1. The document provides data and specifications for drawing various parts of a DC machine, including the yoke, poles, armature, commutator, and general assembly, using CAD.
2. Fifteen problems are presented that involve drawing different DC machine components based on given dimensions and specifications, such as the pole assembly, armature stamping, and general assembly.
3. Hints and solutions are provided for each problem to guide the CAD drawing of each part based on the given data.
The 3 point starter is used to safely start shunt or compound wound DC motors. It works as a variable resistor to gradually reduce resistance in the armature circuit as the motor gains speed. This limits starting current. It has 3 main points - line (L), armature (A), and field (F) terminals. The no voltage coil holds the starter handle in the "RUN" position using electromagnetism so long as power is supplied, but the handle returns to "OFF" if power fails to protect the motor. The 3 point starter allows safe starting of DC motors by limiting high starting current.
Commutation is the process by which the current in a short circuited coil is reversed as it crosses the MNA. During commutation, the coil is briefly short-circuited. If current reversal from positive to zero to negative is completed by the end of the short circuit period, commutation is ideal. If not completed, sparking can occur in the brushes, making commutation non-ideal. Commutation is illustrated through figures showing the current in a coil decreasing to zero and then reversing as it transitions from one side of the brush to the other during the short circuit period.
This document discusses different types of DC generators, including series, shunt, and compound generators. It provides the following key details:
1. Series generators have a rising voltage characteristic where voltage increases with load, but voltage starts decreasing at high loads due to armature reaction demagnetizing effects.
2. Shunt generators have a constant voltage characteristic, but voltage decreases slightly with increasing load due to armature reaction and armature drop. Adding a few series field coils can make the voltage substantially constant or rising.
3. Compound generators have both shunt and series field windings, allowing their external characteristics to be adjusted to compensate for line voltage drops. Flat-compound generators aim for constant voltage,
This document discusses the key characteristics of different types of DC generators, including open circuit characteristics (OCC), internal characteristics, and external characteristics. It describes how the OCC shows the relationship between no-load voltage and field current. The internal characteristic shows the relationship between on-load voltage and armature current. The external characteristic shows the relationship between terminal voltage and load current. It provides examples of these characteristics for separately excited, shunt, series, and compound DC generators.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
This document outlines and describes the key components and operating principles of three-phase induction motors, which are widely used in industrial applications due to their continuous operation. It discusses the main types of electrical machines and induction motors, including squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors. The document explains the basic working principle of three-phase induction motors, involving the generation of a rotating magnetic field in the stator that induces current in the rotor. It also describes the main components of three-phase induction motors such as the frame, stator, rotor, and windings.
The 3 point starter is used to safely start shunt or compound wound DC motors. It works as a variable resistor to gradually reduce resistance in the armature circuit as the motor gains speed. This limits starting current. It has 3 main points - line (L), armature (A), and field (F) terminals. The no voltage coil holds the starter handle in the "RUN" position using electromagnetism so long as power is supplied, but the handle returns to "OFF" if power fails to protect the motor. The 3 point starter allows safe starting of DC motors by limiting high starting current.
Commutation is the process by which the current in a short circuited coil is reversed as it crosses the MNA. During commutation, the coil is briefly short-circuited. If current reversal from positive to zero to negative is completed by the end of the short circuit period, commutation is ideal. If not completed, sparking can occur in the brushes, making commutation non-ideal. Commutation is illustrated through figures showing the current in a coil decreasing to zero and then reversing as it transitions from one side of the brush to the other during the short circuit period.
This document discusses different types of DC generators, including series, shunt, and compound generators. It provides the following key details:
1. Series generators have a rising voltage characteristic where voltage increases with load, but voltage starts decreasing at high loads due to armature reaction demagnetizing effects.
2. Shunt generators have a constant voltage characteristic, but voltage decreases slightly with increasing load due to armature reaction and armature drop. Adding a few series field coils can make the voltage substantially constant or rising.
3. Compound generators have both shunt and series field windings, allowing their external characteristics to be adjusted to compensate for line voltage drops. Flat-compound generators aim for constant voltage,
This document discusses the key characteristics of different types of DC generators, including open circuit characteristics (OCC), internal characteristics, and external characteristics. It describes how the OCC shows the relationship between no-load voltage and field current. The internal characteristic shows the relationship between on-load voltage and armature current. The external characteristic shows the relationship between terminal voltage and load current. It provides examples of these characteristics for separately excited, shunt, series, and compound DC generators.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
This document outlines and describes the key components and operating principles of three-phase induction motors, which are widely used in industrial applications due to their continuous operation. It discusses the main types of electrical machines and induction motors, including squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors. The document explains the basic working principle of three-phase induction motors, involving the generation of a rotating magnetic field in the stator that induces current in the rotor. It also describes the main components of three-phase induction motors such as the frame, stator, rotor, and windings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of chopper circuits, which are power electronics devices that can convert a fixed DC voltage into a variable DC voltage.
It defines a chopper as a high-speed switch that connects and disconnects a load from a power source rapidly to produce a variable output voltage. Choppers can either step up or step down the output voltage relative to the input.
Different types of choppers are described including step-down, step-up, buck-boost, and various configurations classified by their operating quadrants on a voltage-current plane (types A, B, and C). Key components like switches, diodes, and inductors are also outlined.
An induction motor starter is necessary to control the starting current and torque of the motor. There are different types of starters that can be used depending on the size of the motor, including DOL, star-delta, primary resistance, and auto transformer starters. A soft starter uses electronics to gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor during starting and stopping, reducing mechanical and electrical stresses on the system.
- A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic principles. It has a rotor that rotates when current passes through the motor's armature winding within a magnetic field.
- The key components of a DC motor are the armature winding, field winding, commutator, and brushes. The field winding generates a magnetic field and the armature winding cuts this field to produce torque when powered.
- DC motors can be shunt wound, series wound, or compound wound depending on how the field winding is connected in relation to the armature winding. This determines the speed and torque characteristics of the motor.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
This document summarizes a program for calculating three-phase AC winding for single-speed motors. The program includes diagrams for common winding configurations with 12 to 90 slots. It guides the user through entering core dimensions and specifications to calculate the winding configuration, number of turns per coil, wire size and other details. Operating the program is designed to be easy, even for those without experience in computers or motor winding calculations.
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
The document describes 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes of an inverter.
For the 180 degree mode:
- The switches (S1-S6) are closed for 180 degree intervals in a predetermined sequence to avoid short circuits. S1 is closed from 0-180 degrees, S3 from 120-300 degrees, and S5 from 240-60 degrees.
For the 120 degree mode:
- The operation is similar except switches are closed for 120 degree intervals instead of 180. S1 is closed from 0-120 degrees, S3 from 120-240 degrees, and S5 from 240-360 degrees.
The 120 degree mode provides a 60 degree commutation interval to safely
Parallel Operation of a Single Phase TransformerRidwanul Hoque
Three transformers can be connected in parallel to increase capacity and reliability. This allows one transformer to be taken offline for maintenance without interrupting power, and maintains supply if one transformer fails. For proper parallel operation, transformers must have the same: primary voltage and frequency; polarity connection; voltage rating and ratio; percentage impedance; and resistance to reactance ratio. Unequal values can cause circulating currents that reduce efficiency and overload transformers.
This presentation provides an overview of power transformers. It discusses that power transformers are static machines that transform power from one circuit to another without changing frequency, and are used between generators and distribution circuits. It then describes the typical power ratings of small, medium, and large power transformers. The main components of power transformers are then outlined, including bushings, the core and winding, conservator tank, breather and silica gel, cooling tubes, tap changer, transformer oil, and Buchholz relay. The functions of these key components are explained at a high level.
The document discusses direct on-line (DOL) starters for three-phase induction motors. It describes how a DOL starter works by directly connecting the motor to the power supply using a contactor, and lists some key components like fuses, isolators, contactors, and overload relays. It notes that DOL starters are simple and inexpensive but produce high starting currents. The document outlines the operation of a basic DOL starter and concludes by reviewing some features like high starting torque but also high current peaks and voltage dips.
The document discusses phasor diagrams and equivalent circuits of transformers. It presents phasor diagrams showing the relationship between voltages and currents for transformers under no load, unity power factor load, lagging power factor load, and leading power factor load conditions. It then derives the equivalent circuit models of transformers by representing the transformer components like winding resistances and leakage fluxes as circuit elements. The equivalent circuits are developed with parameters referred to both the primary and secondary sides. Approximate equivalent circuits neglecting the no-load current are also presented.
Three Point Starter: Diagram and Working PrincipleDr.Raja R
This document discusses the three point starter, which is a device that helps start and run DC shunt or compound wound motors. It consists of contact points called studs that gradually cut resistance from the armature circuit as the motor gains speed. Initially, high starting current is limited by the entire resistance being in series with the armature. As the handle moves from OFF to RUN, resistance is removed. The no voltage coil holds the handle in RUN position using magnetic force as long as power is supplied, but releases it to OFF if power fails, protecting the motor. However, three point starters have issues if field current decreases too much by field rheostat adjustment.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING
-DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING
-Comparative Performance For Various Conditions Using Different Earthing Methods
-EQUIPMENT SIZING
- APPENDIX FOR TYPICAL EARTHING TRANSFORMER SIZING
- APPENDIX GIVING GUIDELINE FOR SIZING OF COMMON BUS CONNECTED MEDIUM RESISTANCE EARTHING
This document describes the characteristics of a PN junction diode. It defines a PN junction as where a P-type semiconductor is joined to an N-type semiconductor. In forward bias, current is constant until the cut-in voltage is reached, after which it conducts. In reverse bias, current is small until the breakdown voltage is reached. The objectives are to plot the volt-ampere characteristics, find the cut-in voltage, and determine static and dynamic resistances in forward and reverse bias. The activity involves connecting a diode in a circuit and taking voltage and current readings in forward and reverse bias to generate the VI characteristics graph and calculate resistances.
Three common methods are used to measure power in three-phase circuits: the three-wattmeter method, two-wattmeter method, and single-wattmeter method. The three-wattmeter method uses three wattmeters to measure the power consumed by each load separately. The two-wattmeter method uses two wattmeters to measure the total power in a three-phase balanced or unbalanced load. The single-wattmeter method measures the power per phase and multiplies it by three to obtain the total power for a three-phase balanced star-connected load.
This document provides information and specifications for commonly used bolts, nuts, and washers according to various standards. It includes dimensions and construction guidelines for drawing hexagon bolts, nuts, and washers. Various types of screws are also described, such as socket head screws, shoulder screws, and set screws, with corresponding dimension tables provided. Proper construction methods and standard lengths are discussed to accurately depict these fasteners in technical drawings.
The document discusses different types of lathes used to shape metal parts including engine lathes, bench lathes, tracer lathes, automatic lathes, turret lathes, and computer controlled lathes. It also describes common lathe operations like turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, and knurling. Methods for securely holding workpieces like chucks, collets, and magnetic chucks are presented. Finally, it provides examples of simple calculations for determining spindle speed for a given cutting speed and feed rate and calculating the angle to swivel the compound rest to cut a taper.
This document provides an introduction and overview of chopper circuits, which are power electronics devices that can convert a fixed DC voltage into a variable DC voltage.
It defines a chopper as a high-speed switch that connects and disconnects a load from a power source rapidly to produce a variable output voltage. Choppers can either step up or step down the output voltage relative to the input.
Different types of choppers are described including step-down, step-up, buck-boost, and various configurations classified by their operating quadrants on a voltage-current plane (types A, B, and C). Key components like switches, diodes, and inductors are also outlined.
An induction motor starter is necessary to control the starting current and torque of the motor. There are different types of starters that can be used depending on the size of the motor, including DOL, star-delta, primary resistance, and auto transformer starters. A soft starter uses electronics to gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor during starting and stopping, reducing mechanical and electrical stresses on the system.
- A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic principles. It has a rotor that rotates when current passes through the motor's armature winding within a magnetic field.
- The key components of a DC motor are the armature winding, field winding, commutator, and brushes. The field winding generates a magnetic field and the armature winding cuts this field to produce torque when powered.
- DC motors can be shunt wound, series wound, or compound wound depending on how the field winding is connected in relation to the armature winding. This determines the speed and torque characteristics of the motor.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
This document summarizes a program for calculating three-phase AC winding for single-speed motors. The program includes diagrams for common winding configurations with 12 to 90 slots. It guides the user through entering core dimensions and specifications to calculate the winding configuration, number of turns per coil, wire size and other details. Operating the program is designed to be easy, even for those without experience in computers or motor winding calculations.
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
The document describes 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes of an inverter.
For the 180 degree mode:
- The switches (S1-S6) are closed for 180 degree intervals in a predetermined sequence to avoid short circuits. S1 is closed from 0-180 degrees, S3 from 120-300 degrees, and S5 from 240-60 degrees.
For the 120 degree mode:
- The operation is similar except switches are closed for 120 degree intervals instead of 180. S1 is closed from 0-120 degrees, S3 from 120-240 degrees, and S5 from 240-360 degrees.
The 120 degree mode provides a 60 degree commutation interval to safely
Parallel Operation of a Single Phase TransformerRidwanul Hoque
Three transformers can be connected in parallel to increase capacity and reliability. This allows one transformer to be taken offline for maintenance without interrupting power, and maintains supply if one transformer fails. For proper parallel operation, transformers must have the same: primary voltage and frequency; polarity connection; voltage rating and ratio; percentage impedance; and resistance to reactance ratio. Unequal values can cause circulating currents that reduce efficiency and overload transformers.
This presentation provides an overview of power transformers. It discusses that power transformers are static machines that transform power from one circuit to another without changing frequency, and are used between generators and distribution circuits. It then describes the typical power ratings of small, medium, and large power transformers. The main components of power transformers are then outlined, including bushings, the core and winding, conservator tank, breather and silica gel, cooling tubes, tap changer, transformer oil, and Buchholz relay. The functions of these key components are explained at a high level.
The document discusses direct on-line (DOL) starters for three-phase induction motors. It describes how a DOL starter works by directly connecting the motor to the power supply using a contactor, and lists some key components like fuses, isolators, contactors, and overload relays. It notes that DOL starters are simple and inexpensive but produce high starting currents. The document outlines the operation of a basic DOL starter and concludes by reviewing some features like high starting torque but also high current peaks and voltage dips.
The document discusses phasor diagrams and equivalent circuits of transformers. It presents phasor diagrams showing the relationship between voltages and currents for transformers under no load, unity power factor load, lagging power factor load, and leading power factor load conditions. It then derives the equivalent circuit models of transformers by representing the transformer components like winding resistances and leakage fluxes as circuit elements. The equivalent circuits are developed with parameters referred to both the primary and secondary sides. Approximate equivalent circuits neglecting the no-load current are also presented.
Three Point Starter: Diagram and Working PrincipleDr.Raja R
This document discusses the three point starter, which is a device that helps start and run DC shunt or compound wound motors. It consists of contact points called studs that gradually cut resistance from the armature circuit as the motor gains speed. Initially, high starting current is limited by the entire resistance being in series with the armature. As the handle moves from OFF to RUN, resistance is removed. The no voltage coil holds the handle in RUN position using magnetic force as long as power is supplied, but releases it to OFF if power fails, protecting the motor. However, three point starters have issues if field current decreases too much by field rheostat adjustment.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING
-DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING
-Comparative Performance For Various Conditions Using Different Earthing Methods
-EQUIPMENT SIZING
- APPENDIX FOR TYPICAL EARTHING TRANSFORMER SIZING
- APPENDIX GIVING GUIDELINE FOR SIZING OF COMMON BUS CONNECTED MEDIUM RESISTANCE EARTHING
This document describes the characteristics of a PN junction diode. It defines a PN junction as where a P-type semiconductor is joined to an N-type semiconductor. In forward bias, current is constant until the cut-in voltage is reached, after which it conducts. In reverse bias, current is small until the breakdown voltage is reached. The objectives are to plot the volt-ampere characteristics, find the cut-in voltage, and determine static and dynamic resistances in forward and reverse bias. The activity involves connecting a diode in a circuit and taking voltage and current readings in forward and reverse bias to generate the VI characteristics graph and calculate resistances.
Three common methods are used to measure power in three-phase circuits: the three-wattmeter method, two-wattmeter method, and single-wattmeter method. The three-wattmeter method uses three wattmeters to measure the power consumed by each load separately. The two-wattmeter method uses two wattmeters to measure the total power in a three-phase balanced or unbalanced load. The single-wattmeter method measures the power per phase and multiplies it by three to obtain the total power for a three-phase balanced star-connected load.
This document provides information and specifications for commonly used bolts, nuts, and washers according to various standards. It includes dimensions and construction guidelines for drawing hexagon bolts, nuts, and washers. Various types of screws are also described, such as socket head screws, shoulder screws, and set screws, with corresponding dimension tables provided. Proper construction methods and standard lengths are discussed to accurately depict these fasteners in technical drawings.
The document discusses different types of lathes used to shape metal parts including engine lathes, bench lathes, tracer lathes, automatic lathes, turret lathes, and computer controlled lathes. It also describes common lathe operations like turning, facing, boring, drilling, threading, and knurling. Methods for securely holding workpieces like chucks, collets, and magnetic chucks are presented. Finally, it provides examples of simple calculations for determining spindle speed for a given cutting speed and feed rate and calculating the angle to swivel the compound rest to cut a taper.
This document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares their strengths. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and physical constructed connecting rod. Materials used and their properties are also outlined.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Design & Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and real constructed connecting rod.
1. The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, studs, screws, and set screws. It describes thread terminology and provides details on external and internal thread cutting tools.
2. Thread drawings are explained through detailed, schematic, and simplified representations. Dimensioning of external and internal threads as well as threaded holes is also covered.
3. Drawing procedures are provided for bolts, nuts, studs, and cap screws. Their applications in assembly are illustrated along with counterbore and countersink hole features.
The document describes the design and prototyping of a heavy lift octocopter. An octocopter uses 8 propellers arranged in 4 pairs of coaxial propellers to maximize lift. The design was optimized for an ASME student design competition rewarding payloads lifted. A coaxial design doubles lift compared to single propellers. The frame and protective shroud were manually constructed and components were chosen according to the custom design, with no preassembled kits used. The goal was to design for maximum lift within size requirements to earn the most points by lifting the heaviest payload.
Tension members can fail due to three modes:
1. Gross section yielding, where the entire cross-section yields
2. Net section yielding, where the reduced cross-section after subtracting holes yields
3. Block shear failure, which also occurs in welded connections along planes of shear and tension
The design strength is the minimum of the strengths from these three failure modes. Block shear is demonstrated using a failed gusset plate connection with failure planes around the weld. The problem determines the tensile strength of a plate connected to a gusset plate, calculating the strength based on gross section yielding, net section yielding, and block shear failure.
Multi-StageSheet Metal Fromed Bolted Fastener DesignMark Brooks
This document discusses the development of a multi-stage sheet metal fastening design that eliminates nuts to reduce costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. Testing showed that while extruded, rivet, and PEM nuts exceeded torque specifications, shear/tap fasteners only marginally met specifications, failing through thread tear. To breakthrough this technology barrier, the basics of thread forming were revisited. Roll-forming threads through compression may improve performance over cutting threads.
This document provides a tutorial for punching shear reinforcement using links attached to a slab's main reinforcement mesh. Punching shear reinforcement consists of additional steel placed around columns in a slab to prevent slab-column connection failures. The tutorial demonstrates punching shear reinforcement for two examples (ID01 and ID02) showing the process for laying out and drawing the reinforcement in plans and sections, including handling differences in column dimensions, slab thickness, and openings between the examples.
Delving into the heart of precision machining, the PowerPoint presentation meticulously unwraps the multifaceted workings of lathe machines. The introductory slide sets the tone, featuring a captivating image of a lathe machine accompanied by key terms like "Precision Machining" and "Versatility of Lathes," offering a glimpse into the rich tapestry that will unfold. As the presentation progresses, the second slide provides a historical overview, tracing the evolution of lathe technology from ancient wood lathes to the contemporary CNC variants that define modern manufacturing. The third slide meticulously dissects the anatomy of a lathe machine, elucidating the crucial components such as the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, and tool post. Moving forward, the fourth slide explores the diverse landscape of lathe machines, presenting types ranging from the traditional engine lathes to the advanced CNC models, each catering to specific manufacturing needs. The fifth slide peels back the layers to reveal the working principle of a lathe machine, employing clear animations and graphics to demystify the rotation of the workpiece and the pivotal role of cutting tools in the machining process. Subsequent slides delve into basic and advanced lathe operations, unveiling the machine's versatility in turning, facing, knurling, drilling, and even advanced tasks like thread cutting and eccentric turning. A dedicated section on CNC lathe machines showcases the intersection of technology and precision machining, elucidating how Computer Numerical Control revolutionizes the speed, precision, and repeatability of lathe operations. Essential safety measures and best practices take the spotlight on the eighth slide, emphasizing the importance of a secure working environment through the use of personal protective equipment, regular machine maintenance, and emergency procedures. The penultimate slide broadens the perspective, showcasing the ubiquitous applications of lathe machines across industries like manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. Real-world examples and testimonials underscore the transformative impact of lathe machines in shaping various sectors. As the presentation concludes, a succinct summary underscores the pivotal role of lathe machines in modern manufacturing, urging the audience to embrace technological advancements and continuous learning in the ever-evolving field of precision engineering.
In the concluding segment of this comprehensive PowerPoint journey into the workings of lathe machines, the narrative pivots toward a tenth slide, a critical juncture that spotlights the expansive applications and industries where lathe machines are the linchpin of production. Demonstrating the machines' versatility, real-world success stories unfold, illuminating their transformative role across diverse sectors such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. These concrete examples, punctuated with testimonials, underscore the
This document provides instructions for building a small, foldable motorized vehicle called a powercycle. Some key points:
- The powercycle can fold up to fit in a car trunk measuring 12.5x24x40 inches for easy transportation.
- When assembled, it weighs around 75 pounds and is powered by a 2.5 horsepower engine.
- Detailed instructions are given to construct the frame from electrical conduit tubing and other metal parts. The frame folds to minimize size.
- Later sections will provide directions to install the engine, drive system, brakes and other components to complete the powercycle. The total cost of materials is estimated around $100 to build.
This document describes the fabrication of a helicoidal screw in Trichy, India for use in a blasting machine. It aims to fabricate helicoidal screws at low cost using simple mechanical methods. The design and fabrication process are explained in detail, including material specifications, dimension calculations, and the forming procedure using heating and stretching with a chain block. Photos show the completed screw, which was successfully fabricated to meet design requirements for conveying material in a blasting machine.
The rice transporter robot hopper was optimized through finite element analysis to maximize carrying capacity within the design constraints. Initially, the uniformly thick hopper displaced 0.686mm under load, exceeding the 0.5mm limit. Multiple wall thicknesses between 2.28-2.49mm reduced displacement to 0.4997mm. Confirming calculations matched applied loads and stresses, validating the analysis. Further optimizations could increase volume by designing in sections or modifying brackets and motor placement.
Screw Thread Terms for beginners in engineering- Gdlc(1).pdfOKIDIThomasBecket
This document discusses screw threads, nuts, and bolts. It begins by introducing screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces to join parts temporarily or permanently. It then defines common thread terms like flank, pitch, diameters, and provides examples of different thread profile types, including V-threads, square threads, and Acme threads. The document also discusses standard thread forms, right and left hand threads, single and multiple start threads. It provides examples of how to represent and draw threads, nuts, bolts and their components. The overall purpose is to describe the geometry and standards of threaded fasteners and how to depict them in technical drawings.
This document discusses different types of joints and threads. It describes detachable joints that can be repeatedly assembled and disassembled without damage, such as threaded, keyed, and pinned joints. It also describes permanent joints like welded and soldered joints that cannot be disassembled without damaging the parts. It then focuses on different types of threads, their parameters, designations, and representations for drawing threads. Standard thread types discussed include metric, inch, pipe, and conical threads.
The document provides details on the design process for modeling a harvest machine using 3D modeling software. Key parts like the cutter bar reel and pin were analyzed using finite element analysis to determine strength and durability. The design process section outlines how various parts like the header auger, header, and pin were created in the software. Sketches were made and extruded, sweeps and patterns were used to generate the final part geometries. The assembly process is also described with a flow chart showing how the individual parts were brought together.
This document describes the design and construction of a scissor jack. The objectives were to design, construct, and simplify a scissor jack. It discusses the CAD models of the scissor jack parts. Calculations were done to determine the required effort and torque to lift a 200kg load. The scissor jack parts were then constructed, including the arms, power screw, plates, and trunions. Testing showed the designed scissor jack could successfully lift medium-sized vehicles and required torque was within human capabilities. The objectives were achieved by constructing a simplified scissor jack.
This document provides an overview of a course on "POWER GENERATION & ECONOMICS" taught at SDM Institute of Technology. The syllabus covers topics related to hydroelectric power plants including hydrology concepts like hydrographs, flow duration curves, and mass curves. It also discusses the hydrological cycle and components of hydroelectric power stations such as dams, reservoirs, turbines, and powerhouses. Hydroelectric plants are classified based on factors like capacity, construction method, operation, and water head. Storage is needed in most hydro plants to regulate water flow that fluctuates between seasons.
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1. 1
Subject: Computer Aided Electrical drawing (CAED)
Subject Code: 10EE65
Syllabus Covered
Part-B
3. Electrical machine assembly drawing using design data or sketches or both
b) DC Machine- sectional views of yoke, field system, armature and commutator
dealt separately.
DC Machine
Introduction:
DC Machines form one of the varieties of electrical equipment and are extensively in use
in various industrial applications like DC voltage generation, electro- plating, metal
extraction, traction, steel industry, paper mills etc. While the performance analysis and
design features have been considered already, given the design data, this chapter deals as
to how to make drawings of parts, sub assembly and general assembly. The input data for
making the CAD drawing may be in the form of wordings, sketches or both.
Te following are the parts of DC machine-
1. Yoke- Housing- Casing
2. Poles- Main Poles- Inter Poles- Compensating Winding
3. Armature and Armature Winding
4. Commutator
5. Brush and Brush Holder
6. Fan
7. Bearing
8. End Shields
9. Lifting lug
The general appearance (Figure-1), a dismantled view (Figure-2), an exploded view
(Figure-3), a general assembly (Figure-4) and a sectional pictorial view (Figure-5) of DC
Machine are given below, to familiarize with the various parts and their relative position
in the machine-assembly.
Yoke and pole with winding constitute stator and armature with winding and commutator
form the rotor. The brush and brush holder assembly is used for supplying or collecting
current from/to the machine. The other structural parts are end shields, bearings, fan, foot
and terminal board. The drawing of active parts is given prominence. However,
knowledge of other parts also, will greatly help in assuming data require for completion
of drawing.
4. 4
Pole and Yoke Assembly:
The pole is made up steel laminations of 1.2 mm thick as shown in Figure-6. The
laminations are assembled to the required length and then riveted to form a solid core.
The central hole is the driven with steel rod. The longitudinal holes in axial view are two
in number. The bolts are driven through yoke, pole and then to the central rod. The yoke
is shown in Figure-7. If the dimensions are given for pole/yoke, the CAD drawings can
be made.
Figure-7, Details of Yoke
Problem-1
Draw the Pole and Core Assembly of a DC machine with the following data –
Rating: 10 HP, 1500 RPM, 4 Pole, DC Motor
Radius of Pole: 115mm
Pole Length: 210 mm
Pole Width: 76 mm
End Stamping: 5 mm thick
Pole Arc/Pole Pitch = 2/3
Yoke Thickness: 20 mm
Use Suitable bolts for fixing the Pole Brick to the Yoke.
Hints: Prepare a preparatory sketch, using the data-
End plates of 5 mm thick are to be shown.
(This is to prevent the bulging of stamping)
Using commands, prepare the drawing. For solution see Figure-8 .
6. 6
Problem - 2
Draw the pole and yoke assembly of the DC machine with the following details-
Pole radius = 345, Pole arc = 210,
Pole Height = 145, Pole width = 127
Yoke Inside Diameter = 345
Yoke thickness = 55
4 Nos. of rivet, 12 mm diameter
2 Nos. of Bolts, M20
All dimensions are in mm.
Preparatory sketch for Problem- 2
Figure-9, CAD drawing for Problem-2
7. 7
Problem-3
The isometric view of a Pole of a DC Machine is shown in the figure. The isometric view
of the Bobbin with field winding is also shown. Assemble the units and show half
sectional elevation of the assembly and the plan.
8. 8
Hints: Make the preparatory sketch after carefully studying the pole and bobbin with
winding. Sharp corners are to be drawn with ‘fillet’ command. Bobbin edges will be seen
in the plan. The winding will not be seen in plan and hence shown in dotted line.
Figure-10, CAD drawing for Problem-3
9. 9
Problem-4
Draw the Armature stamping of a DC Machine with the following dimensions-
Rotor Outside Diameter = 110 mm
Rotor Shaft diameter = 25 mm
Number of armature slots = 32
Slot Dimension = 4 mm x 20 mm
Show the key way in the stamping.
Hints: Armature core is made up of thin stampings which are blanked out from 0.5 mm
thick cold rolled non grain oriented (CRNGO) steel sheet. The slots are made using
cropping tools.
Draw the centre lines. Draw the OD and ID of the stamping. To draw the slot, consider
the angle subtended by one slot pitch at the centre, viz, 360/32 = 11.25 0
. Draw the slot
with respect to centre line with the given dimensions. Retain the arc as shown in the
enlarged slot diagram. Then using polar array form the stamping with 32 slots distributed
over 3600
.Draw the key way in rotor ID.
In this design, the armature core will be directly assembled on the shaft.
Figure-11, CAD drawing for Problem-4
10. 10
Problem-5
Armature diameter = 380 mm
No. of Slots = 36
Slot Dimension = 15 mm x 35 mm
Stamping Inside Diameter = 250mm
DC Machine Diameter = 80 mm
Draw the armature stamping. Furnish comment on providing spider/ hub
Hints: The method of drawing is similar to steps given in problem-4. Here, it is to be
observed that the core behind the slot is very less. This is the case with DC Machines
having large number of poles. The core is assembled on an intermediate piece, known as
spider or hub. The ID of spider or hub will sit on the shaft and the stamping will sit on the
OD. To arrest the radial displacement, suitable arrangement like thin circular, dove- tail
or rectangular bar can be used. Provide suitable grooves for this purpose.
Figure-12, CAD drawing for Problem-5
11. 11
Two types of intermediate supports for holding the core on the shaft are given in Figure-
13 and Figure-14. Problem-6 illustrates an example where the armature core is directly
mounted on shaft. Problem-7 and Problem-8 deal with spider and hub assembled
armature core, respectively.
Figure-13, Armature Core and Hub assembly
Figure-14, Spider
12. 12
Problem-6
Draw the assembly of stampings to form the armature core on the shaft. The details are
given below-
OD of the stamping = 230 mm
ID of the stamping = 50 mm
Slot size = 8mm x 22 mm
No. of slots = 32
Armature core length = 170 mm
6 nos. of vent holes of 20 mm dia, on pitch circle dia of 110 mm
Key way dimensions = 14 mm x 9 mm
Assume suitable collar on one side of the shaft and groove on the other side of the core
for fixing the core axially.
Hints: Armature is resting against a raised collar on the shaft on the left hand side. On the
right hand side a groove is made in the shaft. In this groove two semi circular washers are
inserted. If necessary the washers are tag welded to the shaft. This arrangement ensures
arrest of axial movement of the core. The key on the shadt ensures arresting of radial
movement.
Figure-15, CAD drawing for Problem-6
13. 13
Problem-7
The profile of a stamping is given in the figure above. (key way = 22x14 mm)
OD = 380 mm dia
ID = 250 mm dia
36 slots of dimension 15 mm x 35 mm
The shaft dia. of the machine is 80 mm
Using the stamping, draw the longitudinal half sectional view of core with spider
assembly
Figure-16, CAD drawing for Problem-7
14. 14
Problem-8
Draw suitable HUB and CORE assembly to accommodate the following requirements-
Stamping OD = 407 mm
Stamping ID = 240 mm
Core packets = 3 of 27 mm thickness
‘H’ piece = 2 of 9 mm thickness
Shaft diameter = 54 mm
Figure-17, H piece, which is assembled in between two core packets as spacers
Hints:
It is to be noted that the steel hub consists of two parts.
The left hand part is seated on the shaft on key way.
After the assembly of core packet and H plates are over, the smaller clamp is placed and
the bolts are holding the unit securely
Platform is provided on the clamps to support winding overhang.
Figure-18, CAD drawing for Problem-8
15. 15
Problem-9
The stamping of DC Machine armature has an OD of 240mm and ID of 74 mm.
Vent holes = 6 Nos. 20 mm dia on a PCD of 120 mm.
The core packet thickness = 36, 42, 36,36,36,42 mm respectively.
5 nos. of ‘H’ pieces of thickness of 12 mm are provided in between the core packets, for
cooling.
The commutator dimensions are given below-
On segments, 150 mm dia
On riser, 200 mm dia
Axial length,95 mm, Riser width, 12 mm
Commutator ID = 50 mm
Distance between core and commutator surfaces, 54 mm
Draw the longitudinal view showing the above details.
Hints:
The problem consists of two parts –
i) Placement of core
ii) Placement of commutator
Better to draw the stamping drawing for guidance purpose
Projection in the elevation is derived from thereof and the core packets and H pieces are
assembled.
Draw the commutator profile with given dimension at the given distance.
The collar and grooves are not shown in the figure.
This sub-assembly helps to decide the shaft diameters and tolerances at the appropriate
locations.
Figure-19, CAD drawing for Problem-9
16. 16
Problem-10
Draw the commutator in half sectional elevation and half sectional end view. Assume
suitable fillets for sharp corners. Mica insulation thickness = 1 mm.
Assemble the given parts-
Copper segment
End clamps or jaws
Screwed cylindrical nut
Figure-20, Dimensions of components of the commutator
17. 17
Figure-21, CAD drawing for Problem-10
Problem-11
The parts of a commutator are shown in the Figure-22, along with dimensions.
Draw half sectional end view and half sectional elevation of the assembled commutator.
Figure-22, Parts of commutator
18. 18
Figure-23, CAD drawing for Problem-11
Problem-12
The details of an armature and commutator of a DC Machine are as follows –
Armature diameter = 410 mm, Shaft diameter = 90mm, Armature core length = 250mm,
Number of ventilating ducts (H Piece) =2, Width =10 mm, Axial holes in the armature
core = 8 numbers of 15 mm diameter,
Number of armature slots = 48,
Winding overhang on either side of armature =108mm, 144 mm respectively
Diameter of Commutator = 270 mm, Number of commutator segments = 144, Total
length of commutator = 150 mm.
The Armature core is positioned by two cast iron flanges, which also acts as winding
over-hang support. One flange is butting on the shoulder on the shaft. The other is
secured by means of a ring nut screwed to the shaft. This prevents axial movement of
armature. The armature is keyed to the shaft to prevent radial movement. Draw the half
sectional longitudinal view of the armature, showing the winding over hang, ventilating
ducts, over-hang and end plates. Show the commutator without sectioning.
20. 20
Problem-13
Draw the General Assembly of a DC Machine in end view. The machine has the
following data-
Rating: 18.5 kW, 4 Pole, 220 v, 1500 rpm
Armature diameter = 0.18 m
Core length = 0.2 m
36 slots of dimension 8mm x 24 mm
Shaft diameter = 55 mm
Pole arc/ Pole pitch = 0.6666
Pole height = 65 mm
Pole width = 60 mm
Yoke Thickness = 35 mm
Air gap between stator and rotor = 2 mm
i)The armature is directly resting on the shaft.
ii)10 Nos. of ventilating holes, on a PCD of 96mm
Hints:
Draw pole with yoke sub-assembly.
Also show the field winding with suitable depth and height.
Take polar array to show all the 4 poles.
Delete the poles in the bottom half.
Use M10 bolts for fixing.
Use zoom window and zoom all wherever necessary.
Take up armature stamping drawing.
Draw the slot profile of 6x24 mm dimension, confining the details within an angular
arc of 10 0
(i.e.360/ 36) on a radius of 180 mm.
Take polar array to show all 36 slots.
Delete the slots in the bottom half.
On the shaft, show half key way, for a key of 16mmx10mm.
Concentrate on the un-sectioned bottom half of the drawing.
Half of END SHIELD will be seen.
The wire mesh opening is for ventilation.
End shield is attached to the yoke through bolts.
Show the FOOT and the bracket butting the housing.
21. 21
Figure-26, CAD drawing for Problem-13
Problem – 14
Draw the half sectional end view of a 1000kW,500 V,1250 rpm, 6 Pole DC shunt
generator with the following data-
Diameter of armature = 750mm
Length = 278 mm
No. of slots = 86
Size of slot = 11.1x 52.4 mm
Depth of iron behind slot = 92.6 mm
Air gap length between Stator & Rotor = 5 mm
22. 22
Main Pole – Breadth=177.5 mm,
Height = 240 mm
Central Rod = 50 mm dia
Pole Arc/Pole Pitch = 0.7
Inter Pole – Breadth = 46.3 mm
Height = 237 mm
Air Gap = 8 mm
Thickness of Yoke = 75 mm
Length of yoke = 400 mm
Shaft dia = 90 mm
Commutator –
No. of Segments = 344
Diameter of Commutator = 560 mm
Length of Commutator = 123.5 mm
Segment Pitch = 5.1 mm
No. of Brushes/Spindle = 3.
Hints:
Draw the main pole arc, choosing dia at pole periphery as 760mm and subtending an
angle of 42 deg., complete pole profile.
Draw the inter pole at the mid of pole pitch.
Draw the field windings (assume the depth and height of the winding).
Polar array- get all 6 sets of poles, then delete the bottom half poles, retaining only the
poles seen in top half.
Draw the armature stamping, slots, and the semicircular holes at the inner diameter, to
facilitate assembling the same on to the spider.
Choose reasonable thicknesses so as to complete the half spider (6 No. of spokes
selected)
Complete the lower end shield and foot.
Show title, scale and dimensions.
23. 23
Figure-27, CAD drawing for Problem-14
Problem-15
Draw the half sectional end view and half sectional elevation, showing the General
Assembly of the DC Generator, rated as 30 kW, 4 Pole, 1200 rpm
Shaft radius = 35 mm,
Armature radius = 110 mm,
Armature core length = 210 mm,
Inner radius of the yoke = 168 mm,
Outer radius of yoke = 195 mm,
• Pole width = 65 mm, pole height = 66 mm, Pole arc/ pole pitch = 2/3, Steel rod in
the main pole = 40 x 40 mm,
• Inter pole dimension = 20 x 52 mm,
• No. of armature slots = 32,
• slot dimension = 8 x 22 mm,
• Vent holes = 6 of 10 mm dia,
• Axle height = 200 mm
24. 24
• Commutator dia = 110 mm
• Commutator length = 90 mm
Hints:
Assume data not given
Make a preparatory sketch.
Almost all details of active materials are given
The dimensions of fan, end shield, over hang length, supporting bracket, have to be
assumed.
Figure-28, CAD drawing for Problem-15
Referances:
1. Performance and Design of Direct Current Machines, AE Clayton and NN
Hancock, CBS Publishers and distributors, 2002
2. Electrical Engineering Drawing, KL Narang, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi,2001
3. Electrical Drafting, SF Devalapur, Eastern Book Promoters, Belgaum, 2006
4. CAD for Electrical Engineers, MS Indira, VD Sankarlal, D Beula, Fillip
Learning- Elsevier, 2013
5. Materials from Google.com
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