This document discusses degradation, degradants, and degradant characterization. It defines degradation as changes in a substance's properties due to environmental factors or formulation interactions. Degradants are products formed from degradation that can reduce potency or induce toxicity. Degradant characterization involves profiling degradants using analytical techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR to separate and identify degradants. Factors like temperature, moisture, light exposure, pH changes, and microbes can induce degradation.
Impurity profiling and degradent characterization {presented by shameer m.pha...ShameerAbid
these slides discuss
Impurity profiling
Degradation characterization
Stability testing & Accelerated stability testing (ICH)
Evaluation of the test (shelf life)
analytical method development
ICH vs USP definition
methods for identification
method for the isolation of the impurity
factors affecting the degradation of formulation
What is degradation characterization
general protocol of degradation conditions used for drug substance and drug product
Degradation conditions
Stress testing
Container closure system
Impurity profiling and degradent characterization {presented by shameer m.pha...ShameerAbid
these slides discuss
Impurity profiling
Degradation characterization
Stability testing & Accelerated stability testing (ICH)
Evaluation of the test (shelf life)
analytical method development
ICH vs USP definition
methods for identification
method for the isolation of the impurity
factors affecting the degradation of formulation
What is degradation characterization
general protocol of degradation conditions used for drug substance and drug product
Degradation conditions
Stress testing
Container closure system
As we all know chromatographic fingerprinting of botanicals is a quite recent concept. This presentation will help to the beginners to understand basic thories and fundamantals of thin layer chomatography. The presentation will also provide basic experiemental understanding to perfrom HPTLC fingerprinting of samples/extracts/formulations.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with basics impurity profiling and degradent characterization.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ELEMENTAL IMPURITIESMehulJain143
INTRODUCTION
INDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES
FACTORS AFFECTING
EVALUATION
RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
In this slide contains Methods of Detection of Natural, Permitted and Non Permitted Dyes.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to Absorbed Tatanus Vaccine
Principle, Assay methods of ATV, Preparation, Symptoms,
Causes, Risk factor, Complications
Presnted by
SHAIK GOUSE UL AZAM
Department of Pharmaceuticals Analysis
In this slide I have given brief knowledge about types of preservatives. This slide is recommended to students who are new to this particular topic or those who want notes for examination. I hope you will get benefit from this slide. Do comment for any improvement or want slides that i should prepare for you.
Notes* for the subject 'Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis'Sanathoiba Singha
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis) 1st semester.
*not all topics have been included in this collection of notes.
Assay of adsorbed diptheria vaccine and adsorbed tetanusRAGHAV DOGRA
diphtheria and tetanus vaccine, assay method, lethal dose method, Method A. challenge toxins in the guinea pig, Method B. challenge toxins in mice, Determination of antibodies in the guinea pig, guidelines .
As we all know chromatographic fingerprinting of botanicals is a quite recent concept. This presentation will help to the beginners to understand basic thories and fundamantals of thin layer chomatography. The presentation will also provide basic experiemental understanding to perfrom HPTLC fingerprinting of samples/extracts/formulations.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with basics impurity profiling and degradent characterization.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ELEMENTAL IMPURITIESMehulJain143
INTRODUCTION
INDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES
FACTORS AFFECTING
EVALUATION
RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
In this slide contains Methods of Detection of Natural, Permitted and Non Permitted Dyes.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
Introduction to Absorbed Tatanus Vaccine
Principle, Assay methods of ATV, Preparation, Symptoms,
Causes, Risk factor, Complications
Presnted by
SHAIK GOUSE UL AZAM
Department of Pharmaceuticals Analysis
In this slide I have given brief knowledge about types of preservatives. This slide is recommended to students who are new to this particular topic or those who want notes for examination. I hope you will get benefit from this slide. Do comment for any improvement or want slides that i should prepare for you.
Notes* for the subject 'Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis'Sanathoiba Singha
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis) 1st semester.
*not all topics have been included in this collection of notes.
Assay of adsorbed diptheria vaccine and adsorbed tetanusRAGHAV DOGRA
diphtheria and tetanus vaccine, assay method, lethal dose method, Method A. challenge toxins in the guinea pig, Method B. challenge toxins in mice, Determination of antibodies in the guinea pig, guidelines .
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development A Reviewijtsrd
High performance liquid chromatography is most powerful tools in analytical chemistry which assessing drug product stability. It is most accurate method for determining the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug product. Forced degradation plays an important role in development of stability indicating analytical methodology. Stability indicating HPLC methods are used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacture of drug product. This article discusses the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance. Forced degradation studies establish degradation pathways of drug substances and drug products. Forced degradation elucidate the possible degradation pathway of the drug substance or the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the drug product. At every stage of drug development practical recommendations are provided which will help to avoid failure. Rushikesh S Mulay | Rishikesh S Bachhav "Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46342.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/46342/stability-indicating-hplc-method-development--a-review/rushikesh-s-mulay
nanoparticle is part of novel drug delivery system. in this presentation we will study about the concept of nanoparticle, classification of nanoparticle, method of preparation, advantages & disadvantages with marketed formulation.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Introduction,Drug- Excipient Compatibility Experimental Design ,Excipient role in drug destabilization,DRUG EXCIPIENT COMPATIBILTY IN PARENTERAL PRODUCTS.This topic are described.
(drug) Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Drugs can also affect how the brain and the rest of the body work and cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Degradation
It is described as phenomena of change in physicochemical properties of any
substance under study due to various environmental factors or interaction between
components of the formulation. It can lead to :
Reduction of potency
Change in color, odor or taste
Change in stability characteristics
Formation of toxic products
3. Degradation Products
These are the products formed as a result of the degradation of the substance under
study. These can be sometimes just hydrolyzed or oxidized products of actual
substance whereas in some cases degradation products can be highly altered
molecules on chemical basis arising from the parent substance molecules.
4. Factors affection degradation of
formulations:
Storage temperature
Humidity and moisture conditions
Photolytic degradation
pH of the formulation
Interaction between components
Microbial contaminations
Interaction with containers and closure systems
5. (A) Storage Temperature
High temperatures provide energy in the form of heat
which is responsible for increased number of effective
collisions.
This results into an increase in rate of reaction of
degradation of ingredients.
Example:
An example of drug degraded due to temperature is :
Thiotepa
Ambient storage temperature for storage of this drug is
22-25℃. At 37℃ this drug showed enhanced acid liability
and rapid decay characteristics as compared to 22℃.
Thiotepa
6. (B) Humidity and Moisture conditions
Presence of humidity or moisture in storage conditions promotes hydrolytic cleavage
of ingredients which results into formation of inactive drug fragments as degradation
products or it may yield toxic degradation products.
Common drug groups susceptible to hydrolysis are:
Esters, Lactones, Amides, Imides etc.
Example:
Aspirin dissociates into Salicylic acid and Acetic acid on hydrolysis.
7. (C) Photolytic Degradation
This means degradation of ingredients due to exposure
to light. Since light is also a source of energy, this
energy acts as activation energy for the degradation
reaction of the system.
For prevention of photolytic degradation of products,
storage in amber colored glass containers is advised.
Example:
Sodium nitroprusside is stable for about 1 year if
stored in dark conditions (absence of light) but can
degrade in about 4 hours in light. Sodium nitroprusside
8. (D) pH Change
Change in pH can also account for degradation of drugs.
Many drugs under acidic or basic pH conditions start degrading at a rate higher than
expected and hence affect potency, pharmacology and shelf life period of formulation.
In order to prevent degradation due to pH change, buffer systems are used. The most
commonly used buffer systems include:
Carbonate buffer, Phosphate buffer, Acetate buffer and Citrate buffer.
Example:
pH change for Aspirin containing formulations render that formulation more
susceptible to hydrolytic degradation.
9. (E) Microbial Contaminations
Many commonly found microbes in water and air can become a cause of microbial
contamination for the formulation which results into degradation of the product.
Commonly found contamination micro organisms are:
Pseudomonas, Xanthamonas, Flavobacterium, Salmonella, Streptococci etc.
10. Degradant Characterization
What is degradant characterization?
This involves complete profiling of the degradation product formed in the
formulation.
Degradation products are impurities in our formulation that arise due to
degradation of drug substance as well as any excipient in the formulation. So they
are also characterized as Impurities and their profiles are also maintained as per
impurity profiling guidelines.
How are degradation products characterized?
Degradation products (DP’s) are characterized using modern analytical hyphenated
techniques such as:
LC-MS
GC-MS
LC-NMR
HPLC-UV
HPLC-DAD
11. Why hyphenated techniques?
Hyphenated techniques have been proved to be very useful analytical techniques in
profiling and characterization of analytes. Since for characterization, involved steps are
SEPERATION and the RECHARACTERIZATION of analytes.
In Hyphenated techniques, basically a chromatographic method such as LC, GC or
HPLC is coupled with a detection system like UV, DAD, MS etc.
Recent advancements involve coupling of chromatographic systems with NMR for
even better characterization of Analytes.
12. HPLC-UV and HPLC-DAD
A typical HPLC assay with a single-dimensional detector cannot ensure adequate
purity or specificity without further investigation.
UV is by far most commonly hyphenated technique in analytical chemistry. The
quantitative aspects of UV absorption are dependent on the molar absorptivity, path
length, the incident light, and the stability of the detector. HPLC with UV detection
can detect very small amounts of compounds with extremely high molar extinction
coefficients.
As a characterization technique, UV absorption can be used as an important piece
of confirmatory evidence for a proposed structure. Often, HPLC-DAD data are used
to show that an impurity or degradant is similar (electronically) to the drug substance
by virtue of the same chromophore.
13. Continued
Example:
Given below are spectra for Nitroglycerine tablets studied for degradation. The
component eluting at time 13.7 minutes in HPLC-UV spectra was analysed by MS and
it was a mixture of degradation products of a disachharide excipient.
Nitrogylcerine
14. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides a useful "fingerprint" of an
organic molecule. FTIR is insufficiently specific for a de novo identification but
provides useful starting data.
FTIR is useful when the presence or absence of a strongly absorbing functional
group (e.g., carbonyl) can be used to confirm or deny a proposed structure.
Example:
Given is HPLC-FTIR spectra for a combination of Acitaminphen, Caffeine and
Dodecanolactam.
16. Thresholds for impurities:
Maximum Daily Reporting threshold Identification
threshold
Qualification
threshold
<2g/day 0.05% 0.10% or 1m/day
whichever is lesser.
0.15% or 1m/day
whichever is lesser.
>2g/day 0.03% 0.05% 0.05%