Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests to make land available for human use such as agriculture, housing, and industry. This leads to serious threats including increased soil erosion, more frequent floods and droughts, loss of plant and animal species, and a warmer climate in deforested areas. Deforestation is caused by factors like population growth, extraction of wood for fuel and construction, agricultural expansion, fires, pests, and dams. Reforestation programs in India aim to reduce pressure on forests by promoting social forestry, agroforestry, urban forestry, and protected reserve forests.

1. DEFORESTATION
RITIMA MANHAS
MSC. ZOOLOGY

2. MEANING
DEFORESTATION MEANS CLEARING OF FOREST
TO CLAIM LAND FOR USE OF MAN .
GENRAL RESULT OF DEFORESTATION
DEFORESTATION LEADS TO SERIOUS THREAT
TO QUALITY OF LIFE ; NATION ; ECONOMY
AND FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENT.
IT IS THE DIRECT OUTCOME OF THE SPREAD
OF AGRICULTURE FOR WHICH FORESTS ARE
CONVERTED INTO THE FARM LAND .

3. CAUSES OF DEORESTTION
1. POPULATION EXPLOSION : MAN HAS CLEARED
LARGE AREA OF FOREST TO RECLAIM LAND FOR
HOUSING ; AGRICULTURE ; FACTORIES ; ROADS
AND RAIL TRACKS . INCREASED DEMAND OF
TIMBER ; FUEL WOOD ; WOODEN CRATES AND
PAPER ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO LARGE SCALE
FELLING OF TREES . INDUSTRIES ; MINNING
AND QUARRING HAVE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED
FORESTS .

4. FIRES : FIRE IS THE WORST ENEMY OF THE FOREST . IT
DISTOYS FULL GROWN TREES ; YOUNG TREES OF FUTURE
FOREST ; SEEDS AND EVEN HUMUS . ANIMAL LIFE IS LOST
AND THERE IS DANGER TO HUMAN LIFE TOO IN FOREST .
PESTS : MANY KINDS OF INSECTS ARE FOREST PESTS .
THEY DISTROY TREES BY EATING UP LEAVES ; BOARING
INTO THE SHOOT AND SPREADING DISEASES .IT IS
DIFFICULT TO SPRAY ON EXTENSIVE FOREST BUT THE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IS POSSIBLE .
GRAZING AND GNAWING MAMMALS : ANIMALS FIRST
EAT OR TRAMPLE OR THE YONG PLANTS THEN DISTROY
LEAVES ON LOWER BRANCHES OF TALL TREES AND
FINALLY DAMGE THEIR TRUNKS AND ROOTS .

5. WEATHER : STORMS AND SNOW DAMAGE THE FORESTS . THE
NATURAL FORCES ARE BEYOND THE HUMAN POWER AND
CONTROL.
DAMS: BARRIERS CONSTRUCTED ACROSS THE STREAM TO
FORM WATER RESERVIORS FOR GENRATING POWER ,
PREVENTING FLOODS AND KILL LARGE TRACTS OF
FORESTS.
JHUMING ( SHIFTING CULIVATION ) : IN CERTAIN PARTS OF
INDIA FORESTS ARE BURNT , ASH ARE MIXED WITH SOIL
AND CROPS ARE SOWN IN CLEARED LAND .

6. EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
1. SOIL ERROSION HAS INCREASED.
2. FLOODS AND DROUGHTS HAVE BECOME MORE
FREQUENT
3. CONSUMPTION OF CO2 AND PRODUCTION OF O2
ARE GETTING ADVERSELY AFFECTED.
4. FOREST DWELLING SPEICES ARE BECOMING
EXTINCT , CAUSING A LOSS OF IRREPLACEABLE
GENETIC RESOURCES.
5. LANDSLIDES AND AVLANCHES ARE ON INCREACE.
6. MAN HAS DEPRIVED OF BENEFITS OF TREES AND
WOODLAND ANIMALS.
7. CLIMATE HAS BECOME WARMER IN DEFORESTED
REGIONS DUE TO LACK OF HUMIDITY ADDED BY
PLANTS.

7. 8. OPRATIONS CALLED IMPROVEMENT CUTTING AND
SELECTIVE CUTTING SHOULD BE ADOPTED IN
FOREST MANANGEMENT.
9. GRAZING OF CATTLES IN FOREST SHOULD
DISCOURAGED .
10. MAXIMUM ECONOMY SHOULD BE OBSERVED IN
THE USE OF THE TIMBER AND FUEL WOOD.
WASTAGE SHOULD BE MINMIZED OR ELIMINATED.
ALTERNATIVE SOURCESOF ENERGY SUCH AS BIOGAS
SHOULD BE SUPPLEMENT FUEL WOOD.

8. AFORESTATION PROGRAMS
SOCIAL FORESTRY PROGRAM (1976) : IT REQUIRES
RAISING TREES FOR FUEL WOOD , FODDER ,
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND FRUITS ON PUBLIC
AND COMMON LAND . THE PROGRAM AIMED AT
REDUCING THE DEMAND ON EXISTING FORESTS
NEEDED FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION.
AGROFORESTRY PROGRAMME : IT AIM AT REVIVING
THE ANCIENT PRACTICE OF USING SAME LAND FOR
FARMING PRACTICE USING SAME LAND FOR
FARMING , FORESTRY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

9. URANAN FORESTRY PROGRAME :IT AIMED AT
GROWING ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT TREES IN URBAN
AREAS ALONG ROADS IN PRIVATE COMPOUNDS AND IN
COMMON PARKS.
PRODUCTION PLANTATION : IT INVOLVES GROWING
TREES NEEDED FOR INDUSTRIES IN SPECIFIC AREAS.
RESERVE FORESTS : THESE ARE GROWN IN
ECOLOGICALLY FRAGILE AREAS .FELLING TREES AND
GRAZING CATTLES PROHIBTED IN THESE FIELDS.
NON GOVERNMENT FORESTS : IT IS HELD BY EXPERTS
THAT ATLEAST ONE THIRD OF COUNTRY LAND
SHOULD BE UNDER SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND
MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT.