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Defining and Formalizing:
a synthesized review on the
multi-factorial nature of PACS
performance
Rogier van de Wetering and Ronald Batenburg
Dept. of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Geneva, June 24, 2010
2
Outline
 Background
 Methods
 Results
 Conclusion
 Questions & discussion
3
Background
 Previous studies indicated the need for holistic approaches
and performance measurement from different perspectives
 Adoption of Technology Assessments (TA) and re-
evaluation trends reflects this demand
 No recognized work structurally defines what PACS
performance constitutes
 Objective is to review literature and apply a meta-analytic
approach
4 4
Background
 PACS performance as
“the multi-factorial impacts and benefits produced by the
application of PACS in terms of hospital efficiency and
clinical effectiveness with respect to PACS workflow and
patients’ clinical journey”
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
PACS
performance
PACS
alignment
Yc1
Yc2
Yc3
Yc4
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
γ1
b1
b2
b3
b4
Figure 1. PACS research agenda
5
Methods
Structure literature review
 Using Omega, central data repositories (e.g., PubMed) and
Scholar (June 2009 - October 2009)
 Query: Picture Archiving and Communication System OR PACS OR
digital radiology OR image management OR filmless radiology OR
diagnostic images + {performance | impact | measure | indicator |
benefits | improvements | assessment | improvement | effect |
efficiency | evaluation | indicator | measure | efficacy | experience |
outcome}
 Retrieval of 980 papers
 37 key publications and positioning papers (2000–2009)
Meta-analytic synthesizing
 Following a qualitative meta-analysis approach
 Applied an approach by three interrelated processes (1)
meta-theory, (2) meta-method and (3) meta-data-analysis
6
Results (1-2)
 Included sources used a variety of qualitative and
quantitative methodologies
 Some focused on diagnostic/clinical elements, others aimed
at e.g., evaluating productivity and workflow efficiency
 Four performance constructs are defined (see also PACS-
BSC, Van de Wetering et al.,2006)
 Some measures might not be independent of performance
in another measure (“overlap”)
7
Results (2-2)
Performance constructs Measurements
1) Clinical contribution construct
- Interpretation agility Interpretation time per modality
examination
- Efficacy of PACS Diagnostic accuracy
- Contributions to clinical
communication and collaboration
Communication efficacy
- Therapeutic intervention Patient management contribution
2) Organisational efficiency construct
- Timeliness of radiology report Report-turnaround-time
- Productivity Number of examinations
Cost-effectiveness Budget ratio or cost prise
3) Service construct
- Perceived service to patients Patient satisfaction
- Service delivery to referring
physicians
Referring physician satisfaction
- Service delivery to users User satisfaction
- Patient flow & throughput Patient waiting time
4) Technical Information System construct
- Instantaneous image display of
newly acquired images
Average time-to-display
- Old images availability Average time-to-display
Table 1. PACS performance constructs
8
Conclusions
 PACS performance defined by synthesized review
 Framework applicable addressing PACS impacts
 Debatable how to weight (whether equal or unequal) each of
the measures
 Unlikely to achieve good quality on higher levels of
assessment (see hierarchical TA models), given insufficient
performance on lower levels
 Framework is valuable tool for empirical research and relevant
for radiology practice
 Need for empirical validation (currently under investigation)
9
Contact
drs. R. (Rogier) van de Wetering
Email: R.vandeWetering@cs.uu.nl
Office: CGN-B129
Secretary: +31 (30) 253 9251
Group: Organization and information
section: Information and software
systems
Website: www.pacsmaturity.com

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Defining and formalizing radiology and PACS performance

  • 1. 1 Defining and Formalizing: a synthesized review on the multi-factorial nature of PACS performance Rogier van de Wetering and Ronald Batenburg Dept. of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Geneva, June 24, 2010
  • 2. 2 Outline  Background  Methods  Results  Conclusion  Questions & discussion
  • 3. 3 Background  Previous studies indicated the need for holistic approaches and performance measurement from different perspectives  Adoption of Technology Assessments (TA) and re- evaluation trends reflects this demand  No recognized work structurally defines what PACS performance constitutes  Objective is to review literature and apply a meta-analytic approach
  • 4. 4 4 Background  PACS performance as “the multi-factorial impacts and benefits produced by the application of PACS in terms of hospital efficiency and clinical effectiveness with respect to PACS workflow and patients’ clinical journey” X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 PACS performance PACS alignment Yc1 Yc2 Yc3 Yc4 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 γ1 b1 b2 b3 b4 Figure 1. PACS research agenda
  • 5. 5 Methods Structure literature review  Using Omega, central data repositories (e.g., PubMed) and Scholar (June 2009 - October 2009)  Query: Picture Archiving and Communication System OR PACS OR digital radiology OR image management OR filmless radiology OR diagnostic images + {performance | impact | measure | indicator | benefits | improvements | assessment | improvement | effect | efficiency | evaluation | indicator | measure | efficacy | experience | outcome}  Retrieval of 980 papers  37 key publications and positioning papers (2000–2009) Meta-analytic synthesizing  Following a qualitative meta-analysis approach  Applied an approach by three interrelated processes (1) meta-theory, (2) meta-method and (3) meta-data-analysis
  • 6. 6 Results (1-2)  Included sources used a variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies  Some focused on diagnostic/clinical elements, others aimed at e.g., evaluating productivity and workflow efficiency  Four performance constructs are defined (see also PACS- BSC, Van de Wetering et al.,2006)  Some measures might not be independent of performance in another measure (“overlap”)
  • 7. 7 Results (2-2) Performance constructs Measurements 1) Clinical contribution construct - Interpretation agility Interpretation time per modality examination - Efficacy of PACS Diagnostic accuracy - Contributions to clinical communication and collaboration Communication efficacy - Therapeutic intervention Patient management contribution 2) Organisational efficiency construct - Timeliness of radiology report Report-turnaround-time - Productivity Number of examinations Cost-effectiveness Budget ratio or cost prise 3) Service construct - Perceived service to patients Patient satisfaction - Service delivery to referring physicians Referring physician satisfaction - Service delivery to users User satisfaction - Patient flow & throughput Patient waiting time 4) Technical Information System construct - Instantaneous image display of newly acquired images Average time-to-display - Old images availability Average time-to-display Table 1. PACS performance constructs
  • 8. 8 Conclusions  PACS performance defined by synthesized review  Framework applicable addressing PACS impacts  Debatable how to weight (whether equal or unequal) each of the measures  Unlikely to achieve good quality on higher levels of assessment (see hierarchical TA models), given insufficient performance on lower levels  Framework is valuable tool for empirical research and relevant for radiology practice  Need for empirical validation (currently under investigation)
  • 9. 9 Contact drs. R. (Rogier) van de Wetering Email: R.vandeWetering@cs.uu.nl Office: CGN-B129 Secretary: +31 (30) 253 9251 Group: Organization and information section: Information and software systems Website: www.pacsmaturity.com