Deforestation is the removal of forests to make way for agriculture, settlements, and other human needs. The world's forests have shrunk by 40% since 11,000 years ago, mostly in the last two centuries. Deforestation occurs for timber, agriculture, mining, infrastructure like roads and railways, and other economic activities. It leads to negative consequences like climate change, water and soil issues, loss of biodiversity, and increased desertification. Ways to reduce deforestation include sustainable logging, reforestation, reducing demand for wood and palm oil, and increasing awareness about forest conservation.

1. DEFORESTATION

2. CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

3. DEFORESTATION
 FOREST
A dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract.
Environmental activists consider forests as one
of the top 5 natural resources on earth
• Nearly 4 billion hectares of forest cover the earth's
surface, roughly 30 per cent of its total land area.
• The world's forests have shrunk by some 40 per
cent since agriculture began 11,000 years ago.
• Three-quarters of this loss occurred in the last two
centuries as land was cleared to make way for farms
and to meet demand for wood.

4. IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
 HABITT AND ECOSYSTEM
Forests serve as habitat to
millions of animals.Reptiles
(snakes and lizards) wild animals,
butterflies and insects, birds and
tree-top animals live there.

5. ECONOMIC.BENIFITS
FORESTS ARE OF IMMENSE ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE TO US.
• FOOD TO EAT E.G. FRUIT, NUTS, SAP
•OILS TO COOK
•HEALING HERBS AND MEDICINES
•FUEL FOR COOKING
•WOOD FOR BUILDING HOMES
•BOATS FOR TRAVEL

6. CLIMATE
CONTROL
•CONTROL TEMPERATURES.(E.G. TRFS COOL
AIR IN THE TROPICS)
•ABSORB RAINFALL AND STORE WATER IN THEIR
LEAVES, TRUNK, AND ROOTS
•FILTER DUST AND POLLUTION
•PROTECT THE SOIL FROM EXPOSURE TO SOIL
EROSION
•MAINTAIN ATMOSPHERIC BALANCE BY
ABSORBING LARGE QUANTITIES OF CARBON
DIOXIDE AND THEN RELEASING OXYGEN BACK
INTO THE AIR
•MAINTAIN A CONSTANT HUMIDITY LEVEL.

7. MAINTAINING WATER QUALITY
MAKES ITS POSSIBLE FOR DRINKING AND
SUPPORTING LIFE
AS THE WATER FLOWS SEEPS INTO THE GROUND,
SOIL PARTICLES TRAP IMPURITIES AND FILTERS THE
WATER
ENJOYMENT VALUE
THE NATURAL BEAUTY AND PEACE OF THE FOREST
OFFER A SPECIAL SOURCE OF ENJOYMENT. IN THE
UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND MANY OTHER
COUNTRIES, HUGE FORESTLANDS HAVE BEEN SET
ASIDE FOR PEOPLE'S ENJOYMENT.

8. MAINTAIN NUTRIENT CYCLE

9. DEFORESTATION
DEFINITION
 DEFORESTATION IS THE CONVERSION OF FORESTED
AREAS TO NON-FORESTED LAND
DEFORESTATION IS THE FULL OR LARGE SCALE
REMOVAL OF FOREST OR AREA OF TRESS IN ORDER TO
CLEAR LAND FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
“CLEARING OF VIRGIN FORESTS, OR
INTENTIONAL DESTRUCTION OR REMOVAL OF TREES
AND OTHER VEGETATION FOR AGRICULTURAL
,COMMERCIAL, HOUSING, OR FIREWOOD USE
WITHOUT REPLANTING (REFORESTING) AND WITHOUT
ALLOWING TIME FOR THE FOREST TO REGENERATE
ITSELF ”.

10. PRE HISTORICAL DEFORESTATION
SOME 4000 YEARS AGO, EVIDENCES
OF MAN MADE PLANT AND ANIMAL
EXTINCTION ACTIONS HAVE BEEN
SEEN.
 FIRE WAS ONE OF THE POPULAR
METHODS OF BALDING A FOREST TO
BE TURNED INTO AN AGRICULTURAL
AREA.
 GRAZING ANIMALS ALSO BECAME A
LEAD TO MAJOR DEFORESTATION IN
AREA LOCALES.
 NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF

11. THE INDUSTRIAL TIMES OF DEFORESTATION
In 19th century with advent of
industrialization deforestation even rose to
bigger numbers.
None at that time was able to see the
probable effects that we are experiencing right
now.
Timber was in great popularity among
shipbuilders; thus, the business of logging
grew in astounding counts.
Introduction of steamboats in the United
States was the cause of deforestation of banks

12. PRESENT DEFORESTATION TRENDS
A SLASH AND BURN METHOD FOR CREATING
SHORT TERM GOALS.
SLASH-AND-BURN DEFORESTATION RELEASES 180
METRIC TONS OF CARBON INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
OVER 200 MILLION PEOPLE ARE USING THIS
TECHNIQUE ALL OVER THE WORLD; AND PERHAPS IT
IS THE MAIN REASON WHY GIGANTIC LAND AREAS
HAVE BEEN TOTALLY EXHAUSTED AND ERODED.
SUCH LANDS ARE OF NO USE FOR ANY FORM OF
CULTIVATION AT THE PRESENT TIME.
DEMAND OF GROWING BUSINESSES HAVE
ENDANGERED THE FORESTS
DEFORESTATION RATE IS HIGHER THAN
REFORESTATION

13. CAUSE OF DEFORESTATION DUE TO
HUMANS

14. CAUSES OF
DEFORESTATIO
N
1. TIMBER
TIMBER IS THE PRIME CAUSE OF
DEFORESTATION.
WOOD IS THEN PROCESSED TO MAKE
EXPENSIVE FURNITURES
TO MAKE THE TIMBER PRODUCTS
CHEAPER, GOVERNMENTS ALLOWED
DEFORESTATION WITHOUT REALIZING
THE FACT THAT IT WOULD DESTROY
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE.
2. TRANSPORT

15. CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND RAILWAYS
MAKE EASIER FOR PEOPLE AND COMPANIES
TO ENTER THE FOREST TO EXTRACT
RESOURCES , LEADS
TO DEFORESTATION
E.G. ; 23O-KM LONG
KALIMANTAN HIGHWAY IN
INDONESIA

16. CUT AND BLAZE FARMING
PRACTICE FARMING BY CLAIMING FOREST
LAND TO GROW CROPS BY CUTTING AND
SETTING THE FOREST AREAS FIRE CLAIMING
THAT THE FOREST LAND IS FERTILE DUE TO
FOREST’S FLORA AND FAUNA.
DEFORESTATION FOR GRASSLAND
DEVELOPMENT
GRASS LANDS ARE NEEDED FOR CATTLE
RANCHING(FOR BEEF) AND DEVELOPING
THE CATTLE GROWING INDUSTRY.

17. FOREST AS SOURCE OF FIREWOOD
•USE FOREST AS A PRINCIPLE SOURCE
OF FIRE WOOD FOR ITS PEOPLE.
•USES SUCH AS KEEPING THE FIRE ON
FOR WARMTH AT NIGHT
MINING
DIGGING A COAL, COPPER OR GOLD
MINE REQUIRES THE REMOVAL OF ALL
FOREST COVER, NOT JUST FOR THE
MINES BUT ALSO FOR TRUCKS AND
EQUIPMENT.

18. FIRES
FIRES BOTH ACCIDENTAL AND INTENDED,
DESTROY ACRES OF FOREST VERY QUICKLY.
CHEAPER THAN EMPLOYING LABORERS
AND BRINGING MACHINERY
PALM OIL
IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
RAINFOREST ARE CLEARED FOR PALM OIL
USED AS BIOFUEL AND IS USED IN
MANY FOODS AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS.
ACACIA TREES
FAST GROWING TREES FOR CHEAP TIMBER
AND PAPER PULP

19. 9.AIR POLLUTION
FACTORIES ARE A SOURCE OF POLLUTION.
WHEN FACTORIES LET OUT SMOKE IT FORMS
CLOUDS.
WHEN IT RAINS FROM THOSE CLOUDS, IT CAN
BECOME ACID RAIN OR POLLUTED WATER DROPS.
THE TREES ABSORB THE POLLUTED WATER, IT MAKES
THEM SICK OR CAN EVEN KILL THE TREES.
10.PRODUCTION OF CIGARETTES
MAKING CIGARETTES CONTRIBUTE TO
DEFORESTATION WORLDWIDE. UP TO
5.7IBS OF WOOD IS USED TO MAKE
1PACK OF CIGARETTES

20. Usage of wood
in production of
ciggerates

21. GROWING POPULATION
POPULATION LEVELS EXCEED THE
SUSTAINABLE CAPACITY OF LAND AND ARE A
MAJOR CONTRIBUTING CAUSE OF
CHARCOIL
In many countries people
depends very heavily on
charcoal as a source of fuel

22. ILLUSTRATION OF THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH AND
A REDUCTION OF FOREST COVER.

23. Natural causes
of deforestation
FOREST FIRES
DROUGHTS
EXOTIC ANIMALS
FLOODS
CLIMATE CHANGE
DISEASE
PARASITIC FUNGI, RUSTS, VIRUSES CAUSE DEATH
AND DECAY OF FOREST PLANTS.

24. GRAPHS
PIE GRAPH SHOWING THE LEADING CAUSES GRAPH SHOWING
DEFORESTATION OF DEFORESTATION
NATURAL FOREST

25. CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
FORESTS MAKE WAY
FOR RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
OFFICE BUILDINGS AND FACTORIES.
GOVERNMENTS ARE ABLE TO BUILD ROADS TO MAKE
TRADE AND TRANSPORT EASIER AND THEREFORE
MORE CONVENIENT TO RESIDENTS.
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OFDEFORESTATION

26. ATMOSPHERIC– OXYGEN IMBALANCE AND CLIMATE
CHANGE :
DEFORESTATION IS THE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTOR. TO GLOBAL WARMING
DEFORESTATION INFLUENCES TREES TO
RELEASE CARBON STORES.
AS THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON
DIOXIDE INCREASES, A LAYER FORMS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE THAT TRAPS SUN RADIATION.
THIS RADIATION GETS CONVERTED TO HEAT
AND CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING
SCIENTISTS SAY THAT ALMOST 1.5 BILLION
TONS OF CARBON IS RELEASED EACH YEAR
BY TROPICAL DEFORESTATION.

27. HYDROLOGICAL –DISRUPTION OF WATER
CYCLE
WATER CYCLE IN THE NATURE GETS AFFECTED BY
DEFORESTATION.
TREES PULL UP GROUND WATER WITH THE HELP
OF THEIR ROOTS AND THEN RELEASE THE WATER
VAPOR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY TRANSPIRATION.
IF TREES ARE REDUCED, THE WATER
VAPOR CONTENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IS
REDUCED AND CLEAR IT RESULTS IN DRIER
CLIMATE.
 IT ALSO RESULTS IN SOIL EROSION WHICH
MAY LEAD TO LANDSLIDES OR FLOODS.

28. SOIL – INFERTILITY AND SOIL EROSION
FORESTS WHICH ARE CLEAR FELLED (CUT DOWN)
RESULT IN THE SOIL BEING EXPOSED TO THE SUN.
THE SOIL BECOMES DRY AND VOLATILE AND
NUTRIENTS SUCH AS NITROGEN ARE LOST.
LEAF LITTER, WHICH IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF
NUTRIENTS FOR TREES, IS NOT PRODUCED WHEN
THE TREES ARE REMOVED.
THE TREE CANOPY PROTECTS THE SOIL FROM THE
HEAVY RAINFALL

29. FORESTED AND DEFORESTED AREA

30. BIODIVERSITY– LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY :
DEFORESTATION RESULTS IN THE DECLINE IN
BIODIVERSITY AND MANY SPECIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS
ARE BECOMING EXTINCT. FORESTS SUPPORT WILDLIFE
HABITAT AND THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS CONTRIBUTE
TO 80%OF THE BIODIVERSITY
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT ALMOST 90 PERCENT OF
PREDICTED EXTINCTIONS WILL TAKE PLACE WITHIN NEXT
FORTY YEARS.
DESERTIFICATION
DEFORESTATION IS ONE OF THE CAUSES BEHIND THE
CONVERSION OF MANY FERTILE TRACTS OF LAND TO
DESERTS. THIS PHENOMENON IS KNOWN AS
DESERTIFICATION .

31. DANGER OF SUBMERSION OF
COASTAL AREAS AND GLACIERS:
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH
HAS RISEN IN THE LAST CENTURY.
IF THIS PHENOMENON CONTINUES
THEN THE INCREASED TEMPERATURES
WOULD LEAD TO MELTING OF
GLACIERS.
THIS WOULD LEAD TO A MASSIVE RISE
IN THE SEA LEVELS LEADING TO

32. RECOVERY TIME OF FOREST
Recovery time of a forest after clearing and a
burn that it is only after 100+ years that
forest become as they were before the cut.

33. HOW TO PREVENT DEFORESTATION
A) USE RECYCLED ITEMS:
USE RECYCLED ITEM INCLUDING
NOTEBOOK PAPER, BOOKS, TOILET PAPER,
AND SHOPPING BAGS.
B) TREE CARE:
MUST REMOVE A TREE FOR A LEGITIMATE
REASON
MAKE SURE THAT FOR EVERY TREE LOST
ANOTHER IS PLANTED IN ITS PLACE.

34. h)FOLLOW CROP ROTATION:
FARMERS SHOULD MAKE USE OF ENVIRONMENT
SAVVY TECHNIQUES LIKE CROP ROTATION.
CROP ROTATION INVOLVES USING THE SAME PIECE
OF LAND TO GROW TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF
CROPS, INSTEAD OF GROWING THE SAME IN TWO
DIFFERENT PIECES OF LAND.
D) CUT BACK ON PALM OIL:
IN MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA, AN INCREASING
AMOUNT OF TREES ARE CUT DOWN IN ORDER TO
GENERATE THE PALM OIL USED IN THE
PRODUCTION OF SOME BREADS, CHOCOLATES,

35. CONTROLLED LOGGING
controlled logging involves careful
management of forests that are being logged.
(law enforcement & education) e.g. Selective
cutting VS clear cutting

36. F) REFORESTATION:
“THE PROCESS OF PLANTING NEW TREES
IN AREAS WHERE THEY HAVE BEEN
REMOVED BY CUTTING OR DESTROYED BY
FIRE, DISEASE, ETC IS CALLED
REFORESTATION.”
REFORESTATION IS VERY
IMPORTANT INCOMBATING
DEFORESTATION PHENOMENON.

37. g) AFORESTATION:
“AFORESTATION IS THE PROCESS OF PLANTING TREES, OR
SOWING SEEDS, IN A BARREN LAND DEVOID OF ANY TREES
TO CREATE A FOREST.”
WITH THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR
WOOD FUELS AND BUILDING MATERIALS,
THIS PROCESS HELPS TO MEET THESE
DEMANDS WITHOUT CUTTING DOWN
THE NATURAL FORESTS.
h)SPREAD AWARENESS
The government should stage campaigns and spread
awareness on how deforestation has affected humans
adversely.
Presentations should be made in schools and colleges
on safeguarding forests.
Children should be involved in "save the forests"

38. SUPPORT CONSERVATION
ORGANIZATIONS:
LEND YOUR SUPPORT THROUGH DONATIONS OF
YOUR TIME, MONEY, OR ACTIONS TO
ORGANIZATIONS THAT RUN PROGRAMS
CONCENTRATING ON THE PRESERVATION OF
FOREST HABITATS, SUCH AS
•GREENPEACE,
•WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE,
•COMMUNITY FORESTRY INTERNATIONAL, AND
•CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL.

39. WORKING
ORGANIZATIO
N
•THE MINISTRY OF FORESTRY(MOF) - MOF
ISSUES LICENSES TO TIMBER COMPANIES AND
MONITOR THEIR ACTIVITIES.
FOUR MAIN POLICIES OF MOF •
AFFORESTATION
REFORESTATION
CONTROLLED LOGGING
CONSERVATION
CONTROLLING FOREST FIRES

40. NEED TO CONTROL POPULATION
GROWTH
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SHOULD URGENTLY
ADOPT EFFECTIVE POLICIES TO RAPIDLY
SLOWING DOWN THE CURRENT HIGH RATES OF
POPULATION GROWTH
OUR ROLE IN FOREST CONSERVATION
•SIMPLE ACTIONS SUCH AS MAKING USE OF
BOTH SIDES OF A PIECE OF PAPER CAN HELP TO
REDUCE WASTAGE OF FOREST RESOURCES.
• TO HELP REDUCE DEFORESTATION IN OTHER
COUNTRIES, WE CAN BUY FURNITURE MADE OF
TIMBER FROM SUSTAINABLY MANAGED
FORESTS.

41. DEFORESTATION IN PAKISTAN
 Less than 2.5% of the land in Pakistan is
forested and this is decreasing rapidly due to
an annual deforestation rate of over 2%, one
of the highest in the world
 Pakistan is having the world's second highest
rate of deforestation
The principal cause of deforestation in
Pakistan is
 The consumption of fuel wood and
timber
 Day-by-day increace in population