2. INTRODUCTION
Cognition is that operation of the mind process by which
we become aware of objects of thought and perception,
including all aspects of perceiving, thinking &
remembering.
Organic brain syndrome is general term referring to
many physical disorders that cause impaired mental
function.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANIC BRAIN
DISORDERS (DSM)
(F00) Dementia in
Alzheimer’s disease
(F01) Vascular dementia
(F02) Dementia in other
diseases classified
elsewhere
(F03) unspecified dementia
(F04) organic amnestic
syndrome, not induced by
alcohol and other
psychoactive substances
(F00-F09) organic, including
symptomatic, mental disorders
4. (F05) delirium not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive
substances
(F06) Other mental disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction
and to physical disease
(F07) personality and behavioural disorders due to brain disease,
damage and dysfunction
(F09) unspecified organic or symptomatic mental disorder.
5. DEFINITION:
“Dementia is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory
and personality but without impairment of consciousness”
Incidence:
Dementia occurs more commonly in the elderly than in the middle-
aged.
6. ETIOLOGY
Significant loss of neurons and volume in brain
Neurofibrillary angles (twisted nerve cell fibers)
Environmental factors: infection, metals and toxins.
Excessive amount of metal ions, such as zinc and copper, in brain
Deficiencies of vitamin B6,B12 And Folate
Early depression
genetic factors
7. UNTREATABLE &
IRREVERSIBLE CAUSE OF
DEMENTIA
Degenerating disorders of CNS
Alzheimer’s disease
Pick’s disease
Huntington’s
Parkinson’s disease
8. TREATABLE AND REVERSIBLE
CAUSES OF DEMENTIA
Vascular-multi-infarct dementia
Intracranial space occupying lesions
Metabolic disorders-hepatic failure, renal failure
Endocrine disorders
Infections- AIDS, meningitis, encephalitis
Intoxication- Alcohol, heavy metals (lead, arsenic),
Anoxia- Anemia, post-anesthesia, chronic respiratory failure
9. Vitamin deficiency, especially deficiency of
thiamine and nicotine
Physiologic:
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Metabolic:
Endocrinopathies (e.g. hypothyroidism)
Tumor:
Primary or metastatic (e.g. meningioma or
metastatic breast or lung cancer)
Traumatic:
Subdural hematoma
10. TYPES OF DEMENTIA
The Classifications Include.
Cortical dementia: dementia where the brain damage
primarily affects the brain’s cortex, or outer layer. Cortical
dementias tend to cause problems with memory, language,
thinking, and social behaviour.
Subcortical dementia: dementia that affects parts of the
brain below the cortex. Sub-cortical dementia tends to cause
changes in emotions and emotions and movement in addition
to problems with memory.
11. Primary dementia: dementia such as Alzheimer's disease that
does not result from any other disease.
Secondary dementia: dementia that occurs as a result of a
physical disease or injury.
12. STAGES OF DEMENTIA
Stage I: Early stage (2 to 4 years):
Forgetfulness
Declining interest in environment
Hesitancy in initiating actions
Poor performance at work
13. Stage II: Middle stage (2 to 12 years):
Progressive memory loss
Hesitates in response to questions
Has difficulty in following simple instructions
Irritable, anxious
Neglects personal hygiene
Social isolation
14. Stage III: Final stage (up to a year):
Marked loss of weight because of inadequate intake of food
Unable to communicate
Does not recognize family
Incontinence of urine and feaces
Loses the ability to stand and walk
Death is caused by aspiration pneumonia
15. STAGES
Inability to retain new
info
Behavioral, personality
changes
Increasing long-term
memory loss
agitation, aggression,
confusion
Requires assistance
MILD MODERATE SEVERE
•Loss of memory
•Language
difficulties
•Mood swings
•Personality
changes
•Diminished
judgment
•Apathy
•Gait and motor
disturbances
•Bedridden
•Unable to
perform ADL
•Incontinence
•Requires long
term care
•placement
16. WARNING SIGNS OF
ALZHEIMER’S DEMENTIA
Memory loss
Difficulty performing
familiar tasks
Problems with language
Disorientation
Poor or decreased
judgement
Problems with abstract
thinking
Misplacing things
Changes in mood or
behaviour
Changes in personality
Loss of initiative
17. CLINICAL FEATURES (FOR
ALZHEIMER’S TYPE)
Personality changes: lack of interest in day-to-day activities,
mental fatigue, self-centred, withdrawn, decreased self-care.
Memory impairment: recent memory is prominently affected.
Cognitive impairment: disorientation poor judgement,
decreased attention span.
18. Affective impairment: labile mood, irritableness, depression
Behavioural impairment: stereotyped behaviour, alteration in
sexual drives and activities, psychotic behaviour.
Neurological impairment: stereotyped behaviour, alteration in
sexual drives and activities,
22. Hallucinations, illusions or delusions
Bowel and bladder incontinence
Apathy
Any decline in nutritional status
Recognition of family members
Identify primary care giver, support system and the knowledge base
of the family members.
23. NURSING
INTERVENTION
Daily routine
Nutrition & body weight
Personal hygiene
Toilet habits and incontinence
Accidents
Fluid management
Moods and emotions
Wandering
Disturbed sleep
Interpersonal relationship
Provide intervention related to
24. CONCLUSION
Dementia is a serious cognitive disorder all together dementia is a
far common in the geriatric population, it may be occur in any stage
of childhood
So as a nurse we need to get aware about the preventive measures
of dementia and educative the individuals about its signs and
symptoms with its treatment