception,
including all aspects of perceiving, thinking
& remembering. Organic brain syndrome
is general term referring to many physical
disorders that cause impaired mental
function.
.J
...
.
,

4. Classification of organic Mental Disorders
(F00-f09} organic, including symptomatic,
mental disorders
• (F00) Dementia in Alzheimer's disease
• (F01) Vascular dementia
• (F02) Dementia in other diseases classified
elsewhere
• (F03) unspecified dementia
• (F04) organic amnestic syndrome, not induced
by alcohol and other psychoactive substances
.
,

5. CONT.......
• (F05) delirium not induced by alcohol and
other psychoactive substances
• (F06) Other mental disorders due to brain
damage and dysfunction and to physical
disease
• (F07) personality and behavioural disorders
due to brain disease, damage and dysfunction
• (F09) unspecified organic or symptomatic
mental disorder.

6. Definition :
Dementia is an acquired
global impairment of
intellect , memory and
personality but without
impairment of
consciousness .
or

7. Dementia is a progressive
brain dysfunction , which
results in a restriction of
daily activities .
Or
Dementia is the loss of mental
abilities and most commonly
occurs late in life .

8. Incidence:
• Dementia occurs more
commonly in the elderly than
in the middle-aged.
• It increases with age from 0.1
% in those below 60 years of
age to 15% to 20 % in those
who are 80 years of age .
• Dementia affects more than
three million Indians .
,

9. Etiology:
• Significant loss of neurons
and volume in brain regions
devoted to memory and
higher mental functioning
• Neurofibrillary tangles
(twisted nerve cell fibers
that are the damaged
remains of microtubules ) ,

10. ,
• Environmental factors: infection, metals and
toxins.
• Excessive amount of metal ions, such as zinc
and copper, in brain
• Deficiencies of vitamin B6, B12 And Folate
• Early depression: common genetic factors
seen in those with early depression and
Alzheimer's disease
• Education level

11. Untreatable and irreversible cause of
dementia :
• Degenerating disorders of CNS
• Alzheimer's disease (this is the most common
of all dementing illnesses)
• Pick's disease
• Huntington's chorea
• Parkinson's disease
,

12. Treatable and reversible causes of
dementia
• Vascular-multi-infarct dementia
• lntracranial space occupying lesions
• Metabolic disorders-hepatic failure, renal
failure
• Endocrine disorders- myxedema, Addison's
disease
• Infections- AIDS, meningitis, encephalitis
,

13. Cont....
• Intoxication- Alcohol,
heavy metals (lead,
arsenic)
• Anoxia- Anemia, post-
anesthesia, chronic
respiratory failure
•Vitamin deficiency,
especially deficiency of
thiamine and nicotine

14. • Physiologic:
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
• Metabolic:
Endocrinopathies (e.g. hypothyroidism)
• Tumor:
Primary or metastatic (e.g. meningioma or
metastatic breast or lung cancer)
• Traumatic:
Subdural hematoma
....
.
,

15. ,
TYPES OF DEMENTIA:
the classifications include.
Cortical dementia: dementia
where the brain damage primarily
affects the brain's cortex, or outer
layer. Cortical dementias tend to
cause problems with memory,
language, thinking, and social
behaviour.

16.  Subcortical dementia : dementia that
affects parts of the brain below the cortex.
Sub cortical dementia tends to cause
changes in emotions and movement in
addition to problems with memory.
 Progressive dementia: dementia that gets
worse over time, gradually interfering with
more and more cognitive abilities.

17. Primary dementia: dementia such as Alzheimer's
disease that does not result from any other disease.
Secondary dementia: dementia that occurs as a
result of a physical disease or injury.

18. • Stage I: Early stage (2 to 4 years):
 Forgetfulness
 Declining interest in environment
 Hesitancy in initiating actions
 Poor performance at work

19. • Stage II: Middle stage (2 to 12 years):
 Progressive memory loss
 Hesitates in response to questions
 Has difficulty in following simple instructions
 Irritable, anxious
 Wandering
 Neglects personal hygiene
 Social isolation

20. • Stage Ill: Final stage (up to a year):
Marked loss of weight because of inadequate
intake of food
Unable to communicate
Does not recognize family
Incontinence of urine and feces
Loses the ability to stand and walk
Death is caused by aspiration pneumonia

21. WARNING SIGNS OF DEMENTIA
 Recent memory loss :
Recent memory is prominently affected .

22.  Difficulty performing familiar
tasks :
They may forget how to
perform the familiar jobs .

23.  Problems with language :
They may forget simple words or
use the wrong words . This
makes it hard to understand
what they want .

24.  Loss of initiative :
They may become
passive . They might
not want to go places
or see other people .
 Poor Judgement :
They forget simple
things , like forgetting
to put on a coat before
going out in rain .

25.  Problems with abstract
thinking :
They might have trouble
balancing a cheque book ,
as they may forget what
the numbers are and what
has to be done with them .
 Misplacing things :
They might put things in the
wrong places .Like they may
keep an iron in the freezer or
a wristwatch in the sugar jar .

26.  Changes in mood :
They experience fast mood
swings ,going from calm
to tears to anger in a few
minutes .
 Disorientation to time
and places :
They cannot tell the dates
and the times .

27.  Personality changes :
People who have dementia may have drastic changes in
personality . They might become irritable ,suspicious
or fearful .

28. Diagnosis:
Following test are used for diagnosis:
• Cognitive assessment evaluation- mini mental
status examination (MMSE) - shows cognitive
impairment
• Functional dementia scale (to indicate the degree of
dementia)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): of the brain
shows structural and neurologic changes.
• Spinal fluid analysis shows increased beta amyloid
deposits

29. Treatment Modalities :
• Tacrine hydrochloride (cognex)
Dose : 40 mg /day for 4 weeks
• Donepezil hydrochloride
(Aricept)
Dose :

30. •Antipsychotic medications (Haldol and risperdal )
• Benzodiazepum
• Antidepressants
• Anticonvulsants
...
.

31. Nursing Management:

32. • Disorientation
• Mood changes
• Fear
• Suspiciousness
• Self-care deficit
• Social behaviour
• Level of mobility, wandering behaviour
• Judgement ability

33. • Sleep disturbances
• Speech or language impairment
,•Hallucinations, illusions or delusions
• Bowel and bladder incontinence
• Apathy
• Any decline in nutritional status
• Recognition of family members
• Identify primary care giver, support system and
the knowledge base of the family
members.

34. Nursing intervention:

35. • Daily routine :

36. Nutrition & body weight :

37. Personal hygiene :

38. Toilet habits and incontinence :

39. Accidents :

40. Fluid management :

41. Moods and emotions :

42. Wandering :

43. Disturbed sleep :

44. Interpersonal relationship :

45. Dementia and the loved ones :
Dementia requires a great deal
of patience from the family
members who should give
sufficient love and care to the
person suffering .

46. Role of care giver :
• As a care giver ,you need to
take proper of yourself so
that you can take proper care
of your loved ones .
• Take breaks from care giving
• Get help at home
• Eat , sleep and exercise
regularly

47. Summary:
• Introduction
• Classification
• Definition
• Etiology
• Types
• Stages
• Warning signs
• Clinical features
• Diagnosis
• Treatment modalities
• Nursing management
• Role of a care giver

48. Conclusion:
• Dementia is a serious cognitive
disorder all together dementia is
a far common in the geriatric
population, it may be occur in any
stage of childhood
• So as a nurse we need to get aware
about the preventive measures of
dementia and educative the
individuals about its signs and
symptoms with its treatment