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WHAT IS
    DEFORESTATION

 Deforestation is the permanent destruction of
indigenous forests and woodlands.



 The term does not include the removal of
industrial forests such as plantations of gums or
pines.
DEFORESTATION
      CONTINUES

 Deforestation has resulted in the reduction of
indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre-
agricultural area. Indigenous forests now cover 21%
of the earth's land surface.
WHAT ARE
       FORESTS AND
       WOODLANDS?

 In a forest the crowns of individual trees touch
to form a single canopy.

 In a woodland, trees grow far apart, so that the
canopy is open.
HOW DOES
   DEFORESTATION
      HAPPEN

 Deforestation is brought about by the following:

 * Conversion of forests and woodlands to
agricultural land to feed growing numbers of
people.



 * Development of cash crops and cattle
ranching, both of which earn money for tropical
countries.
HOW DOES IT
           HAPPEN
          CONTINUES

 Commercial logging (which supplies the world
market with woods such as meranti, teak, mahogany
and ebony) destroys trees as well as opening up
forests for agriculture;



 * Felling of trees for firewood and building
material; the heavy lopping of foliage for fodder;
and heavy browsing of saplings by domestic
animals like goats.
WHY

 To compound the problem, the poor soils of the
humid tropics do not support agriculture for long.

 Thus people are often forced to move on and
clear more forests in order to maintain production
CONSEQUENCES OF
     D E F O R E S TA T I O N
* A LT E R A T I O N O F LO C A L
 A N D G LO BA L C L I M A T E S
  T H RO U G H D I S RU P T I O N
               OF:



 a) The carbon cycle. Forests act as a major carbon store
because carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up from the
atmosphere and used to produce the carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins that make up the tree.


 When forests are cleared, and the trees are either burnt or
rot, this carbon is released as CO2. This leads to an increase in
the atmospheric CO2 concentration.


 CO2 is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. It
is estimated that deforestation contributes one-third of all
CO2 releases caused by people.
CONSEQUENCES OF
  DEFORESTATION
    CONTINUES

 b) The water cycle. Trees draw ground water up
through their roots and release it into the atmosphere
(transpiration).


 In Amazonia over half of all the water circulating
through the region's ecosystem remains within the
plants.


 With removal of part of the forest, the region
cannot hold as much water. The effect of this could be
a drier climate.
CONSEQUENCES OF
  DEFORESTATION
    CONTINUES

       * Soil erosion With the loss of a protective cover of vegetation more soil is
lost.


       * Silting of water courses, lakes and dams This occurs as a result of soil
erosion.




       * Extinction of species which depend on the forest for survival. Forests
contain more than half of all species on our planet - as the habitat of these species is
destroyed, so the number of species declines (see Enviro Facts "Biodiversity").


       * Desertification The causes of desertification are complex, but deforestation
is one of the contributing factors (see Enviro Facts "Desertification")
LIST OF
            REFERENCES

 THE GAIA ATLAS OF PLANET MANAGEMENT. N Myers
(ed.). Pan Books, London, 1985.


 BEHIND THE WOODFUEL CRISIS. G. Leach and L.
Mearns. Capetown: Oxford University. South Africa, 1988.


 THE FUELWOOD TRAP: A STUDY OF THE SADCC
REGION. B. Munslow. United States of America: McGraw Hill. 2003.


 WHOSE TREES? A PEOPLE'S VIEW OF FORESTRY AID.
M. Hisham and J. Sharma. Panos Institute, London, 1991.


   WWF ATLAS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. G. Lean and D.
Hinrichsen. Helcoan Publishing, Oxford,U.K., 1992.

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Powerpoint presentation notes

  • 1. WHAT IS DEFORESTATION  Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands.  The term does not include the removal of industrial forests such as plantations of gums or pines.
  • 2. DEFORESTATION CONTINUES  Deforestation has resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre- agricultural area. Indigenous forests now cover 21% of the earth's land surface.
  • 3. WHAT ARE FORESTS AND WOODLANDS?  In a forest the crowns of individual trees touch to form a single canopy.  In a woodland, trees grow far apart, so that the canopy is open.
  • 4. HOW DOES DEFORESTATION HAPPEN  Deforestation is brought about by the following:  * Conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural land to feed growing numbers of people.  * Development of cash crops and cattle ranching, both of which earn money for tropical countries.
  • 5. HOW DOES IT HAPPEN CONTINUES  Commercial logging (which supplies the world market with woods such as meranti, teak, mahogany and ebony) destroys trees as well as opening up forests for agriculture;  * Felling of trees for firewood and building material; the heavy lopping of foliage for fodder; and heavy browsing of saplings by domestic animals like goats.
  • 6. WHY  To compound the problem, the poor soils of the humid tropics do not support agriculture for long.  Thus people are often forced to move on and clear more forests in order to maintain production
  • 7. CONSEQUENCES OF D E F O R E S TA T I O N * A LT E R A T I O N O F LO C A L A N D G LO BA L C L I M A T E S T H RO U G H D I S RU P T I O N OF:  a) The carbon cycle. Forests act as a major carbon store because carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up from the atmosphere and used to produce the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up the tree.  When forests are cleared, and the trees are either burnt or rot, this carbon is released as CO2. This leads to an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration.  CO2 is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that deforestation contributes one-third of all CO2 releases caused by people.
  • 8. CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION CONTINUES  b) The water cycle. Trees draw ground water up through their roots and release it into the atmosphere (transpiration).  In Amazonia over half of all the water circulating through the region's ecosystem remains within the plants.  With removal of part of the forest, the region cannot hold as much water. The effect of this could be a drier climate.
  • 9. CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION CONTINUES  * Soil erosion With the loss of a protective cover of vegetation more soil is lost.  * Silting of water courses, lakes and dams This occurs as a result of soil erosion.  * Extinction of species which depend on the forest for survival. Forests contain more than half of all species on our planet - as the habitat of these species is destroyed, so the number of species declines (see Enviro Facts "Biodiversity").  * Desertification The causes of desertification are complex, but deforestation is one of the contributing factors (see Enviro Facts "Desertification")
  • 10. LIST OF REFERENCES  THE GAIA ATLAS OF PLANET MANAGEMENT. N Myers (ed.). Pan Books, London, 1985.  BEHIND THE WOODFUEL CRISIS. G. Leach and L. Mearns. Capetown: Oxford University. South Africa, 1988.  THE FUELWOOD TRAP: A STUDY OF THE SADCC REGION. B. Munslow. United States of America: McGraw Hill. 2003.  WHOSE TREES? A PEOPLE'S VIEW OF FORESTRY AID. M. Hisham and J. Sharma. Panos Institute, London, 1991.  WWF ATLAS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. G. Lean and D. Hinrichsen. Helcoan Publishing, Oxford,U.K., 1992.