This document traces the history of data storage from its early beginnings in the 1920s with magnetic tape through to modern developments. Key milestones included the invention of magnetic disks in the 1950s, floppy disks and CDs in the 1970s-80s, DVDs and flash memory in the 1990s, and today's use of cloud storage. The document outlines the various storage media that have been developed over the past century and how each built upon previous innovations to increase storage capacity and capabilities to meet growing demand for data storage.
This document provides an overview of data warehousing. It defines data warehousing as collecting data from multiple sources into a central repository for analysis and decision making. The document outlines the history of data warehousing and describes its key characteristics like being subject-oriented, integrated, and time-variant. It also discusses the architecture of a data warehouse including sources, transformation, storage, and reporting layers. The document compares data warehousing to traditional DBMS and explains how data warehouses are better suited for analysis versus transaction processing.
This document provides an overview of data warehousing. It defines a data warehouse as a central database that includes information from several different sources and keeps both current and historical data to support management decision making. The document describes key characteristics of a data warehouse including being subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile. It also discusses common data warehouse architectures and applications.
Data Storage Needs, Storage Solutions, Network Storage, SAN, NAS, DAS, Types of Data, Data center Infrastructure, Information Management, Information Life Cycle, Tiered Storage
The document discusses the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDP). It provides the following key points:
1. KDP involves discovering useful information from data through steps like data cleaning, transformation, mining and pattern evaluation.
2. Several KDP models have been developed, including academic models with 9 steps, industrial models with 5-6 steps, and hybrid models combining aspects of both.
3. A widely used model is CRISP-DM, which stands for Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining and has 6 steps: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation and deployment.
This document provides an overview of data mining, data warehousing, and decision support systems. It defines data mining as extracting hidden predictive patterns from large databases and data warehousing as integrating data from multiple sources into a central repository for reporting and analysis. Common data warehousing techniques include data marts, online analytical processing (OLAP), and online transaction processing (OLTP). The document also discusses the benefits of data warehousing such as enhanced business intelligence and historical data analysis, as well challenges around meeting user expectations and optimizing systems. Finally, it describes decision support systems and executive information systems as tools that combine data and models to support business decision making.
The document discusses data warehousing, including its history, types, security, applications, components, architecture, benefits and problems. A data warehouse is defined as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant collection of data to support management decision making. In the 1990s, organizations needed timely data but traditional systems were too slow. Data warehouses now provide competitive advantages through improved decision making and productivity. They integrate data from multiple sources to support applications like customer analysis, stock control and fraud detection.
The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers volatile storage like cache and main memory, and non-volatile storage like magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, and tape. It describes how magnetic disks work and factors that influence disk performance like seek time, rotational latency, and transfer rate. Optimization techniques for disk block access like file organization and write buffering are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of data warehousing. It defines data warehousing as collecting data from multiple sources into a central repository for analysis and decision making. The document outlines the history of data warehousing and describes its key characteristics like being subject-oriented, integrated, and time-variant. It also discusses the architecture of a data warehouse including sources, transformation, storage, and reporting layers. The document compares data warehousing to traditional DBMS and explains how data warehouses are better suited for analysis versus transaction processing.
This document provides an overview of data warehousing. It defines a data warehouse as a central database that includes information from several different sources and keeps both current and historical data to support management decision making. The document describes key characteristics of a data warehouse including being subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile. It also discusses common data warehouse architectures and applications.
Data Storage Needs, Storage Solutions, Network Storage, SAN, NAS, DAS, Types of Data, Data center Infrastructure, Information Management, Information Life Cycle, Tiered Storage
The document discusses the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDP). It provides the following key points:
1. KDP involves discovering useful information from data through steps like data cleaning, transformation, mining and pattern evaluation.
2. Several KDP models have been developed, including academic models with 9 steps, industrial models with 5-6 steps, and hybrid models combining aspects of both.
3. A widely used model is CRISP-DM, which stands for Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining and has 6 steps: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation and deployment.
This document provides an overview of data mining, data warehousing, and decision support systems. It defines data mining as extracting hidden predictive patterns from large databases and data warehousing as integrating data from multiple sources into a central repository for reporting and analysis. Common data warehousing techniques include data marts, online analytical processing (OLAP), and online transaction processing (OLTP). The document also discusses the benefits of data warehousing such as enhanced business intelligence and historical data analysis, as well challenges around meeting user expectations and optimizing systems. Finally, it describes decision support systems and executive information systems as tools that combine data and models to support business decision making.
The document discusses data warehousing, including its history, types, security, applications, components, architecture, benefits and problems. A data warehouse is defined as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant collection of data to support management decision making. In the 1990s, organizations needed timely data but traditional systems were too slow. Data warehouses now provide competitive advantages through improved decision making and productivity. They integrate data from multiple sources to support applications like customer analysis, stock control and fraud detection.
The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers volatile storage like cache and main memory, and non-volatile storage like magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, and tape. It describes how magnetic disks work and factors that influence disk performance like seek time, rotational latency, and transfer rate. Optimization techniques for disk block access like file organization and write buffering are also summarized.
This document defines key concepts in data warehousing including data warehouses, data marts, and ETL (extract, transform, load). It states that a data warehouse is a non-volatile collection of integrated data from multiple sources used to support management decision making. A data mart contains a single subject area of data. ETL is the process of extracting data from source systems, transforming it, and loading it into a data warehouse or data mart.
Primary memory, also known as main memory or internal memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and holds temporary data during program execution. It includes RAM, ROM, PROM, and EPROM. Secondary memory, also called external memory or auxiliary memory, provides larger storage and retains data when power is removed. Common examples are hard disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and flash memory. Secondary memory is organized into files and directories for abstraction and includes additional metadata.
The document discusses different types of secondary storage devices. It describes sequential access devices like magnetic tapes that read and write data sequentially. It also describes direct access devices like hard disks that allow random access to stored data. Hard disks, floppy disks, disk packs, and zip disks are examples of magnetic disks. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks are also covered. Each type of secondary storage device has advantages and limitations in terms of storage capacity, access speed, portability and reusability.
Data mining is an important part of business intelligence and refers to discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data. It involves applying techniques from multiple disciplines like statistics, machine learning, and information science to large datasets. While organizations collect vast amounts of data, data mining is needed to extract useful knowledge and insights from it. Some common techniques of data mining include classification, clustering, association analysis, and outlier detection. Data mining tools can help organizations apply these techniques to gain intelligence from their data warehouses.
The KDD process involves several steps: data cleaning to remove noise, data integration of multiple sources, data selection of relevant data, data transformation into appropriate forms for mining, applying data mining techniques to extract patterns, evaluating patterns for interestingness, and representing mined knowledge visually. The KDD process aims to discover useful knowledge from various data types including databases, data warehouses, transactional data, time series, sequences, streams, spatial, multimedia, graphs, engineering designs, and web data.
The document discusses traditional file systems and database management systems (DBMS). It provides an overview of traditional file systems, including their advantages and limitations. It then discusses DBMS, including its components, advantages like reduced data redundancy and improved data integrity, and limitations such as increased complexity. The document uses examples to illustrate key differences between traditional file systems and DBMS.
Download DOC word file from below Links:
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Disclaimer: Above doc file is only for education purpose only
Process of Digital forensics
Identification
Preservation
Analysis
4. Presentation and Reporting:
5. Disseminating the case:
What is acquisition in digital forensics?
How to handle data acquisition in digital forensics
Types of Digital Forensics
Disk Forensics
Network Forensics
Wireless Forensics
Database Forensics
This document discusses intelligent storage systems. It describes the key components of an intelligent storage system including the front end, cache, back end, and physical disks. It discusses concepts like front-end command queuing, cache structure and management, logical unit numbers (LUNs), and LUN masking. The document also provides examples of high-end and midrange intelligent storage arrays and describes EMC's CLARiiON and Symmetrix storage systems in particular.
ZFS is an innovative file system that provides immense storage capacity, data integrity, and simplified administration. It was developed by Sun Microsystems in 2000 and released in 2005. Some key features of ZFS include its ability to detect and correct errors, provide end-to-end data integrity checks, flexibly pool storage devices, and scale to exabytes of data. While it has limitations like a lack of boot support and encryption, ZFS is widely used with Solaris and is being ported to other platforms like Linux and FreeBSD.
Computer forensics is the science of investigating digital devices and media for legal evidence. It began in the late 1980s with the creation of organizations like IACIS. Investigators use methods to detect and recover hidden, deleted, or encrypted data through techniques like disk analysis, steganalysis, and data carving. They must have expertise in operating systems, file systems, data storage, and encryption to properly handle electronic evidence for criminal and civil cases. While computer forensics allows thorough searches and analysis of large amounts of data, it also faces challenges such as ensuring evidence integrity and overcoming costs.
Computer forensics is a branch of digital forensic science involving the legal investigation and analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The objectives are to recover, analyze, and preserve digital evidence in a way that can be presented in a court of law, and to identify evidence and assess the identity and intent of perpetrators in a timely manner. Computer forensics techniques include acquiring, identifying, evaluating, and presenting digital evidence found in files, databases, audio/video files, websites, and other locations on computers, as well as analyzing deleted files, network activity, and detecting steganography.
This document discusses data warehousing and decision support systems. It defines a data warehouse as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data used to support management decision making. It describes key features of a data warehouse including being subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile. The document also discusses the need for decision support systems in business and different architectural styles for data warehousing like OLTP and OLAP.
This document provides a history of data storage devices, beginning with magnetic tape in 1928 and progressing to modern cloud backup solutions. It describes several important innovations in computer storage over time, including magnetic drums, Williams tubes, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, flash memory cards, and Blu-ray discs. The document shows how storage technologies have evolved from early magnetic and optical formats to today's cloud-based solutions as hardware and internet capabilities continue to advance.
CompactFlash emerged in the 1990s as a solid state storage device that combined magnetic and optical technologies. It could be rewritten multiple times, unlike earlier storage technologies such as floppy disks, compact discs, and magneto-optical discs. However, CompactFlash did not become widely used due to its slow writing time and higher production costs compared to later technologies. Storage technologies have rapidly advanced from megabytes to terabytes over the decades through innovations in magnetic tape, drums, cores, hard disk drives, flash drives, and cloud storage.
This document defines key concepts in data warehousing including data warehouses, data marts, and ETL (extract, transform, load). It states that a data warehouse is a non-volatile collection of integrated data from multiple sources used to support management decision making. A data mart contains a single subject area of data. ETL is the process of extracting data from source systems, transforming it, and loading it into a data warehouse or data mart.
Primary memory, also known as main memory or internal memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and holds temporary data during program execution. It includes RAM, ROM, PROM, and EPROM. Secondary memory, also called external memory or auxiliary memory, provides larger storage and retains data when power is removed. Common examples are hard disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and flash memory. Secondary memory is organized into files and directories for abstraction and includes additional metadata.
The document discusses different types of secondary storage devices. It describes sequential access devices like magnetic tapes that read and write data sequentially. It also describes direct access devices like hard disks that allow random access to stored data. Hard disks, floppy disks, disk packs, and zip disks are examples of magnetic disks. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks are also covered. Each type of secondary storage device has advantages and limitations in terms of storage capacity, access speed, portability and reusability.
Data mining is an important part of business intelligence and refers to discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data. It involves applying techniques from multiple disciplines like statistics, machine learning, and information science to large datasets. While organizations collect vast amounts of data, data mining is needed to extract useful knowledge and insights from it. Some common techniques of data mining include classification, clustering, association analysis, and outlier detection. Data mining tools can help organizations apply these techniques to gain intelligence from their data warehouses.
The KDD process involves several steps: data cleaning to remove noise, data integration of multiple sources, data selection of relevant data, data transformation into appropriate forms for mining, applying data mining techniques to extract patterns, evaluating patterns for interestingness, and representing mined knowledge visually. The KDD process aims to discover useful knowledge from various data types including databases, data warehouses, transactional data, time series, sequences, streams, spatial, multimedia, graphs, engineering designs, and web data.
The document discusses traditional file systems and database management systems (DBMS). It provides an overview of traditional file systems, including their advantages and limitations. It then discusses DBMS, including its components, advantages like reduced data redundancy and improved data integrity, and limitations such as increased complexity. The document uses examples to illustrate key differences between traditional file systems and DBMS.
Download DOC word file from below Links:
Link 1 :http://gestyy.com/eiT4WO
Link 2: http://fumacrom.com/RQUm
Disclaimer: Above doc file is only for education purpose only
Process of Digital forensics
Identification
Preservation
Analysis
4. Presentation and Reporting:
5. Disseminating the case:
What is acquisition in digital forensics?
How to handle data acquisition in digital forensics
Types of Digital Forensics
Disk Forensics
Network Forensics
Wireless Forensics
Database Forensics
This document discusses intelligent storage systems. It describes the key components of an intelligent storage system including the front end, cache, back end, and physical disks. It discusses concepts like front-end command queuing, cache structure and management, logical unit numbers (LUNs), and LUN masking. The document also provides examples of high-end and midrange intelligent storage arrays and describes EMC's CLARiiON and Symmetrix storage systems in particular.
ZFS is an innovative file system that provides immense storage capacity, data integrity, and simplified administration. It was developed by Sun Microsystems in 2000 and released in 2005. Some key features of ZFS include its ability to detect and correct errors, provide end-to-end data integrity checks, flexibly pool storage devices, and scale to exabytes of data. While it has limitations like a lack of boot support and encryption, ZFS is widely used with Solaris and is being ported to other platforms like Linux and FreeBSD.
Computer forensics is the science of investigating digital devices and media for legal evidence. It began in the late 1980s with the creation of organizations like IACIS. Investigators use methods to detect and recover hidden, deleted, or encrypted data through techniques like disk analysis, steganalysis, and data carving. They must have expertise in operating systems, file systems, data storage, and encryption to properly handle electronic evidence for criminal and civil cases. While computer forensics allows thorough searches and analysis of large amounts of data, it also faces challenges such as ensuring evidence integrity and overcoming costs.
Computer forensics is a branch of digital forensic science involving the legal investigation and analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The objectives are to recover, analyze, and preserve digital evidence in a way that can be presented in a court of law, and to identify evidence and assess the identity and intent of perpetrators in a timely manner. Computer forensics techniques include acquiring, identifying, evaluating, and presenting digital evidence found in files, databases, audio/video files, websites, and other locations on computers, as well as analyzing deleted files, network activity, and detecting steganography.
This document discusses data warehousing and decision support systems. It defines a data warehouse as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data used to support management decision making. It describes key features of a data warehouse including being subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile. The document also discusses the need for decision support systems in business and different architectural styles for data warehousing like OLTP and OLAP.
This document provides a history of data storage devices, beginning with magnetic tape in 1928 and progressing to modern cloud backup solutions. It describes several important innovations in computer storage over time, including magnetic drums, Williams tubes, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, flash memory cards, and Blu-ray discs. The document shows how storage technologies have evolved from early magnetic and optical formats to today's cloud-based solutions as hardware and internet capabilities continue to advance.
CompactFlash emerged in the 1990s as a solid state storage device that combined magnetic and optical technologies. It could be rewritten multiple times, unlike earlier storage technologies such as floppy disks, compact discs, and magneto-optical discs. However, CompactFlash did not become widely used due to its slow writing time and higher production costs compared to later technologies. Storage technologies have rapidly advanced from megabytes to terabytes over the decades through innovations in magnetic tape, drums, cores, hard disk drives, flash drives, and cloud storage.
The document discusses protein-based memory storage as a promising new technology to compete with existing memory storage methods. It describes how bacteriorhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein found in halobacteria, undergoes reversible changes in absorption of light and can be used to store data in a 3D optical memory. Bacteriorhodopsin has desirable properties such as stability at high temperatures, fast switching time, and potential for high density data storage. The document outlines how bacteriorhodopsin undergoes a photocycle in response to light, changing its optical and electrical characteristics and allowing it to function as an optical memory storage medium.
This document provides an overview of the key topics and learning objectives covered in the chapter on computer hardware from the textbook "Introduction to Information Technology". The chapter outlines hardware components like the central processing unit, computer memory including primary and secondary storage, the evolution of computer hardware, the hierarchy of computer systems, and input/output technologies. It also discusses trends in hardware and strategic issues related to linking hardware design with business needs.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware components and concepts. It summarizes the central processing unit, computer memory including primary and secondary storage, input/output technologies, and trends in hardware evolution. The chapter outlines key hardware topics and learning objectives to understand the major components of computer systems and their design, functioning, and relationships between performance and technology.
This document discusses different types of secondary storage devices and their characteristics. It begins by explaining the limitations of primary storage and need for secondary storage. It then classifies commonly used secondary storage devices as sequential-access devices like magnetic tapes and random-access devices like magnetic disks. Specific device details covered include half-inch tape reels, tape cartridges, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, flash drives and memory cards. The document concludes by presenting the storage hierarchy from fastest and most expensive to slowest and least expensive storage.
This document provides information about different types of computer storage. It discusses primary storage, which includes processor registers, cache, RAM, and ROM. Secondary storage devices that are mentioned include floppy disks, zip disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs, tapes, and miniature mobile storages like SD cards. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to mount and dismount removable media. Offline storage refers to data not under the control of the processing unit. Primary storage is volatile and holds data temporarily, while secondary storage is non-volatile and retains data when power is off.
This document provides an overview of computer storage devices. It discusses primary storage such as RAM and ROM that temporarily hold data while the computer is on. Secondary storage devices like hard disks, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, and online cloud storage hold data permanently whether the computer is on or off. The document explains why different storage devices were developed as computer technology advanced and storage needs increased in terms of capacity, speed, portability and cost-effectiveness.
3D OPTICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY technical seminar 4B.pptxMallaAbhinaya
This document discusses optical storage and 3D optical data storage. It describes how optical storage works by using lasers to burn data into optical disks in a spiral track. 3D optical storage can store data in three dimensions rather than two, potentially storing much more data in the same physical space. Some challenges to commercializing 3D optical storage have been destructive reading processes and issues with media stability and sensitivity. The document outlines the basic components, processes, and form factors of 3D optical storage systems.
The document discusses computer hardware components and technologies. It covers the central processing unit, computer memory, the evolution of hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, the hierarchy of computer systems, input/output devices, and trends like improving cost-performance of chips and emerging technologies like sensor webs and nanotechnology. The objectives are to describe hardware components, memory types, hardware evolution, and strategic issues related to keeping up with advancing technologies.
Secondary storage devices store information even when a computer is powered off. Common secondary storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and optical disks. Magnetic tapes and disks are sequential access devices that read/write data in sequence, while hard disks and optical disks are direct access devices that allow random access to data. Secondary storage provides large storage capacity at lower costs than primary storage and is used to store programs and data.
Holographic optical data storage jyoti-225Charu Tyagi
Holographic Optical Data Storage (HODS) is a revolutionary data storage technology that uses holograms rather than bits to store large volumes of data. It works by using lasers and optical materials to record images as interference patterns in a photosensitive medium. This allows for massive storage capacities - a 1cm3 cube could store the equivalent of thousands of DVDs or hard drives. While researched since the 1960s, HODS is now gaining momentum as a solution to handle growing storage needs. It promises faster access and greater densities than existing magnetic and optical storage, positioning it to potentially replace those methods altogether in the future.
The document discusses different types of computer data storage technologies over generations. It describes how storage has evolved from vacuum tubes in the first generation to integrated circuits and microprocessors. It provides examples of permanent storage memories like hard drives, flash drives, CDs and defines magnetic disks used commonly in banking to store account information on magnetized mediums divided into tracks and sectors.
The document outlines a technology guide that discusses the major components of computer hardware, including the central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and trends in hardware technology. It provides learning objectives about identifying hardware components, describing how CPUs and memory work, differentiating storage types, and discussing strategic issues related to hardware design and business needs. General concepts, technologies, and trends in computer hardware are examined.
The document discusses the history and technology of hard disk drives (HDDs). It describes how HDDs store data using rapidly rotating magnetic disks and read/write heads. Key points covered include:
- HDDs were introduced in 1956 and have since increased enormously in capacity while decreasing dramatically in size, weight, and cost.
- HDDs use magnetic recording to store data as magnetic patterns on disks, with read/write heads detecting and modifying magnetism on spinning disks.
- Components include spinning disks, read/write heads on an arm, and motors to spin disks and position heads. Error correction allows higher storage densities.
There are two main types of storage devices: primary and secondary. Primary storage devices, like RAM and cache, are internal and hold data temporarily at high speeds. Secondary storage devices, like hard disk drives, USB drives, CDs, and memory cards, can be internal or external and store data permanently in large capacities. Common examples of primary storage devices are RAM, which temporarily stores frequently used data for high access speeds, and cache memory. Common examples of secondary storage devices are hard disk drives, which store data on spinning magnetic disks; USB drives, also known as flash drives or pen drives, which are portable solid-state memory storage; optical discs like CDs and DVDs, which use lasers to read and write data
The tape Industry began in 1952 and the disk Industry in 1956. In 1952, the world’s first
successful commercial tape drive was delivered, the IBM 726 with 12,500 bytes of capacity per
reel. In 1956 the world’s first disk drive was delivered by IBM, the Ramac 350 with 5 megabytes
of capacity. Though no one knew it at the time, two key and lasting events linking disk and tape
for the foreseeable future had just occurred
The document describes different types of storage devices including audio cassettes, video cassettes, hard disks, floppy disks, compact discs, and flash drives. It explains that audio and video cassettes use magnetic tape to store sound and video information. Hard disks use rapidly spinning magnetic disks to store data in a random-access manner. Floppy disks and compact discs are magnetic and optical storage media, while flash drives are small, removable electronic storage devices.
Hard disk & Optical disk (college group project)Vshal_Rai
- Hard disk drives (HDDs) are devices used for digital data storage. They consist of rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material. Magnetic heads write data to and read data from the disc surfaces.
- HDDs were first introduced in 1956 and have since decreased dramatically in size and cost, becoming standard in personal computers by the late 1980s. Capacities have also increased greatly, with modern HDDs capable of storing terabytes of data.
- Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data in the form of pits and lands on a reflective surface. They were invented in the late 1950s and early 1960s and are now commonly used to store music, video, and computer programs and data.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Data storage
1. Recent Advancements
in the Field of Data
Storage
C.Murugananadam MSc., MPhil.,
SET
Assistant Professor in Computer
Science
1
2. Data storage is the collective methods
and technologies that capture and
retain digital information on
electromagnetic, optical or silicon-
based storage media
Storage is a key component of digital
devices, as consumers and
businesses have come to rely on it to
preserve information ranging from
personal photos to business-critical
information
2
3. Storage is frequently used to
describe the devices and data
connected to the computer through
input/output (I/O) operations, including
hard disks, flash devices, tape
systems and other media types
3
4. Why data storage is important
Underscoring the importance of storage
is a steady climb in the generation of
new data, which is attributable to big
data and the profusion of internet of
things (IoT) devices.
Modern storage systems require
enhanced capabilities to allow
enterprises to apply machine learning-
enabled artificial intelligence (AI) to
capture this data, analyze it and wring
4
5. Larger application scripts and real-
time database analytics have
contributed to the advent of highly
dense and scalable storage systems,
including high-performance computing
storage, converged infrastructure,
composable storage systems, hyper-
converged storage infrastructure,
scale-out and scale-up network-
attached storage (NAS) and object
storage platforms
5
6. How data storage works
The term storage may refer both to
a user's data generally and, more
specifically, to the integrated
hardware and software systems
used to capture, manage and
prioritize the data.
This includes information in
applications, databases, data
warehouses, archiving, backup
appliances and cloud storage.
6
7. Digital information is written to target
storage media
The smallest unit of measure in a
computer memory is a bit, described
with a binary value of 0 or 1, according
to the level of electrical voltage
contained in a single capacitor.
Eight bits make up one byte.
7
9. Larger measures
kilobyte (KB) equal to 1,024 bytes
megabyte (MB) equal to 1,024 KB
gigabyte (GB) equal to 1,024 MB
terabyte (TB) equal to 1,024 GB
petabyte (PB) equal to 1,024 TB
exabyte (EB) equal to 1,024 PB
9
10. Few organizations require a single
storage system or connected system
that can reach an exabyte of data, but
there are storage systems that scale
to multiple petabytes.
10
11. Data storage capacity requirements
define how much storage is needed to
run an application, a set of applications
or data sets.
Capacity requirements take into account
the types of data. For instance, simple
documents may only require kilobytes of
capacity, while graphic-intensive files,
such as digital photographs, may take up
megabytes, and a video file can require
gigabytes of storage.
Computer applications commonly list the
minimum and recommended capacity
11
12. Types of data storage
devices/mediums
Data storage media have varying
levels of capacity and speed.
These include cache memory,
dynamic RAM (DRAM) or main
memory; magnetic tape and magnetic
disk; optical disc, such as CDs, DVDs
and Blu-ray disks; flash memory and
various iterations of in-memory
storage and cache memory
12
13. Along with main memory, computers
contain nonvolatile read-only memory
(ROM), meaning data cannot be
written to it.
13
14. The main types of storage media in use
today include hard disk drives (HDDs),
solid-state storage, optical storage and
tape. Spinning HDDs use platters
stacked on top of each other coated in
magnetic media with disk heads that
read and write data to the media.
HDDs are widely used storage in
personal computers, servers and
enterprise storage systems, but SSDs
are starting to reach performance and
price parity with disk.
14
16. SSDs store data on nonvolatile flash
memory chips. Unlike spinning disk
drives, SSDs have no moving parts.
They are increasingly found in all
types of computers, although they
remain more expensive than HDDs.
Although they haven't gone
mainstream yet, some manufacturers
are shipping storage devices that
combine a hybrid of RAM and flash.
16
18. Optical data storage is popular in
consumer products, such as computer
games and movies, and is also used
in high-capacity data archiving
systems.
18
20. Flash memory cards are integrated in
digital cameras and mobile devices,
such as smartphones, tablets, audio
recorders and media players.
Flash memory is found on Secure
Digital cards, CompactFlash cards,
MultiMediaCards and USB memory
sticks.
20
22. Enterprise storage networks and
server-side flash
Enterprise storage vendors provide
integrated NAS systems to help
organizations collect
The hardware includes storage arrays
or storage servers equipped with hard
drives, flash drives or a hybrid
combination, and storage OS software
to deliver array-based data services.
22
24. Since 2011, an increasing number of
enterprises have implemented all-flash
arrays outfitted only with NAND flash-
based SSDs, either as an adjunct or
replacement to disk arrays.
24
26. Data storage is a must for everyone, as
technology has evolved
Computers have allowed for increasingly
capacious and efficient data storage
Which in turn has allowed increasingly
sophisticated ways to use it
26
27. These include a variety of business
applications, each with unique storage
demands
The storage used for long-term data
archiving, in which the data will be very
infrequently accessed, might be different
from the storage used for backup and
restore or disaster recovery, in which
data needs to be frequently accessed or
change
27
28. None of these new data storage
technologies would be possible
however, without a century of steady
scientific and engineering progress
From the invention of the magnetic
tape in 1928 all the way to the use of
cloud today, advanced data storage
has come a long way
28
29. 1928 Magnetic Tape
Fritz Pfleumer, a German engineer,
patented magnetic tape in 1928
He based his invention off Vlademar
Poulsen’s magnetic wire
29
30. 1932 Magnetic Drum
G. Taushek, an Austrian innovator,
invented the magnetic drum in 1932
He based his invention off a discovery
credited to Fritz Pfleumer
30
31. 1946 Williams Tube
Professor Fredrick C. Williams and his
colleagues developed the first random
access computer memory at the
University of Manchester located in
the United Kingdom.
He used a series of electrostatic
cathode-ray tubes for digital storage. A
storage of 1024 bits of information
was successfully implemented in
1948.
31
32. Selectron Tube
In 1948
The Radio Corporation of America
(RCA) developed the Selectron tube,
an early form of computer memory,
which resembled the Williams-Kilburn
design
32
33. 1949 Delay Line Memory
The delay line memory consists of
imparting an information pattern into a
delay path
A closed loop forms to allow for the
recirculation of information if the end
of the delay path connects to the
beginning through amplifying and time
circuits
A delay line memory functions similar
to inputting a repeating telephone
number from the directory until an
individual dials the number 33
34. 1950
Magnetic Core
A magnetic core memory, also known
as a ferrite-core memory, uses small
magnetic rings made of ceramic to
store information from the polarity to
the magnetic field it contains
34
35. 1956 Hard Disk
A hard disk implements rotating
platters, which stores and retrieves
bits of digital information from a flat
magnetic surface
35
36. 1963 Music Tape
Philips introduced the compact audio
cassette in 1963
Philips originally intended to use the
audio cassette for dictation machines
however, it became a popular method
for distributing prerecorded music
In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped
transformed the use of the audio
cassette tape, which became widely
used and popular
36
37. 1963 Music Tape
Philips introduced the compact audio
cassette in 1963
Philips originally intended to use the
audio cassette for dictation machines;
however, it became a popular method
for distributing prerecorded music
In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped
transformed the use of the audio
cassette tape, which became widely
used and popular
37
38. 1966 DRAM (PDF)
In 1966, Robert H. Dennard invented
DRAM cells
Random Access Memory technology
(DRAM) or memory cells that
contained one transistor
DRAM cells store bits of information
as an electrical charge in a circuit
DRAM cells increased overall memory
density
38
39. 1968 Twistor Memory
Bell Labs developed Twistor memory
by wrapping magnetic tape around a
wire that conducts electrical current.
Bell Labs used Twistor tape between
1968 the mid-1970s before it was
totally replaced by RAM chips
39
40. 1970 Bubble Memory
In 1970, Andrew Bobeck invented the
Bubble Memory, a thin magnetic film
used to store one bit of data in small
magnetized areas that look like
bubbles
The development of the Twistor
memory enabled him to create Bubble
Memory
40
41. 1971 8″ Floppy
IBM started its development of an
inexpensive system geared towards
loading microcode into the
System/370 mainframes
As a result, the 8-inch floppy
emerged
A floppy disk, a portable storage
device made of magnetic film encased
in plastic, made it easier and faster to
store data 41
42. 1975 5.25″ Floppy
Allan Shugart developed a the 5.25-
inch floppy disk in 1976
Shugart developed a smaller floppy
disk, because the 8-inch floppy was
too large for standard desktop
computers
The 5.25-inch floppy disk had a
storage capacity of 110 kilobytes
The 5.25-inch floppy disks were a
cheaper and faster alternative to its
predecessor 42
43. 1980 CD
During the 1960s, James T. Russel
thought of using light to record and
replay music. As a result, he invented
the optical digital television recording
and playback television in 1970;
however, nobody took to his invention
In 1975, Philips representatives
visited Russel at his lab. They paid
Russel millions for him to develop the
compact disc (CD). In 1980, Russel
completed the project and presented it
to Sony 43
44. 1981 3.5″ Floppy
The 3.5-inch floppy disk had
significant advantages over its
predecessors
It had a rigid metal cover that made it
harder to damage the magnetic film
inside
44
45. 1984 CD Rom
The CD-ROM, also known as the
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory,
used the same physical format as the
audio compact disks to store digital
data.
The CD-ROM encodes tiny pits of
digital data into the lower surface of
the plastic disc, which allowed for
larger amounts of data to be stored
45
46. 1987 DAT
In 1987, Sony introduced the Digital
Audio Tape (DAT), a signal recording
and playback machine
It resembled the audio cassette tape
on the surface with a 4 millimeter
magnetic tape enclosed into a
protective shell
46
47. 1989 DDS
In 1989, Sony and Hewlett Packard
introduced the Digital Data Storage
(DDS) format to store and back up
computer data on magnetic tape
The Digital Data Storage (DDS)
format evolved from Digital Audio Tape
(DAT) technology
47
48. 1990 MOD (PDF)
The Magneto-Optical disc emerged
onto the information technology field in
1990
This optical disc format used a
combination of optical and magnetic
technologies to store and retrieve
digital data
A special magneto-optical drive is
necessary to retrieve the data stored
on these 3.5 to 5.25-inch discs
48
49. 1992 MiniDisc
The MiniDisc stored any kind of digital
data; however, it was predominately
used for audio
Sony introduced MiniDisc technology
in 1991
In 1992, Philip’s introduced the Digital
Compact Cassette System (DCC)
MiniDisc was intended to replace the
audio cassette tape before it
eventually phased out in 1996
49
50. 1993 DLT (PDF)
The Digital Equipment Corporation
invented the Digital Linear Tape (DLT)
It is an alternative to the magnetic
tape technology used for computer
storage
50
51. 1994 Compact Flash
Compact Flash (CF), also known as
“flash drives,” used flash memory in
an enclosed disc to save digital data
CF devices are used in digital
cameras and computers to store
digital information
51
52. Zip
The Zip drive became commonly used
in 1994 to store digital files
It was a removable disk storage
system introduced by Iomega
52
53. 1995 DVD
DVD became the next generation of
digital disc storage
DVD, a bigger and faster alternative to
the compact disc, serves to store
multimedia data
SmartMedia
Toshiba launched the SmartMedia, a
flash memory card, in the summer of
1995 to compete with MiniCard and
SanDisk
53
54. Phasewriter Dual
The Phasewriter Dual (PD) was the
first device that used phase-change
technology to store digital data
Panasonic introduced the Phasewriter
Dual device in 1995
It was replaced by the CD-ROM and
DVD
54
55. CD-RW
The Compact Disc Rewritable disc,
a rewritable version of the CD-ROM,
allows users to record digital data over
previous datas
55
56. 1997 Multimedia Card
The Multimedia Card (MMC) uses a
flash memory card standard to house
digital data
It was introduced by Siemen’s and
SanDisk in 1997
56
57. 1999 Microdrive
A USB Flash Drive uses a NAND-type
flash memory to store digital data
A USB Flash Drive plugs into the USP
interface on standard computers
57
58. 2000
SD Card
The Secure Digital (SD) flash memory
format incorporates DRM encryption
features that allow for faster file
transfers
Standard SD cards measure 32
millimeters by 32 millimeters by 2.1
millimeters
A typical SD card stores digital media58
59. 2003 Blu Ray (PDF)
Blu-Ray is the next generation of
optical disc format used to store high
definition video (HD) and high density
storage
Blu-Ray received its name for the blue
laser that allows it to store more data
than a standard DVD
Its competitor is HD-DVD
xD-Picture Card
Olympus and Fujifilm introduced the
xD-Picture Card in 2002, which are
59
60. 2004 WMV-HD
The Windows Media High Definition
Video (WMV-HD) references high
definition videos encoded with
Microsoft Media Video nine codecs.
WMV-D is compatible for computer
systems running Windows Vista,
Microsoft Windows XP. In addition,
WMV-D is compatible with Xbox-360
and Sony’s PlayStation 3.
HD-DVD
High-Density Digital Versatile Disc
(HD-DVD), a digital optical media
60
61. Holographic (PDF)
The future of computer memory
resides in holographic technology.
Holographic memory can store digital
data at high density inside crystals
and photo-polymers.
The advantage of holographic memory
lies in its ability to store a volume of
recording media, instead of just on the
surface of discs. In addition, it enables
a 3D aspect that allows a
phenomenon known as Bragg volume
to occur. 61
62. TODAY
Cloud Data Storage
Improvements in internet bandwidth
and the falling cost of storage capacity
means it’s frequently more economical
for business and individuals to
outsource their data storage to the
cloud, rather than buying, maintaining
and replacing their own hardware
Cloud offers near-infinite scalability,
and the anywhere/everywhere data
access that users increasingly expect 62
63. Data storage technology has
transformed completely since the
initial models from the 1920s
Today, the cloud is not just making
data storage easier and more
convenient
it’s providing a platform for the
businesses and services building the
next era of computing
keeping business-critical data
backed up and available for recovery
anytime, anywhere
63
68. Current and Future Trends in
DBMS
New applications yield new techniques
New techniques yield new applications
Some “new” applications:
◦ Data warehousing
◦ On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
◦ Data mining
◦ Distributed data
◦ Heterogeneous data and data integration
◦ Scientific/sequential/ordered data
◦ Partial or approximate query answers
68
69. Current and Future Trends in DBMS
(cont.)
◦ Active DBs: rule management (ICs and
triggers)
◦ Real-time DBMS
◦ Web-based DBMS
◦ XML and semi-structured data
◦ Spatial and high-dimensional data (lots of
columns)
◦ Special-purpose DBMSs
◦ Digital Libraries
◦ Geographic Information Systems
◦ etc…..
69
70. Current and Future Trends in
DBMS
(cont.) Some “new” techniques:
◦ New kinds of indices
◦ Improved B Trees
◦ Faster aggregation algorithms
◦ New QP algorithms
◦ Better optimization techniques
◦ Data broadcasting
◦ Generic data models
◦ Faster sorting algorithms
◦ New query languages
◦ Deductive DBMSs 70
71. Current and Future Issues
(cont.)
◦ Object databases
◦ New algebras
◦ Query cost estimation
◦ New locking and commit protocols
◦ Main-memory databases
◦ CC/R techniques for non-relational
settings
◦ DBMS interfaces, visualization tools
◦ DBMS development tools
◦ etc….
Lots of opportunities for research and71