Database normalization is the process of refining the data in accordance with a series of normal forms. This is done to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. This process divides large tables into small tables and links them using relationships.
Here is the link of full article: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/database-normalization
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued.
Why normalization?
The relation derived from the user view or data store will most likely be unnormalized.
The problem usually happens when an existing system uses unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.
What is Normalization in Database Management System (DBMS) ?
What is the history of the system of normalization?
Types of Normalizations,
and why this is needed all details in the presentation.
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued.
Why normalization?
The relation derived from the user view or data store will most likely be unnormalized.
The problem usually happens when an existing system uses unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.
What is Normalization in Database Management System (DBMS) ?
What is the history of the system of normalization?
Types of Normalizations,
and why this is needed all details in the presentation.
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Agenda
What Is Normalization?
Why We Use Normalization?
Various Levels Of Normalization
Any Tools For Generate Normalization?
By Harsiddhi Thakkar
If you have any query
Contact me on : harsiddhithakkar94@gmail.com
What is Database NormalizationExplain the guidelines for ensuring t.pdfarjunstores123
What is Database Normalization?Explain the guidelines for ensuring that database are
normalized.
Solution
Here is the answer for your respective question on database normalization:
Before going to know about database normalization we should know about database.
So what is a database?
Its like a repository where all the data related to a particular organization are stored inside the
tables in the form of columns and rows
which can be related to the employees working in that organization or about the finacial and
accounts of the company etc.
While storing data into the tables there might be some problems like duplicate entries of the
same record related to a particular person which creates a problem named data redundancy in the
database.
So to avoid this there\'s been introduced a concept named Normalization.
So what is Database Normalization?
Database normalization or simply called normalization, is the process of arranging or organizing
the columns
and tables of a relational database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity and
efficiency of data stored.
Normalization arranges attributes in tables based on dependencies between attributes,
ensuring that the dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints.
Normalization can be achieved by applying some formal rules like synthesis or decomposition.
To come to the types of normalizations there are many.Some of them are as follows:
1NF - First Normal Form
2NF - Second Normal Form
3NF - Third Normal Form
BCNF - Boyce–Codd Normal Form
4NF - Fourth Normal Form
Basic guidelines for normalization:
1NF - First Normal Form:
As per First Normal Form, no two Rows of data must contain repeating group of information.
Each table should be organized into rows and each row should have a primary key that
distinguishes it as unique.
Example for 1NF:
Student Age Subject
Andrea 15 Zoology
Andrea 15 Social Studies
Alan 14 Maths
Stuart 17 Maths
But by using the First Normal Form, data redundancy increases,
as there will be many columns with same data in multiple rows but each row as a whole will be
unique.
2NF - Second Normal Form:
There must not be any partial dependency of any column on primary key.
Meaning that for a table that has concatenated primary key, each column in the table
that is not part of the primary key must depend upon the entire concatenated key for its
existence,failing which the table fails Second normal form.
Example:
Student Age
Andrea 15
Alex 14
Stuart 17
Here we should maintain a separate table for the value subject by doing which we can reduce
data redundancy which is lacking in 1NF.
In the above table,candidate key will be Student column, because all other column i.e Age is
dependent on it.
3NF - Third Normal Form:
Third normal form (3NF) is a database principle that allows you to properly
arrange our tables by building upon the database normalization principles provided by 1NF and
2NF.
There are two basic requirements for a database to be in third normal fo.
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Agenda
What Is Normalization?
Why We Use Normalization?
Various Levels Of Normalization
Any Tools For Generate Normalization?
By Harsiddhi Thakkar
If you have any query
Contact me on : harsiddhithakkar94@gmail.com
What is Database NormalizationExplain the guidelines for ensuring t.pdfarjunstores123
What is Database Normalization?Explain the guidelines for ensuring that database are
normalized.
Solution
Here is the answer for your respective question on database normalization:
Before going to know about database normalization we should know about database.
So what is a database?
Its like a repository where all the data related to a particular organization are stored inside the
tables in the form of columns and rows
which can be related to the employees working in that organization or about the finacial and
accounts of the company etc.
While storing data into the tables there might be some problems like duplicate entries of the
same record related to a particular person which creates a problem named data redundancy in the
database.
So to avoid this there\'s been introduced a concept named Normalization.
So what is Database Normalization?
Database normalization or simply called normalization, is the process of arranging or organizing
the columns
and tables of a relational database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity and
efficiency of data stored.
Normalization arranges attributes in tables based on dependencies between attributes,
ensuring that the dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints.
Normalization can be achieved by applying some formal rules like synthesis or decomposition.
To come to the types of normalizations there are many.Some of them are as follows:
1NF - First Normal Form
2NF - Second Normal Form
3NF - Third Normal Form
BCNF - Boyce–Codd Normal Form
4NF - Fourth Normal Form
Basic guidelines for normalization:
1NF - First Normal Form:
As per First Normal Form, no two Rows of data must contain repeating group of information.
Each table should be organized into rows and each row should have a primary key that
distinguishes it as unique.
Example for 1NF:
Student Age Subject
Andrea 15 Zoology
Andrea 15 Social Studies
Alan 14 Maths
Stuart 17 Maths
But by using the First Normal Form, data redundancy increases,
as there will be many columns with same data in multiple rows but each row as a whole will be
unique.
2NF - Second Normal Form:
There must not be any partial dependency of any column on primary key.
Meaning that for a table that has concatenated primary key, each column in the table
that is not part of the primary key must depend upon the entire concatenated key for its
existence,failing which the table fails Second normal form.
Example:
Student Age
Andrea 15
Alex 14
Stuart 17
Here we should maintain a separate table for the value subject by doing which we can reduce
data redundancy which is lacking in 1NF.
In the above table,candidate key will be Student column, because all other column i.e Age is
dependent on it.
3NF - Third Normal Form:
Third normal form (3NF) is a database principle that allows you to properly
arrange our tables by building upon the database normalization principles provided by 1NF and
2NF.
There are two basic requirements for a database to be in third normal fo.
Normalization is a process of organizing the data in a database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly.
--> 1NF
--> 2NF
--> 3NF
--> BCNF.
This article describes important Linux commands that you must know as a system or database administrator.
Here is the full article link: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/important-linux-commands
This summary is organized according to the types of processing that can be performed with the Oracle GoldenGate functions.
Here is the full article link: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-golden-gate-functions
Oracle Golden Gate Bidirectional ReplicationArun Sharma
Golden gate bidirectional replication is two-way unidirectional replication. Let us setup bi-directional replication for a single table from source to target.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-golden-gate-bidirectional-replication
Install Oracle 12c Golden Gate On Oracle LinuxArun Sharma
In this article we will look at the steps to install oracle 12c Golden Gate on Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5. The steps involved are:
Virtual Machine Setup
Install Oracle 12c Database
Install Oracle 12c Golden Gate
Prepare Golden Gate for Replication
Here is the full link of article: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/install-oracle-12c-golden-gate-on-oracle-linux
Configure Golden Gate Initial Load and Change SyncArun Sharma
We will configure initial load along with change sync inside Oracle Golden Gate.
Here is the full article link: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/configure-golden-gate-initial-load-and-change-sync
TKPROF Stands for Transient Kernel Profiler
It allows you to analyze a trace file to determine where time is being spent
It converts SQL trace files into human readable format. To activate SQL trace for a particular session
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-tkprof-utility
When there are lot updates, deletes inside database, it creates lot of empty pockets of space that are not large enough to insert new data. We call this type of empty space as fragmented free space.
Database performance can be impacted by such fragmented space. The process of combining fragmented space into one big free space is known as de-fragmentation.
One of the simplest ways to do it by shrinking table, index segments to reclaim the wasted space. But before you can directly shrink table / index, you must run Oracle segment advisor to get recommendations as to how much space can you reclaim.
In the below activity I will show you how to work with Oracle segment advisor:
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-segment-advisor
Oracle 11g Installation With ASM and Data Guard SetupArun Sharma
In this article we will look at Oracle 11g installation with ASM storage and also setup physical standby on ASM.
We will be following below steps for our configuration:
Setup Primary Server
Setup Standby Server
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-11g-installation-with-asm-and-data-guard-setup
Oracle 11g to 12c Upgrade With Data Guard and ASMArun Sharma
In this article we will be performing Oracle 11g to 12c database upgrade with data guard and ASM configured.
Below are the steps we are going to follow to perform the database upgrade:
Upgrade GRID_HOME on standby
Upgrade ORACLE_HOME on standby
Upgrade GRID_HOME on primary
Upgrade ORACLE_HOME on primary
Post upgrade steps
Let us start the upgrade process.In this article we will be performing Oracle 11g to 12c database upgrade with data guard and ASM configured.
Below are the steps we are going to follow to perform the database upgrade:
Upgrade GRID_HOME on standby
Upgrade ORACLE_HOME on standby
Upgrade GRID_HOME on primary
Upgrade ORACLE_HOME on primary
Post upgrade steps
Let us start the upgrade process.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-11g-to-12c-upgrade-with-data-guard-asm
There are multiple ways to perform rolling upgrade. But you must identify which one will work for your environment. Below are the two common methods used
Method 1: Transient logical standby database
Convert existing physical standby to logical standby using KEEP IDENTITY clause
Upgrade Logical standby first
Return the Logical standby back to physical standby
Method 2: DBMS_ROLLING_UPGRADE package
Only available from 12c
Its automation of transient logical standby process
Article full link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-11g-to-12c-rolling-upgrade
Convert Physical Standby Into Logical StandbyArun Sharma
In this article, we will be converting an existing Physical standby into a logical standby.
Note: this article applies to Oracle 12c R2 version
Assumptions: you already have a physical standby configured and data guard broker is enabled.
Enable Fast Start Failover Data Guard BrokerArun Sharma
While Oracle Data Guard definitely protects a database when the entire production site is lost via its failover capabilities, it’s still necessary for an Oracle DBA to intervene to complete the failover process.
With this activity, we can enable automatic failover using Fast-Start-Failover Observer with Data Guard broker.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/enable-fast-start-failover-data-guard-broker
It’s very simple to perform failover using data guard broker. If primary database is unavailable, we can activate standby using below method. Note, in a failover, we have lost primary.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/data-guard-broker-failover
Oracle Data Guard Physical Standby ConfigurationArun Sharma
There are various steps in which you can configure physical standby database. We need to make several changes to the primary database before we can even setup the standby database.
This article applies to Oracle 12c R2 database version
Full link of article is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/configure-physical-standby
We are going to learn about the steps which we will use for schedule rman backup in windows.
Full link of article is here:https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/schedule-rman-backup-on-windows
Oracle introduced RMAN backup compression from 10g version onward. From 11g version, Oracle introduced 4 different types of backup compression methods.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/rman-backup-compression-types
DBAs, for years, are writing OS level scripts to execute different database related tasks and schedule it via cront tab in Linux. The cron jobs work perfectly well until Oracle released DBMS_SCHEDULER in 10g version.
Note: DBMS_SCHEDULER has introduced many benefits yet, many DBAs still stick to OS level scripting.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/scheduling-jobs-with-dbms_scheduler
I will be sharing simple SQL queries that will help you manage Oracle database users.
Article full link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/oracle-user-management
You will understand how to create directories inside disk groups to place data. Unlike OS level commands, Adding directories to ASM disk groups is little different.
we will be creating new ASM diskgroup using SQLPLUS command while connected to ASM instance.
You must have an unused partition / disk on the server that can be used to create ASM diskgroup.
Full article link is here: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/create-diskgroup-sqlplus-command
top nidhi software solution freedownloadvrstrong314
This presentation emphasizes the importance of data security and legal compliance for Nidhi companies in India. It highlights how online Nidhi software solutions, like Vector Nidhi Software, offer advanced features tailored to these needs. Key aspects include encryption, access controls, and audit trails to ensure data security. The software complies with regulatory guidelines from the MCA and RBI and adheres to Nidhi Rules, 2014. With customizable, user-friendly interfaces and real-time features, these Nidhi software solutions enhance efficiency, support growth, and provide exceptional member services. The presentation concludes with contact information for further inquiries.
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Quarkus Hidden and Forbidden ExtensionsMax Andersen
Quarkus has a vast extension ecosystem and is known for its subsonic and subatomic feature set. Some of these features are not as well known, and some extensions are less talked about, but that does not make them less interesting - quite the opposite.
Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I ...Juraj Vysvader
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Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
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Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
We describe the deployment and use of Globus Compute for remote computation. This content is aimed at researchers who wish to compute on remote resources using a unified programming interface, as well as system administrators who will deploy and operate Globus Compute services on their research computing infrastructure.
SOCRadar Research Team: Latest Activities of IntelBrokerSOCRadar
The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) has suffered an alleged data breach after a notorious threat actor claimed to have exfiltrated data from its systems. Infamous data leaker IntelBroker posted on the even more infamous BreachForums hacking forum, saying that Europol suffered a data breach this month.
The alleged breach affected Europol agencies CCSE, EC3, Europol Platform for Experts, Law Enforcement Forum, and SIRIUS. Infiltration of these entities can disrupt ongoing investigations and compromise sensitive intelligence shared among international law enforcement agencies.
However, this is neither the first nor the last activity of IntekBroker. We have compiled for you what happened in the last few days. To track such hacker activities on dark web sources like hacker forums, private Telegram channels, and other hidden platforms where cyber threats often originate, you can check SOCRadar’s Dark Web News.
Stay Informed on Threat Actors’ Activity on the Dark Web with SOCRadar!
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
Would you rather make your visitors feel burdened by making them wait? Or choose VizMan for a stress-free experience? VizMan is an automated visitor management system that works for any industries not limited to factories, societies, government institutes, and warehouses. A new age contactless way of logging information of visitors, employees, packages, and vehicles. VizMan is a digital logbook so it deters unnecessary use of paper or space since there is no requirement of bundles of registers that is left to collect dust in a corner of a room. Visitor’s essential details, helps in scheduling meetings for visitors and employees, and assists in supervising the attendance of the employees. With VizMan, visitors don’t need to wait for hours in long queues. VizMan handles visitors with the value they deserve because we know time is important to you.
Feasible Features
One Subscription, Four Modules – Admin, Employee, Receptionist, and Gatekeeper ensures confidentiality and prevents data from being manipulated
User Friendly – can be easily used on Android, iOS, and Web Interface
Multiple Accessibility – Log in through any device from any place at any time
One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
Customizable Components
Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
VIP Visitors – Additional security of data for VIP visitors to avoid misuse of information
Courier Management – Keeps a check on deliveries like commodities being delivered in and out of establishments
Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
Software Engineering, Software Consulting, Tech Lead.
Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring JDBC, Spring Security,
Spring Transaction, Spring MVC,
Log4j, REST/SOAP WEB-SERVICES.
Unleash Unlimited Potential with One-Time Purchase
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OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoamtakuyayamamoto1800
In this slide, we show the simulation example and the way to compile this solver.
In this solver, the Helmholtz equation can be solved by helmholtzFoam. Also, the Helmholtz equation with uniformly dispersed bubbles can be simulated by helmholtzBubbleFoam.
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Hivelance, a leading provider of cryptocurrency trading bot development services, stands out as the premier choice for crypto traders and developers. Hivelance boasts a team of seasoned cryptocurrency experts and software engineers who deeply understand the crypto market and the latest trends in automated trading, Hivelance leverages the latest technologies and tools in the industry, including advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, to create highly efficient and adaptable crypto trading bots
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How Recreation Management Software Can Streamline Your Operations.pptxwottaspaceseo
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Into the Box Keynote Day 2: Unveiling amazing updates and announcements for modern CFML developers! Get ready for exciting releases and updates on Ortus tools and products. Stay tuned for cutting-edge innovations designed to boost your productivity.
3. Normalization forms
1st Normal Form
2nd Normal Form
3rd Normal Form
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
4th Normal Form
5th Normal Form
6th Normal Form
4. Key terms
Column – Attribute
Row – Tuple
Table – Relation
There are further enhancements to theory of normalization
and it is still being developed. There is even 6th normal
form but in any practical scenario, normalization achieves
its best shape in 3rd Normal form.
Entity – Any real world object that makes sense
5. Normalization example
Let us look at a library table that maintains all the books they rent
out in one single table:
Now let us push this data from various normal forms and see how we
can refine the data.
6. The rules of the first normal form are:
Each table cell should contain a single/atomic value
Every record in the table must be unique
1NF (First Normal Form)
Let us first convert the Books_Main_Table into 1NF
7. As per the 1NF rules, our Books Main Table looks good. Before we
proceed with 2NF and 3NF, we need to understand key columns.
8. Key / non-key columns
Any column (or group of columns) in a table which can uniquely identify each
row is known as key column. For example:
Phone number
Email ID
Student Roll Number
Employee ID
These are some columns which will always remain unique to every record inside
the table.
Such columns are known as key columns inside the table. Any column apart
from key columns is known as non-key column.
9. Primary key
A primary key is a single column value which uniquely identifies each
record in a table. In RDBMS, primary key must satisfy below:
Primary key must be unique
Primary key cannot be null
Every record will have primary key value
10. Composite Key
Sometimes its hard to define unique records with one single column. In
such cases, we can have two or more columns that uniquely identify each
record in a table. Such columns are known as composite key. For
example:
Name + Address
First Name + DOB + Father Name
Now that we know about key / non-key columns, let us move to 2NF.
11. 2NF (Second Normal Form)
The rules of the second normal form are:
Table must be in 1NF
Every non-key attribute must be fully dependent on key attributes
We see that our Books_Main_Table does not have any primary key, in such
cases, we will have to introduce a new key column like Membership ID.
To make Books_Main_Table into 2NF, we need to see how columns are
closely related:
Membership ID has a salutation, name and address
Membership ID has books issued on their name
12. With this logic in mind, we will have to divide our Books_Main_Table
into two table:
13. Foreign Key
If you see the above tables, we have Membership ID in both tables
but in Membership_Details_table, it is a primary key column and
in Books_Issued_table, it is a non-key column.
Till now we have seen Primary key and composite key. A foreign
key refers to a primary key column of another table. This helps in
connecting two tables (and defines a relation between two tables).
A foreign key must satisfy below:
Foreign key column name can be different than primary key
column name
Unlike primary key, then need not be unique (see
Books_Issued_Table above)
15. Reason for Foreign key
When a user tries to insert a record into Books_Issued_Table
and if there is no membership ID exists in
Membership_Details_Table, it will be rejected. This way, we
maintain data integrity in RDBMS.
If there is no record with Membership ID in the parent table,
it will be rejected and database will throw an error.
16. 3NF (Third Normal Form)
The rules of the third normal form are:
Data must be in 2NF
No transitive functional dependencies
What is transitive dependency?
In simple terms, if changing a non-key column causes any other non-key
column to change, then its called as transitive dependency.
17. In our example, if we change Full Name of the customer, it
might change Salutation
18. Final 3NF Tables
To move the Membership_Details_Table into 3NF, we need to further
divide the table into below:
19.
20. We have divided the Membership_Details_Table
into a new Salutation_table.
21. Assignment
If you see the Books_Issued_Table, it still does not have
a key column. What do you think should be the key
column for the Books_Issued_Table? Or do we need to
introduce a new column?