Ownership of digital content has become a serious matter, due to the exponential raise in the global repository of digital multimedia content, like images are to be considered in this paper. The validated proof as an imperceptible and robust watermark is needed to be embedded in the digital images. This paper proposes a simulation of DCT with Fuzzy Logic based HVS model for Realtime Robust Image Watermarking technique using Simulink.
PERCEPTUAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION USING MULTIRESOLUTION WAVELET-BASED WATERMARK...gerogepatton
In this paper, an efficiently DWT-based watermarking technique is proposed to embed signatures in images to attest the owner identification and discourage the unauthorized copying. This paper deals with a fuzzy inference filter to choose the larger entropy of coefficients to embed watermarks. Unlike most previous watermarking frameworks which embedded watermarks in the larger coefficients of inner coarser subbands, the proposed technique is based on utilizing a context model and fuzzy inference filter by embedding watermarks in the larger-entropy coefficients of coarser DWT subbands. The proposed approaches allow us to embed adaptive casting degree of watermarks for transparency and robustness to the general image-processing attacks such as smoothing, sharpening, and JPEG compression. The approach has no need the original host image to extract watermarks. Our schemes have been shown to provide very good results in both image transparency and robustness.
Robust Watermarking through Dual Band IWT and Chinese Remainder TheoremjournalBEEI
CRT was a widely used algorithm in the development of watermarking methods. The algorithm produced good image quality but it had low robustness against compression and filtering. This paper proposed a new watermarking scheme through dual band IWT to improve the robustness and preserving the image quality. The high frequency sub band was used to index the embedding location on the low frequency sub band. In robustness test, the CRT method resulted average NC value of 0.7129, 0.4846, and 0.6768 while the proposed method had higher NC value of 0.7902, 0.7473, and 0.8163 in corresponding Gaussian filter, JPEG, and JPEG2000 compression test. Meanwhile the both CRT and proposed method had similar average SSIM value of 0.9979 and 0.9960 respectively in term of image quality. The result showed that the proposed method was able to improve the robustness and maintaining the image quality.
Development of 3D convolutional neural network to recognize human activities ...journalBEEI
Human activity recognition (HAR) is recently used in numerous applications including smart homes to monitor human behavior, automate homes according to human activities, entertainment, falling detection, violence detection, and people care. Vision-based recognition is the most powerful method widely used in HAR systems implementation due to its characteristics in recognizing complex human activities. This paper addresses the design of a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) model that can be used in smart homes to identify several numbers of activities. The model is trained using KTH dataset that contains activities like (walking, running, jogging, handwaving handclapping, boxing). Despite the challenges of this method due to the effectiveness of the lamination, background variation, and human body variety, the proposed model reached an accuracy of 93.33%. The model was implemented, trained and tested using moderate computation machine and the results show that the proposal was successfully capable to recognize human activities with reasonable computations.
PERCEPTUAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION USING MULTIRESOLUTION WAVELET-BASED WATERMARK...gerogepatton
In this paper, an efficiently DWT-based watermarking technique is proposed to embed signatures in images to attest the owner identification and discourage the unauthorized copying. This paper deals with a fuzzy inference filter to choose the larger entropy of coefficients to embed watermarks. Unlike most previous watermarking frameworks which embedded watermarks in the larger coefficients of inner coarser subbands, the proposed technique is based on utilizing a context model and fuzzy inference filter by embedding watermarks in the larger-entropy coefficients of coarser DWT subbands. The proposed approaches allow us to embed adaptive casting degree of watermarks for transparency and robustness to the general image-processing attacks such as smoothing, sharpening, and JPEG compression. The approach has no need the original host image to extract watermarks. Our schemes have been shown to provide very good results in both image transparency and robustness.
Robust Watermarking through Dual Band IWT and Chinese Remainder TheoremjournalBEEI
CRT was a widely used algorithm in the development of watermarking methods. The algorithm produced good image quality but it had low robustness against compression and filtering. This paper proposed a new watermarking scheme through dual band IWT to improve the robustness and preserving the image quality. The high frequency sub band was used to index the embedding location on the low frequency sub band. In robustness test, the CRT method resulted average NC value of 0.7129, 0.4846, and 0.6768 while the proposed method had higher NC value of 0.7902, 0.7473, and 0.8163 in corresponding Gaussian filter, JPEG, and JPEG2000 compression test. Meanwhile the both CRT and proposed method had similar average SSIM value of 0.9979 and 0.9960 respectively in term of image quality. The result showed that the proposed method was able to improve the robustness and maintaining the image quality.
Development of 3D convolutional neural network to recognize human activities ...journalBEEI
Human activity recognition (HAR) is recently used in numerous applications including smart homes to monitor human behavior, automate homes according to human activities, entertainment, falling detection, violence detection, and people care. Vision-based recognition is the most powerful method widely used in HAR systems implementation due to its characteristics in recognizing complex human activities. This paper addresses the design of a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) model that can be used in smart homes to identify several numbers of activities. The model is trained using KTH dataset that contains activities like (walking, running, jogging, handwaving handclapping, boxing). Despite the challenges of this method due to the effectiveness of the lamination, background variation, and human body variety, the proposed model reached an accuracy of 93.33%. The model was implemented, trained and tested using moderate computation machine and the results show that the proposal was successfully capable to recognize human activities with reasonable computations.
A Secure Color Image Steganography in Transform Domain ijcisjournal
Steganography is the art and science of covert communication. The secret information can be concealed in content such as image, audio, or video. This paper provides a novel image steganography technique to hide both image and key in color cover image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). There is no visual difference between the stego image and the cover image. The extracted image is also similar to the secret image. This is proved by the high PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), value for both stego and extracted secret image. The results are compared with the results of similar techniques and it is found that the proposed technique is simple and gives better PSNR values than others.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Internet data almost double every year. The need of multimedia communication
is less storage space and fast transmission. So, the large volume of video data has become
the reason for video compression. The aim of this paper is to achieve temporal compression
for three-dimensional (3D) videos using motion estimation-compensation and wavelets.
Instead of performing a two-dimensional (2D) motion search, as is common in conventional
video codec’s, the use of a 3D motion search has been proposed, that is able to better exploit
the temporal correlations of 3D content. This leads to more accurate motion prediction and
a smaller residual. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) compression scheme has been
added for better compression ratio. The DWT has a high-energy compaction property thus
greatly impacted the field of compression. The quality parameters peak signal to noise ratio
(PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) have been calculated. The simulation results shows
that the proposed work improves the PSNR from existing work.
Volumetric Medical Images Lossy Compression using Stationary Wavelet Transfor...Omar Ghazi
Abstract: The aim of the study is to reduce the size required for storage along with decreasing the bitrate and the
bandwidth for the process of sending and receiving the image. It also aims to decrease the time required for the
process as much as possible. This study proposes a novel system for efficient lossy volumetric medical image
compression using Stationary Wavelet Transform and Linde-Buzo-Gray for Vector Quantization. The system makes
use of a combination of Linde-Buzo-Gray vector quantization technique for lossy compression along with
Arithmetic coding and Huffman coding for lossless compression. The system proposed uses Stationary Wavelet
Transform and then compares the results obtained to Discrete Wavelet Transform, Lifting Wavelet Transform and
Discrete Cosine Transform at three decomposition levels. The system also compares the results obtained using
transforms with only Arithmetic Coding and Huffman Coding for Lossless Compression.The results show that the
system proposed outperforms the others.
Data Steganography for Optical Color Image CryptosystemsCSCJournals
In this paper, an optical color image cryptosystem with a data hiding scheme is proposed. In the proposed optical cryptosystem, a confidential color image is embedded into the host image of the same size. Then the stego-image is encrypted by using the double random phase encoding algorithm. The seeds to generate random phase data are hidden in the encrypted stego-image by a content-dependent and low distortion data embedding technique. The confidential image and secret data delivery is accomplished by hiding the image into the host image and embedding the data into the encrypted stego-image. Experimental results show that the proposed data steganographic cryptosystem provides large data hiding capacity and high reconstructed image quality.
A NOVEL IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY APPROACH USING MULTI-LAYERS DCT FEATURES BASED ON...ijma
Steganography is the science of hidden data in the cover image without any updating of the cover image.
The recent research of the steganography is significantly used to hide large amount of information within
an image and/or audio files. This paper proposed a new novel approach for hiding the data of secret image
using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) features based on linear Support Vector Machine (SVM)
classifier. The DCT features are used to decrease the image redundant information. Moreover, DCT is
used to embed the secrete message based on the least significant bits of the RGB. Each bit in the cover
image is changed only to the extent that is not seen by the eyes of human. The SVM used as a classifier to
speed up the hiding process via the DCT features. The proposed method is implemented and the results
show significant improvements. In addition, the performance analysis is calculated based on the
parameters MSE, PSNR, NC, processing time, capacity, and robustness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BIG DATA-DRIVEN FAST REDUCING THE VISUAL BLOCK ARTIFACTS OF DCT COMPRESSED IM...IJDKP
The Urban Surveillance Systems generate huge amount of video and image data and impose high pressure
onto the recording disks. It is obvious that the research of video is a key point of big data research areas.
Since videos are composed of images, the degree and efficiency of image compression are of great
importance. Although the DCT based JPEG standard are widely used, it encounters insurmountable
problems. For instance, image encoding deficiencies such as block artifacts have to be removed frequently.
In this paper, we propose a new, simple but effective method to fast reduce the visual block artifacts of DCT
compressed images for urban surveillance systems. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed
method achieves better quality than widely used filters while consuming much less computer CPU
resources.
Conventional 2D to 3D rendering techniques involve a sequential process of grouping of the input images based on edge information and predictive algorithms to assign depth values to pixels with same hue. The iterative calculations and volume of data under scrutiny to assign „real-time‟ values raise latency issues and cost considerations. For commercial consumption, where speed and accuracy define the viability of a product, there is a need to reorient the approach used in the present methodologies. In predictive methodologies one of the core interests is achieving the initial approximation as close to the „real‟ value as possible. In this work, „synthetic‟ database is used to provide the first approximation through comparison techniques and fed to the predictive tool. It is believed that this work will provide a basis for developing an efficient 2D to 3D conversion methodology.
Soft computing is likely to play aprogressively important role in many applications including image enhancement. The paradigm for soft computing is the human mind. The soft computing critique has been particularly strong with fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic is facts representationas a
rule for management of uncertainty. Inthis paperthe Multi-Dimensional optimized problem is addressed by discussing the optimal thresholding usingfuzzyentropyfor Image enhancement. This technique is compared with bi-level and multi-level thresholding and obtained optimal
thresholding values for different levels of speckle noisy and low contrasted images. The fuzzy entropy method has produced better results compared to bi-level and multi-level thresholding techniques.
IMAGE COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION SYSTEMVishesh Banga
Image compression is the application of Data compression on digital images. In effect, the objective is to reduce redundancy of the image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form.
Mr image compression based on selection of mother wavelet and lifting based w...ijma
Magnetic Resonance (MR) image is a medical image technique required enormous data to be stored and
transmitted for high quality diagnostic application. Various algorithms have been proposed to improve the
performance of the compression scheme. In this paper we extended the commonly used algorithms to image
compression and compared its performance. For an image compression technique, we have linked different
wavelet techniques using traditional mother wavelets and lifting based Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau
wavelets with the low-pass filters of the length 9 and 7 (CDF 9/7) wavelet transform with Set Partition in
Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm. A novel image quality index with highlighting shape of histogram
of the image targeted is introduced to assess image compression quality. The index will be used in place of
existing traditional Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) “in one go”. It offers extra information about
the distortion between an original image and a compressed image in comparisons with UIQI. The proposed
index is designed based on modelling image compression as combinations of four major factors: loss of
correlation, luminance distortion, contrast distortion and shape distortion. This index is easy to calculate
and applicable in various image processing applications. One of our contributions is to demonstrate the
choice of mother wavelet is very important for achieving superior wavelet compression performances based
on proposed image quality indexes. Experimental results show that the proposed image quality index plays
a significantly role in the quality evaluation of image compression on the open sources “BrainWeb:
Simulated Brain Database (SBD) ”.
A Secure Color Image Steganography in Transform Domain ijcisjournal
Steganography is the art and science of covert communication. The secret information can be concealed in content such as image, audio, or video. This paper provides a novel image steganography technique to hide both image and key in color cover image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). There is no visual difference between the stego image and the cover image. The extracted image is also similar to the secret image. This is proved by the high PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), value for both stego and extracted secret image. The results are compared with the results of similar techniques and it is found that the proposed technique is simple and gives better PSNR values than others.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Internet data almost double every year. The need of multimedia communication
is less storage space and fast transmission. So, the large volume of video data has become
the reason for video compression. The aim of this paper is to achieve temporal compression
for three-dimensional (3D) videos using motion estimation-compensation and wavelets.
Instead of performing a two-dimensional (2D) motion search, as is common in conventional
video codec’s, the use of a 3D motion search has been proposed, that is able to better exploit
the temporal correlations of 3D content. This leads to more accurate motion prediction and
a smaller residual. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) compression scheme has been
added for better compression ratio. The DWT has a high-energy compaction property thus
greatly impacted the field of compression. The quality parameters peak signal to noise ratio
(PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) have been calculated. The simulation results shows
that the proposed work improves the PSNR from existing work.
Volumetric Medical Images Lossy Compression using Stationary Wavelet Transfor...Omar Ghazi
Abstract: The aim of the study is to reduce the size required for storage along with decreasing the bitrate and the
bandwidth for the process of sending and receiving the image. It also aims to decrease the time required for the
process as much as possible. This study proposes a novel system for efficient lossy volumetric medical image
compression using Stationary Wavelet Transform and Linde-Buzo-Gray for Vector Quantization. The system makes
use of a combination of Linde-Buzo-Gray vector quantization technique for lossy compression along with
Arithmetic coding and Huffman coding for lossless compression. The system proposed uses Stationary Wavelet
Transform and then compares the results obtained to Discrete Wavelet Transform, Lifting Wavelet Transform and
Discrete Cosine Transform at three decomposition levels. The system also compares the results obtained using
transforms with only Arithmetic Coding and Huffman Coding for Lossless Compression.The results show that the
system proposed outperforms the others.
Data Steganography for Optical Color Image CryptosystemsCSCJournals
In this paper, an optical color image cryptosystem with a data hiding scheme is proposed. In the proposed optical cryptosystem, a confidential color image is embedded into the host image of the same size. Then the stego-image is encrypted by using the double random phase encoding algorithm. The seeds to generate random phase data are hidden in the encrypted stego-image by a content-dependent and low distortion data embedding technique. The confidential image and secret data delivery is accomplished by hiding the image into the host image and embedding the data into the encrypted stego-image. Experimental results show that the proposed data steganographic cryptosystem provides large data hiding capacity and high reconstructed image quality.
A NOVEL IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY APPROACH USING MULTI-LAYERS DCT FEATURES BASED ON...ijma
Steganography is the science of hidden data in the cover image without any updating of the cover image.
The recent research of the steganography is significantly used to hide large amount of information within
an image and/or audio files. This paper proposed a new novel approach for hiding the data of secret image
using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) features based on linear Support Vector Machine (SVM)
classifier. The DCT features are used to decrease the image redundant information. Moreover, DCT is
used to embed the secrete message based on the least significant bits of the RGB. Each bit in the cover
image is changed only to the extent that is not seen by the eyes of human. The SVM used as a classifier to
speed up the hiding process via the DCT features. The proposed method is implemented and the results
show significant improvements. In addition, the performance analysis is calculated based on the
parameters MSE, PSNR, NC, processing time, capacity, and robustness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BIG DATA-DRIVEN FAST REDUCING THE VISUAL BLOCK ARTIFACTS OF DCT COMPRESSED IM...IJDKP
The Urban Surveillance Systems generate huge amount of video and image data and impose high pressure
onto the recording disks. It is obvious that the research of video is a key point of big data research areas.
Since videos are composed of images, the degree and efficiency of image compression are of great
importance. Although the DCT based JPEG standard are widely used, it encounters insurmountable
problems. For instance, image encoding deficiencies such as block artifacts have to be removed frequently.
In this paper, we propose a new, simple but effective method to fast reduce the visual block artifacts of DCT
compressed images for urban surveillance systems. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed
method achieves better quality than widely used filters while consuming much less computer CPU
resources.
Conventional 2D to 3D rendering techniques involve a sequential process of grouping of the input images based on edge information and predictive algorithms to assign depth values to pixels with same hue. The iterative calculations and volume of data under scrutiny to assign „real-time‟ values raise latency issues and cost considerations. For commercial consumption, where speed and accuracy define the viability of a product, there is a need to reorient the approach used in the present methodologies. In predictive methodologies one of the core interests is achieving the initial approximation as close to the „real‟ value as possible. In this work, „synthetic‟ database is used to provide the first approximation through comparison techniques and fed to the predictive tool. It is believed that this work will provide a basis for developing an efficient 2D to 3D conversion methodology.
Soft computing is likely to play aprogressively important role in many applications including image enhancement. The paradigm for soft computing is the human mind. The soft computing critique has been particularly strong with fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic is facts representationas a
rule for management of uncertainty. Inthis paperthe Multi-Dimensional optimized problem is addressed by discussing the optimal thresholding usingfuzzyentropyfor Image enhancement. This technique is compared with bi-level and multi-level thresholding and obtained optimal
thresholding values for different levels of speckle noisy and low contrasted images. The fuzzy entropy method has produced better results compared to bi-level and multi-level thresholding techniques.
IMAGE COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION SYSTEMVishesh Banga
Image compression is the application of Data compression on digital images. In effect, the objective is to reduce redundancy of the image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form.
Mr image compression based on selection of mother wavelet and lifting based w...ijma
Magnetic Resonance (MR) image is a medical image technique required enormous data to be stored and
transmitted for high quality diagnostic application. Various algorithms have been proposed to improve the
performance of the compression scheme. In this paper we extended the commonly used algorithms to image
compression and compared its performance. For an image compression technique, we have linked different
wavelet techniques using traditional mother wavelets and lifting based Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau
wavelets with the low-pass filters of the length 9 and 7 (CDF 9/7) wavelet transform with Set Partition in
Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm. A novel image quality index with highlighting shape of histogram
of the image targeted is introduced to assess image compression quality. The index will be used in place of
existing traditional Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) “in one go”. It offers extra information about
the distortion between an original image and a compressed image in comparisons with UIQI. The proposed
index is designed based on modelling image compression as combinations of four major factors: loss of
correlation, luminance distortion, contrast distortion and shape distortion. This index is easy to calculate
and applicable in various image processing applications. One of our contributions is to demonstrate the
choice of mother wavelet is very important for achieving superior wavelet compression performances based
on proposed image quality indexes. Experimental results show that the proposed image quality index plays
a significantly role in the quality evaluation of image compression on the open sources “BrainWeb:
Simulated Brain Database (SBD) ”.
تحية طيبة وبعد
أصدرت ( مؤسسة محمد وعبدالله السبيعي الخيرية ) دليل-التخطيط-التشغيلي ، وبإمكان كافة الجهات الربحية وغير الربحية الاستفادة من هذه الإصدارات المتميزة، التي بذل فيها الكثير من الوقت والجهد والمال.
مع الاحترام
Realtime Energy Efficient Digital Image Watermarking on Mobile Devices using ...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a real time and energy efficient image watermarking scheme using DCT – DWT hybrid transformation. The proposed method is using a 2 – level of quantization on the Y component of true color image captured in real time and low frequency band coefficients are selected for the dataset prepared of size 256 * 10 using these coefficients, which is supplied to Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) a single layer feed forward network. A normalized column vector of size 256 * 1 is generated by ELM for its usage as key sequence for embedding the watermark. This hybrid transforms provide a better imperceptibility and reduction in the time taken by entire watermarking process i.e. within a second, makes it energy efficient and suitable for the proposed smart phone android app for a real time image watermarking.
Fuzzy Type Image Fusion Using SPIHT Image Compression TechniqueIJERA Editor
This paper presents a fuzzy type image fusion technique using Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT).
It is concluded that fusion with higher single levels provides better fusion quality. This technique can be used
for fusion of fuzzy images as well as multi model image fusion. The proposed algorithm is very simple, easy to
implement and could be used for real time applications. This is paper also provided comparatively studied
between proposed and previous existing technique and validation of the proposed algorithm as Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Development and Comparison of Image Fusion Techniques for CT&MRI ImagesIJERA Editor
Image processing techniques primarily focus upon enhancing the quality of an image or a set ofimages to derive
the maximum information from them. Image Fusion is a technique of producing a superior quality image from a
set of available images. It is the process of combining relevant information from two or more images into a
single image wherein the resulting image will be more informative and complete than any of the input images. A
lot of research is being done in this field encompassing areas of Computer Vision, Automatic object detection,
Image processing, parallel and distributed processing, Robotics and remote sensing. This project paves way to
explain the theoretical and implementation issues of seven image fusion algorithms and the experimental results
of the same. The fusion algorithms would be assessed based on the study and development of some image
quality metrics
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Image Compression based on DCT and BPSO for MRI and Standard ImagesIJERA Editor
Nowadays, digital image compression has become a crucial factor of modern telecommunication systems. Image compression is the process of reducing total bits required to represent an image by reducing redundancies while preserving the image quality as much as possible. Various applications including internet, multimedia, satellite imaging, medical imaging uses image compression in order to store and transmit images in an efficient manner. Selection of compression technique is an application-specific process. In this paper, an improved compression technique based on Butterfly-Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) is proposed. BPSO is an intelligence-based iterative algorithm utilized for finding optimal solution from a set of possible values. The dominant factors of BPSO over other optimization techniques are higher convergence rate, searching ability and overall performance. The proposed technique divides the input image into 88 blocks. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is applied to each block to obtain the coefficients. Then, the threshold values are obtained from BPSO. Based on this threshold, values of the coefficients are modified. Finally, quantization followed by the Huffman encoding is used to encode the image. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method over the existing method.
A Review on Image Compression using DCT and DWTIJSRD
Image Compression addresses the matter of reducing the amount of data needed to represent the digital image. There are several transformation techniques used for data compression. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is mostly used transformation. The Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a method for transform an image from spatial domain to frequency domain. DCT has high energy compaction property and requires less computational resources. On the other hand, DWT is multi resolution transformation. The research paper includes various approaches that have been used by different researchers for Image Compression. The analysis has been carried out in terms of performance parameters Peak signal to noise ratio, Bit error rate, Compression ratio, Mean square error. and time taken for decomposition and reconstruction.
EXTENDED WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED IMAGE INPAINTING ALGORITHM FOR NATURAL SCENE...cscpconf
This paper proposes an exemplar based image inpainting using extended wavelet transform. The
Image inpainting modifies an image with the available information outside the region to be
inpainted in an undetectable way. The extended wavelet transform is in two dimensions. The
Laplacian pyramid is first used to capture the point discontinuities, and then followed by a
directional filter bank to link point discontinuities into linear structures. The proposed model
effectively captures the edges and contours of natural scene images
Template matching is a basic method in image analysis to extract useful information from images. In this
paper, we suggest a new method for pattern matching. Our method transform the template image from two
dimensional image into one dimensional vector. Also all sub-windows (same size of template) in the
reference image will transform into one dimensional vectors. The three similarity measures SAD, SSD, and
Euclidean are used to compute the likeness between template and all sub-windows in the reference image
to find the best match. The experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed method
over the conventional methods on various template of different sizes.
MR Image Compression Based on Selection of Mother Wavelet and Lifting Based W...ijma
Magnetic Resonance (MR) image is a medical image technique required enormous data to be stored and
transmitted for high quality diagnostic application. Various algorithms have been proposed to improve the
performance of the compression scheme. In this paper we extended the commonly used algorithms to image
compression and compared its performance. For an image compression technique, we have linked different
wavelet techniques using traditional mother wavelets and lifting based Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau
wavelets with the low-pass filters of the length 9 and 7 (CDF 9/7) wavelet transform with Set Partition in
Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm. A novel image quality index with highlighting shape of histogram
of the image targeted is introduced to assess image compression quality. The index will be used in place of
existing traditional Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) “in one go”. It offers extra information about
the distortion between an original image and a compressed image in comparisons with UIQI. The proposed
index is designed based on modelling image compression as combinations of four major factors: loss of
correlation, luminance distortion, contrast distortion and shape distortion. This index is easy to calculate
and applicable in various image processing applications. One of our contributions is to demonstrate the
choice of mother wavelet is very important for achieving superior wavelet compression performances based
on proposed image quality indexes. Experimental results show that the proposed image quality index plays
a significantly role in the quality evaluation of image compression on the open sources “BrainWeb:
Simulated Brain Database (SBD) ”.
High Speed Data Exchange Algorithm in Telemedicine with Wavelet based on 4D M...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Existing Medical imaging techniques such as fMRI, positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic 3D ultrasound and dynamic computerized tomography yield large amounts of four-dimensional sets. 4D medical data sets are the series of volumetric images netted in time, large in size and demand a great of assets for storage and transmission. Here, in this paper, we present a method wherein 3D image is taken and Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) and Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform(DTCWT) techniques are applied separately on it and the image is split into sub-bands. The encoding and decoding are done using 3D-SPIHT, at different bit per pixels(bpp). The reconstructed image is synthesized using Inverse DWT technique. The quality of the compressed image has been evaluated using some factors such as Mean Square Error(MSE) and Peak-Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Wireless network implementation is a viable option for building network infrastructure in rural communities. Rural people lack network infrastructures for information services and socio-economic development. The aim of this study was to develop a wireless network infrastructure architecture for network services to rural dwellers. A user-centered approach was applied in the study and a wireless network infrastructure was designed and deployed to cover five rural locations. Data was collected and analyzed to assess the performance of the network facilities. The results shows that the system had been performing adequately without any downtime with an average of 200 users per month and the quality of service has remained high. The transmit/receive rate of 300Mbps was thrice as fast as the normal Ethernet transmit/receive specification with an average throughput of 1 Mbps. The multiple output/multiple input (MIMO) point-to-multipoint network design increased the network throughput and the quality of service experienced by the users.
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DCT and Simulink Based Realtime Robust Image Watermarking
1. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 214
DCT and Simulink Based Realtime Robust Image Watermarking
Durgansh Sharma durgansh@gmail.com
Ph.D. Student, UPES, Dehradun India
Asst. Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida, India
Manish Prateek mprateek@ddn.upes.ac.in
Professor, Centre For Information Technology,
College of Engineering Studies, UPES, Dehradun, India
Tanushyam Chattopadhyay t.chattopadhyay@tcs.com
Senior Scientist, R&D, Innovation Lab,
Tata Consultancy Services, Kolkata, India
Abstract
Ownership of digital content has become a serious matter, due to the exponential raise in the
global repository of digital multimedia content, like images are to be considered in this paper. The
validated proof as an imperceptible and robust watermark is needed to be embedded in the digital
images. This paper proposes a simulation of DCT with Fuzzy Logic based HVS model for
Realtime Robust Image Watermarking technique using Simulink.
Keywords: Realtime, Digital Image Watermarking, Fuzzy logic, HVS, Simulink.
1. INTRODUCTION
Digital image watermarking is a process used for embedding a set of information in an image for
enhancing its authenticity. It has been used through various optimized techniques but mainly on
gray scale images already available in the repository. In this paper, we propose a simulink based
model for realtime robust image watermarking. The robustness of the process of image
watermarking includes DCT and Fuzzy Inference System, which implements HVS (Human Visual
System) for embedding the watermark in an image, captured using webcam in realtime. It
transforms the captured image from spatial domain to frequency domain using DCT and applies
fuzzy logic to implement the HVS logic for embedding the watermark in the host image.
Within a span of few years, we have observed the exponential raise in the usage of digital media
for distribution of images. This model could be extended for the realtime image watermarking in
camera enabled mobile devices to improve the authorization of the image distributed using digital
media which seems to have no boundaries with the open ended environment called internet.
2. REVIEW
The model in this paper proposes the technique to incorporate the authorization watermark in the
host image captured in real time. Motwani et al. [1] used MAMDANI type Fuzzy Inference
System (FIS), its input parameters are derived from Human Visual System (HVS) using the
sensitivity towards brightness, edge and contrast of the gray scale image which has been further
improved to use blue frame of a colour image captured using webcam. Charu et al. [2] further
used and extended the research work using the three layered Fuzzy-BPN having a layer
configuration of (3-3-1) for learning mechanism through 50 iterations. Charu et al. [2] divided an
image of size 256x256 into 1024 blocks of size 8x8 and compute its sensitivity, on the basis of
the variance computed using Fuzzy-BP, the blocks were filtered and the random sequence of
numbers are embedded as watermark. This procedure generated a good quality imperceptible
2. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 215
watermarked image, but, in this paper we try to insert the system identification numbers using the
suggested techniques of Zhao, Jian, and Eckhard Koch [5][6]. Saraju et al.[3] has suggested a
simulink based realtime perceptual watermarking architecture for video broadcasting through
FPGA. Saraju et al. [3] has suggested very useful methods of combining cryptography and
watermarking for better results in hiding useful data in a video frame as a visible transparent
watermark, and Diffie et al. [7] has suggested various new ways of cryptography which can give
better results in data hiding. We try to use his suggestive method in an image captured in a single
shot through webcam using simulink.
3. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
We consider a 640x480 pixel image captured using webcam for this presented work. The
characteristics are modeled using Eckhard et. al. [5, 6] presented that the multimedia data must
contain a label or code, which could identify it uniquely as property of the copyright holder. The
embedded watermark extracted from the signed image using proposed algorithm was compared
for the similarity correlation using SIM(X, X
*
) proposed by Cox et al. [4]. this parameter is
determined for recovered watermark. Computed values show a good significance level of
optimization in the process of embedding and extraction of watermark.
Sharma et al. [9] proposed Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is used to embed the watermark in the
host image in the DCT domain. The FIS is based on a set of 27 inference rules using SIGMOID
way of interpreting the logical inputs, based on the facts of HVS based sensitivity towards noise in
the image with respect to brightness, texture or contrast, edges.
Rule
No.
Luminance
Sensitivity
Contrast
Sensitivity
Edge
Sensitivity
Weighting
Factor
1 DARK LOW SMALL LEAST
2 DARK MEDIUM SMALL LEAST
3 DARK HIGH SMALL LEAST
4 MEDIUM LOW SMALL LEAST
5 MEDIUM MEDIUM SMALL LEAST
6 MEDIUM HIGH SMALL LEAST
7 BRIGHT LOW SMALL LEAST
8 BRIGHT MEDIUM SMALL LEAST
9 BRIGHT HIGH SMALL LEAST
10 DARK LOW MEDIUM LESS
11 DARK MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH
12 DARK HIGH MEDIUM HIGHER
13 MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM LESS
14 MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM AVERAGE
15 MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM AVERAGE
16 BRIGHT LOW MEDIUM LESS
17 BRIGHT MEDIUM MEDIUM AVERAGE
18 BRIGHT HIGH MEDIUM HIGHER
19 DARK LOW LARGE LESS
20 DARK MEDIUM LARGE HIGHER
21 DARK HIGH LARGE HIGHEST
3. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 216
22 MEDIUM LOW LARGE LESS
23 MEDIUM MEDIUM LARGE AVERAGE
24 MEDIUM HIGH LARGE HIGHER
25 BRIGHT LOW LARGE LESS
26 BRIGHT MEDIUM LARGE HIGHER
27 BRIGHT HIGH LARGE HIGHEST
TABLE 1: HVS based 27 Rules for Fuzzy Inference System.
In this paper, we propose a technique to embed imperceptible watermark in an image in realtime.
The model constitutes of webcam needed to acquire an image in realtime, Matlab version 8.0
with Simulink running on a computer. The acquired image constitutes of RGB colour frames; we
propose to extract the Blue frame for embedding the watermark in it and merge it with other two
Red and Green colour frames to reconstitute the image. This process makes the image
watermarking robust and optimized.
The host image captured in realtime in spatial domain having the size of 640x480 pixels is divided
into the blocks of 8x8 pixels each. Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) is used for the
transformation of these blocks in the frequency domain. All the three HVS characteristics
mentioned formerly are computed over these blocks as follows:
The Luminance Sensitivity: It is derived from the DC coefficients from the DCT blocks of the
host image according to following formula:
ܮ =
ವ,
ವಾ
(1)
Where, XDC,i denotes the DC coefficient of the i
th
block and XDCM is the mean value of the DC
coefficients of all the blocks put together.
The Contrast Sensitivity: The contrast sensitivity is derived from the texture content of a region
of 8x8 blocks in an image. The value of variance computed of an image block is provided to the
direct metric for the quantification of the texture as a parameter. A routine proposed by Gonzalez
et. al. [9] is used through MATLAB. The execution of this routine is given by (2).
(2)
where, f is the input image or the sub-image (block) and t is the 7 – element row vector, one of
which is the variance of the block in question.
The Edge Sensitivity: The edge could be detected in an image using the threshold operation;
edge sensitivity can be quantified as a natural effect to the calculation of the block threshold T.
The Matlab image processing toolbox implements bluethresh(f) routine which computes the block
threshold using histogram – based on Otsu’s method of computing graythresh(f) [8]. The
implementation of this routine is given by (3)
(3)
Where, f is the host sub-image (block) in question and T is the computed threshold value. These
three parameters are fed into the FIS shown in Figure 3.
t = statxture(f)
T = bluethresh(f)
4. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 217
FIGURE 1: Simulink Model for DWM.
Once the watermark is embedded then Quality assessment of the signed image is done by
computing Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Extracting Watermark from Signed Image and Computing SIM(X, X
*
) Parameter: Firstly, the DCT
of both host and signed images are computed block wise. Thereafter, the computed coefficients
are subtracted from each other and the watermark is recovered. Let the original and recovered
watermarks be denoted as X and X
*
respectively. A comparison check is performed between X
and X
*
using the similarity correlation parameter given by eq. (1).
ܵܯܫሺܺ, ܺ∗ሻ =
∑ ሺ,∗ሻ
సభ
∑ ඥሺ,∗ሻ
సభ
(1)
4. RESULTS
The profile summary shows the time consumed in the entire process of realtime image
watermarking using the proposed method.
5. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP)
FIGURE
Following are the result of watermark embedding process adopted in this paper using
FIGURE 3: Original Image Captured in Realtime
, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014
FIGURE 2: Profile Summary of Time Consumed.
Following are the result of watermark embedding process adopted in this paper using
Original Image Captured in Realtime. FIGURE 4: Watermarked Image in Blue
Channel.
MSE: 4.2053dB; PSNR: 41.957dB
218
Following are the result of watermark embedding process adopted in this paper using SIMULINK
Watermarked Image in Blue
dB
6. Durgansh Sharma, Manish Prateek & Tanushyam Chattopadhyay
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 219
5. CONCLUSION
Computed value of SIM(X, X*) parameter for the image depicted in Figure 4 (Singed Image) is
18.5987 which indicates a good watermark recovery process. The time consumed in image
watermarking is computed as approx. 12 seconds, this model could be extended for the realtime
digital image watermarking in camera enabled mobile devices for improving the authenticity of
images captured and shared using Smartphone.
6. REFERENCES
[1] M.C. Motwani, and C.H. Frederick Jr. "Fuzzy Perceptual Watermarking For Ownership
Verification." In IPCV, pp. 321-325. 2009.
[2] C. Agarwal, and A. Mishra. "A Novel Image Watermarking Technique using Fuzzy-BP
Network." In Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP), 2010
Sixth International Conference on, pp. 102-105. IEEE, 2010.
[3] S.P. Mohanty, and K. Elias "Real-time perceptual watermarking architectures for video
broadcasting." Journal of Systems and Software 84.5 (2011): 724-738.
[4] I.J. Cox, K. Joe, F. T. Leighton, and S. Talal "Secure spread spectrum watermarking for
multimedia." Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on 6, no. 12 (1997): 1673-1687.
[5] J. Zhao, and K. Eckhard "Embedding Robust Labels into Images for Copyright Protection." In
KnowRight, pp. 242-251. 1995.
[6] J. Zhao, and K. Eckhard. "Towards robust and hidden image copyright labeling." In IEEE
Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing, pp. 452-455. Neos Marmaras,
Greece, 1995.
[7] W. Diffie and M. Hellman, “New directions in cryptography”, IEEE Transactions on
Information Theory, vol. IT-22, pp. 644-654, 1976.
[8] R.C. Gonzalez, R.E. Woods and S.L. Eddins, Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB,
Pearson Education (2005), pp 406 and 467.
[9] D. Sharma, M. Prateek, T. Chattopadhyay, “Optimized Robust Image Watermarking”,
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering &
Technology, October 25th -27th, 2013, IETET (2013), pp 99-106.