This document discusses data models and database design. It defines the key stages of database design as conceptual data modeling, logical schema construction, and physical database design. The document describes conceptual modeling techniques like entity relationship diagrams and normalization. It defines entities, attributes, and relationships. Different relationship types like one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many are described. The document provides examples of entities, attributes, and relationships in an entity relationship diagram.

1. Data Models

2. Objectives:
 List and describe the stages in database design and identify the
people involved at each stage
 Distinguish between data models and data modelling
techniques.
 List types of data modelling techniques and their elements
 Identify relationship between entities
 Define normalization and why it is used.
 Convert un-normalized data to its third normal form.
 Explain how to achieve functional dependence between entities
 Discuss the anomalies which exists with un-normalized data

3. Question
Why is it important
to make a sketch of
the database
structure?

4. Database Design
 Database Design – the process of identifying and analyzing
the user requirements and converting these requirements to
database structure to represent the real world activities and
objects.
 User – define the content of the database
 Database Designer – define the structure of the database.
 Programmers – develop the software applications to satisfy
the requirements of the users.

5. Stages of Database Design
 Conceptual Data Modelling
 Logical Schema Construction
 Physical Database Design
BIG PROJECTS SMALL PROJECTS
Conceptual Data
Modeling
Logical Schema
Construction
Physical Database
Design
Conceptual Data
Modeling
Logical Schema
Construction
Physical Database
Design

6. Conceptual Design
 Includes objects of interest to the organization

7. Logical Design
 Designing the database structure based on the data
provided by the conceptual model

8. Physical Design
 The actual structure created inside the computer
Student
Table
Attenda
nce
Table
Mark
Table

9. Conceptual Modelling
 Data modelling techniques are used in database design to
analyze data.
 Database model is a method of conceptualizing or thinking
about the structure of the data.
 In analyzing the elements, the following data modelling
techniques are used.
 Entity Relational Diagram (ERD)
 Normalization
 Functional Dependency Diagram

10. CONCEPTUAL DATA
 The output of the analysis are called Conceptual Data. The
conceptual model is often stated in terms of:
 Entities – is an object about which the information is
collected.
 Entity Type – classification of the entity (Person, Place,
Thing, or Event)
 Attributes – are used to describe the entity.
 Relationship – described how entities are connected or
related.
 Entity occurrence – an instance of an entity (set of
values)
 Domain- the set of all possible values.

11. Entity Relation Diagram (ERD)
 Shows the entities and the relationship which exists
between them.

12. Entities
 Entity – item or object which the organization requires
information to be kept.
 Entity occurrence – a specific example of an entity.
 Symbol: Rectangle
 Example:
ENTITY ENTITY OCCURENCE
Students Zahra
Wafaa
Module Computer Applications
Introduction to Tourism and Hospitaliy
Department Information Technology
Tourism and Hospitality Management
STUDENT

13. Attributes
 Attributes – properties that describe the entities.
 Symbol: Oval
 Example:
Student ID Name Address Phone
15F100 Abdullah Al
Abri
Muscat 95634223
15F101 Zuwaina Al
Hashmi
Salalah 96453345
STUDENT
Student
ID
Name Address
Phone

14. Relationship
 Relationship are association between entity instances.
 There are Three types of relationships:
 one-to-one,
 one-to-many, many-to-one
 many-to-many.

15. Relationships
STUDENT
CourseCOURSE
Register

16. One-to-one Relationship (1:1)
 In a one-to-one relationship an entity in A is associated with
one and only one entity in B.
 A relationship between a Person and his a passport is a 1:1
relationship.
has
PERSON PASSPORT
GET
1 1

17. Enrollment
Is-Enrolled
Many-to-one Relationship
(M:1)
An entity A is associated with at most one
entity in B. An entity in B , however, can be
associated with any number of entities in A.
The relationship between Student and Faculty
is M:1
STUDENT FACULTY
M 1

18. Many-to-many Relationship (M:M)
 An entity in A is associated with many entities in B, and an entity in B is
associated with many entities in A.
LECTURER STUDENT1:M
Teach
M M

19. Data types
 Text Field
 Numeric Field
 Date & Time Field
 Memo Field
 Hyper Link
 Object Field
 Logical Field

20. - Creating a Database
- Create Tables (name, rename, close, open &
delete)
- Switching a views
- Adding & deleting fields in a Table
- Changing the different field properties in a
Table
- Building a Relationship between tables
- Inserting Records in a table
- Working with Queries
- Creating a Form
- Creating a Report