Dc voltmeter
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A voltmeter is an electrical device used to measure potential difference between two points in a circuit. It is always connected in parallel across the circuit. A voltmeter consists of a high resistance galvanometer connected in series with a high resistance to measure voltage in volts. The resistance value depends on the voltmeter's range, and an ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance to not affect the circuit being measured.
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This document discusses converting a galvanometer into a voltmeter or ammeter. It explains that a galvanometer is connected in series and measures current magnitude, while an ammeter is a low-resistance galvanometer also connected in series to measure current. A voltmeter is a high-resistance galvanometer connected in parallel to measure potential difference. The document states that a galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance shunt parallel to reduce total resistance. And it can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series to increase total resistance. A numeric problem demonstrates calculating the resistances needed to convert a 12Ω galvanometer into a 0-18V
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The question is asking to calculate:
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Here are the key details about the voltmeter and circuit:
- Voltmeter has sensitivities of 20 kΩ/V
- It has ranges of 5 V, 10 V, and 50 V
- It is connected across resistor RA in the circuit
The question is asking to calculate:
1) The voltage reading on the 5 V range
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4) The percentage loading error for each reading
Given these details, the appropriate calculations using the voltmeter loading effects equations can be done to solve the problem.
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The document describes the components and operation of a multimeter. It has a moving coil galvanometer with a coil that rotates in a magnetic field. To measure high voltages, a high resistance is connected in series. AC voltage is rectified before reaching the galvanometer. A shunt resistance converts it to an ammeter. Resistance is measured using an internal battery and adjustable resistance. Electrodynamic instruments have high accuracy for AC and DC measurements. They have fixed and moving coils and use springs or weights for control and air damping. Wattmeters use the moving coil to indicate voltage and fixed coils in series with the load to indicate current. Errors can occur due to coil inductance/capacitance and stray magnetic fields. Three
multimeter.pptx
A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance, and current in electrical equipment. It has two types of displays: analog with a needle and digital with an LCD screen. A multimeter uses its probes and tips to make connections to circuits and uses dial settings and a display to show measurement values for functions like voltage, current, resistance, continuity and more. It works by using a moving coil galvanometer circuit that is converted for different measurement modes.
Voltmeter
The document discusses different types of voltmeters including direct coupled DC voltmeters, chopper type DC voltmeters, solid state DC voltmeters, and AC voltmeters using rectifiers. Direct coupled DC voltmeters use cascaded transistors for amplification but have limited range due to gain. Chopper type voltmeters convert DC to AC using a modulator and demodulator to allow for higher sensitivity measurements down to microvolts. Solid state voltmeters use op-amps and feedback to adjust gain while diodes provide overvoltage protection. AC voltmeters use a bridge rectifier and meter movement to indicate the RMS value of an AC input signal.
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1 Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter and Voltmeter 2 Differences between...
1 Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter and Voltmeter 2 Differences between...
ammeter and voltmeter presentation. For college pdf
ammeter and voltmeter presentation. For college pdf
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8251 communication interface
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ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085
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The document discusses cylindrical coordinate systems. It defines cylindrical coordinates as having three variables: ρ, φ, and z. A point is located by specifying values for each of these three variables. It also defines the unit vectors aρ, aφ, and az that make up the cylindrical coordinate system. Finally, it mentions that a differential element dl in cylindrical coordinates is represented as dρaρ + ρdφaφ + dzaz.
Fet biasing boylestad pages
The document describes the fixed-bias configuration for an n-channel JFET. It provides equations that relate the input and output quantities for JFETs and shows how to analyze the fixed-bias configuration using both a mathematical and graphical approach. The key points are:
- The fixed-bias configuration has a fixed gate-to-source voltage VGS determined by the fixed DC supply VGG.
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01analog filters
Filters can be classified based on the range of frequencies they allow to pass. Butterworth filters provide maximally flat frequency response in the passband. They are designed by determining the filter order based on the required stopband attenuation. The poles are then calculated and the transfer function is the ratio of polynomials formed from the poles. Butterworth filter design involves converting specifications to a lowpass prototype, finding the poles, and transforming the prototype to the desired filter type.
Wave analysers
Harmonic distortion analyzers are used to measure harmonic distortion, which occurs when a nonlinear electronic component introduces harmonics into an output waveform, distorting it from the sinusoidal input waveform. There are three main types of harmonic distortion: frequency distortion due to different amplification of different frequencies, amplitude distortion from additional harmonics generated, and phase distortion from phase shifts of different frequencies caused by energy storage elements.
Transducers (1)
I. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They may convert a physical quantity like pressure, temperature, or light intensity into an electrical signal.
II. Transducers can be classified by their operating principle, type of output signal, energy conversion method, and more. Common types include resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric transducers.
III. Examples of transducers include thermocouples and thermistors for temperature measurement, strain gauges and load cells for force/pressure measurement, and tachogenerators and optical sensors for speed measurement.
Thermocouple
A thermo couple works on the principle of thermoelectricity discovered by Seebeck. When two different conductors are joined at one end to form a junction and that junction is heated, a voltage is generated between the free ends. The magnitude of this voltage depends on the temperature difference between the junctions and the materials used. A thermo couple has a hot junction placed at the point of temperature measurement and a cold junction kept at a constant reference temperature. Connecting the free ends to a voltmeter allows measurement of the voltage, and thus the temperature. Connecting multiple thermo couples in series creates a thermopile, increasing sensitivity by summing the individual voltages.
Thermistor
Thermistors are non-metallic resistors made of ceramic materials that have a negative coefficient of resistance. Their resistance decreases as temperature increases, allowing them to be used for precise temperature measurement. A thermistor has a ceramic sensing element housed inside a metal tube, with lead wires connecting it to a Wheatstone bridge circuit. As temperature rises, the sensing element's decreasing resistance is measured to calculate the temperature change. Thermistors are widely used for temperature compensation, time delay circuits, and measuring thermal conductivity or fluid properties due to their low cost, high accuracy, and ability to withstand stresses.
Temperature measurement
This document discusses three common types of temperature transducers: resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. RTDs use platinum, nickel, or copper wire that changes resistance with temperature, and have high accuracy but slow response. Thermocouples are simple, rugged devices that can operate at high temperatures but have low accuracy. Thermistors have high sensitivity to small temperature changes but are fragile and have limited temperature ranges. The document provides details on materials, measurement principles, applications, and advantages/disadvantages of each type.
Strain gauge
The strain gauge is a passive resistive transducer that converts mechanical strain into a resistance change. When an external force acts on the gauge, it changes the length and cross-sectional area of the gauge wire, altering its resistance. There are two main types: unbonded gauges, where the wire is stretched between points in air or another medium, and bonded gauges, where a fine wire grid is bonded to a carrier and then to the object under test. The resistance change is measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which provides an output voltage proportional to the input strain and hence the applied force.
Rtd
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) measure temperature changes by detecting corresponding changes in electrical resistance of a conductor. Platinum is commonly used as the conductor. When temperature increases, the conductor expands, altering its electrical resistance. RTDs have a sensing element connected by leads to a Wheatstone bridge circuit. A constant current is passed through the sensing element, and its changing resistance is measured by the bridge to determine the temperature. RTDs provide accurate, reproducible temperature measurements for remote or continuous monitoring applications. Their main limitation is slower response time due to protective casings around the sensing element.
Pressure measurement
This document discusses three main types of pressure transducers: diaphragm/bellow type, Bourdon type, and capacitive displacement type. It then provides more details on capacitive pressure measurement, explaining that a capacitance-type sensor uses a high-frequency oscillator to charge sensing electrode plates and detects movement of a diaphragm between the plates as an indication of changes in process pressure.
Oscillators (1)
Oscillators generate an output signal without an input signal by converting DC power to AC power. They produce periodic waveforms like sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves. The Wien bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that is stable at its resonant frequency. It uses a feedback circuit of series and parallel RC networks to produce a phase shift. Monostable multivibrators have one stable and one quasi-stable state. They switch to the quasi-stable state when triggered externally and return to the stable state after a set time period determined by resistor-capacitor values in the circuit.
Multivibrators (1)
This document discusses harmonic distortion in electronic circuits. It defines harmonic distortion as occurring when a sinusoidal input signal results in a non-sinusoidal output signal due to inherent non-linear characteristics of circuit components. It describes three types of harmonic distortion: frequency distortion from amplifiers having different amplification factors at different frequencies, amplitude distortion from amplifiers generating harmonics of the input frequency fundamental, and phase distortion from energy storage elements causing output signals to be phase-shifted relative to input signals by differing amounts for different frequencies.
Lvdt
An LVDT transducer comprises three coils wound onto a coil former, with a ferrite core positioned in the center. When the core is centered, it induces equal voltages in the secondary coils which cancel each other out, resulting in a null output voltage. If the core moves from the center position towards one secondary coil, it increases the flux in that coil and decreases the other, producing a positive or negative output voltage depending on the direction of displacement. The LVDT output voltage is thus proportional to the displacement of the ferrite core from its centered null position.
Classification of transducer
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another. They have two main parts: a sensing element that responds to a physical input, and a transduction element that converts the sensor's output to an electrical signal. Transducers can be classified in several ways, including as active or passive. Active transducers generate their own electrical output without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source and produce an output by changing an electrical parameter. Transducers can also be primary or secondary, where primary transducers convert a physical quantity into a mechanical signal and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal to electrical.
Energy meter
The energy meter measures electrical energy consumption by using an aluminum disc that rotates between electromagnets based on the current and voltage in the circuit. The disc's rotation is opposed by eddy currents induced in a brake magnet to keep the rotational speed proportional to the power used. The number of revolutions is recorded to indicate energy consumed in kilowatt-hours.
Bridges problems
The document discusses the importance of maintaining good hygiene habits like washing hands regularly to prevent the spread of germs and illness. It notes that washing hands with soap and water for 20 seconds is effective at removing germs and bacteria from the hands. The document encourages washing hands before eating, after using the bathroom, when caring for someone who is sick, and other times hands could become contaminated.
Bridge ppt 1
The document discusses various resistance measurement techniques including the Wheatstone bridge, Kelvin bridge, and AC bridges. The Wheatstone bridge is based on balancing two voltage ratios and can measure resistances from 1 ohm to 10 megohms. The Kelvin bridge is a more precise version that eliminates errors from lead resistance and can measure down to 0.00001 ohms. AC bridges can measure impedances that include resistance, inductance, and capacitance components.
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Dc voltmeter
- 1. DC VOLTMETER
- 2. Voltmeter Voltmeter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to measure potential difference between two points in a circuit. CONNECTION OF VOLTMETER IN CIRCUIT Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to a circuit. SYMBOL
- 3. VOLTMETER Volt meter is a high resistance galvanometer It is used to measure the potential difference between two points of a circuit in volts A galvanometer can be converted into a volt meter by using a high resistance in series with the galvanometer The value of resistance depends upon the range of the volt meter For voltmeter a high resistance, R is connected in series with the galvanometer therefore resistance of voltmeter is very large as compared to that of galvanometer The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinity
- 4. DC VOLTMETER