● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Difference between File system And DBMS.pptxShayanMujahid2
In this presentation the difference between the file system and database management, and why databases are preferable. Not only is a database more reliable and secure than a file system, but it also allows you to modify the data easily.
Chapter 3 Classes and Objects 3
2.1 The Nature of Objects 4
2.2 Relationships among Object 7
2.3 The Nature of Classes 10
2.4 Relationships among Classes 11
2.5 Interplay of Classes and Objects 14
2.6 Identifying Classes and Objects 15
2.7 Importance of Proper Classification 18
2.8 Key abstractions and Mechanism 19
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Difference between File system And DBMS.pptxShayanMujahid2
In this presentation the difference between the file system and database management, and why databases are preferable. Not only is a database more reliable and secure than a file system, but it also allows you to modify the data easily.
Chapter 3 Classes and Objects 3
2.1 The Nature of Objects 4
2.2 Relationships among Object 7
2.3 The Nature of Classes 10
2.4 Relationships among Classes 11
2.5 Interplay of Classes and Objects 14
2.6 Identifying Classes and Objects 15
2.7 Importance of Proper Classification 18
2.8 Key abstractions and Mechanism 19
A database model refers to the structure of a database and determines how the data within the database can be organized and manipulated. Let’s explore some common types of database models:
Relational Model: The most popular example, the relational model, organizes data into tables (also known as relations). Each table contains rows representing records and columns representing attributes. Relationships between tables are established using keys.
Hierarchical Model: Developed by IBM for IMS (Information Management System), this model arranges data in a tree-like structure. Each record is a tree node, and relationships follow a one-to-many pattern. It’s predictable and efficient for data access.
Network Model: This model allows many-to-many relationships between records. It’s more flexible than the hierarchical model but less common.
Entity–Relationship Model (ER Model): It represents entities, their attributes, and the relationships between them. ER diagrams visually depict these components.
Object Model: Used in object-oriented databases, it treats data as objects with properties and methods. It’s suitable for complex data structures.
Document Model: Commonly used in NoSQL databases, it stores data as documents (e.g., JSON or XML). Each document can have varying attributes.
Entity–Attribute–Value (EAV) Model: A flexible model where data is stored in a sparse matrix. It’s useful for handling dynamic attributes.
Star Schema: Primarily used in data warehousing, it simplifies complex data structures into a central fact table connected to dimension tables.
I am heartily thankful to our respected director sir for giving me such a great opportunity to giving this presentation.
I am also thankful to our respect Teachers for helping me in making of this presentation.
Student POST Database processing models showcase the logical s.docxorlandov3
Student POST:
Database processing models showcase the logical structure of a database. The most commonly used model is the Relational database model that sorts the data in a table that consist of rows and columns. The column holds the attributes of the entity and rows hold the data of a particular instance of the entities. The major advantage of the Relational model is that it is in the table form and hence easier for users to understand, manage and work with the data. And, with the primary key and foreign key concepts, the data can be uniquely identified, stored in different entities and retrieved effectively with the relationships. The other advantage is that with the relational model, SQL language can be used to work with the data which is simple to understand and most widely used. The disadvantage of relational model could be the financial cost that is higher in comparison as the specific software needs to be in place and the regular maintenance needs to be performed that requires highly skilled manpower. And, the complexity of the database can be further increased when the volume of the data keep in increasing. Also, there is the limitation in the length of fields stored as different data types in relational model (Joseph & Paul, 2009).
The other processing model is the Object-oriented model that depicts database as the collection of objects. The advantage of this model is that it is compatible to work with complex data sets with the use of Object IDs and object-oriented programming. It’s disadvantage is that object databases are not commonly used and the complexity can hamper the performance of database. The other type of database model is the Entity-Relationship model which is mostly used for the conceptual design of database. It pictures the entities, several attributes that falls within the domain of that entity and the cardinality of relationship between them. It’s advantage is that the E-R diagram is easily understandable by the users at the first glance and thus can effectively work with the data in no time and can point out the discrepancies in the data. The other advantage is that it can be easily converted to other models if required by the business. The disadvantage of Entity-Relationship is that the industry standard notations for the diagram is not defined and thus can create confusion to the users. This model is only suitable for high-level database design (S.J.D.,2020).
2Nd Student POST :
Database models or commonly referred to as schemas help represent the structure of a database and its format which is run by a DBMS. Database model uses vary depending on user specifications.
Types of database models
1.
Network model
This network model uses a structure similar to that of a hierarchical model. The model permits multiple parents, which is a tree-like structure model. This model emphasizes two basic concepts; records and sets. Records hold file hierarchy and sets define the many-to-many relationship .
database management system - overview of entire dbmsvikramkagitapu
What is DBMS? Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store, retrieve, and run queries on data. A DBMS serves as an interface between an end-user and a database, allowing users to create, read, update, and delete data in the databas
Dbms Notes Lecture 3 : Types of database usersBIT Durg
Types of database users, database administrator, duties of dba, System structure and its components, data dictionary, meta data, DML compiler, DDL Interpreter
Dbms Notes Lecture 2 : Levels of Data AbstractionBIT Durg
Data Abstraction, levels of data abstraction, ANSI/ SPARC 3 level architecture, Schema and instance, Data Independence, physical data independence, logical data independence
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Data Models
•A data model is collection of tools for
describing
a)data
b)data relationships
c)data semantics
d)data constraints
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
3. Types of Data Models
•There are basically two types of data models
a)Record based Data Models.
b)Object based Data Models.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
4. Record based Data Models
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
• In Record-based models, the database is organized in
fixed-format records of several types.
• A fixed number of fields, or attributes, are defined in
each record type, and each field is usually of a fixed
length.
• The three most popular record-based data models are
1. Hierarchical Data Model
2. Network Data Model
3. Relational Data Model
5. Hierarchical Data Model
• In the hierarchical model, data are represented by collections of
records.
• Relationships among data are represented by links.
• In this model Tree data structure is used.
• There are two concepts associated with the hierarchical model –
segment types and parent-child relationships.
• Segment type is similar to the record types in the network models.
• The information retrieved only by navigating from the root segment
type to the nodes segment types. Thus you can access a segment
type only via its parent segment type in the parent-child relationship.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
8. Advantages of Hierarchical Data Model
1. Simplicity
2. Data Security
3. Data Integrity
4. Efficiency
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
9. Disadvantages of Hierarchical Data Model
1. Implementation Complexity
2. Database management problems
3. Lack of structural independence
4. Programming complexity
5. Implementation limitation
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
10. Network Data Model
1. The Database Task Group of the conference on Data
System Languages (DBTG/ CODASYL) formalized the
network data model in the late 1960s.
2. The network data model is similar to a hierarchical
model except that a record can have multiple
parents.
3. The network data model has three basic
components such as record type, data items (or
fields) and links.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
11. Network Data Model
1. In network model, a relationship is called a set in which
each set is composed of at least two record types.
1. Owner record that is equivalent to the parent in the hierarchical
model.
2. Member record that is equivalent to child in the hierarchical
model.
2. The connection between an owner and its member records
is identified by a link to which database designers assign a
set-name.
3. This set-name is used to retrieve and manipulate data.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
13. Network Data Model
1. In the network model, data are represented by
collections of records.
2. Relationships among data are represented by
links.
3. In this model Graph data structure is used.
4. A network model permits a record to have
more than one parent.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
15. Advantages of Network Data Model
1. Simplicity
2. Ability to handle more relationship types
3. Ease of data access
4. Data Integrity
5. Data Independence
6. Database Standards
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
16. Disadvantages of Network Data Model
1. System Complexity
2. Lack of structural independence
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
17. Relational Data Model
1. The relational model was discovered by Dr. E. F.
Codd.
2. The relational model uses tables to represent the
data and the relationships among those data.
3. Each table has multiple columns, and each column is
identified by a unique name.
4. It is a low level model.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
19. Advantages of Relational Data Model
1. Structural Independence
2. Simplicity
3. Ease of designing, implementation, maintenance, and usage
4. Adhoc query capability
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
20. Disadvantages of Relational Data Model
1. Hardware Overheads
2. Ease of design can result in bad design
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
21. Difference between hierarchical, network and
relational data models
SNO Hierarchical Network Relational
1 Relationship between records is
of parent child type.
Relationship between records is
expressed in the form of
pointers or links.
Relationship between record is
represented by a relation that
contains a key for each record
involved in the relations.
2 Many-to-many relationship
cannot be expressed in this
model.
Many-to-many relationship can
also be implemented.
Many-to-many relationship can
be easily implemented.
3 It is a simple, straightforward
and natural method of
implementing record
relationships.
Record relationship
implementation is quite
complex due to the use of
pointers.
Relationship implementation is
very easy though the use of a
key or composite key field(s).
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
22. Difference between hierarchical, network and
relational data models
SNO Hierarchical Network Relational
4 This type of model is useful only
when there is some hierarchical
character in the database.
Network model is useful for
representing such records which
have many-to-many
relationships.
Relational model is useful for
representing most of the real
world objects and relationships
among them.
5 In order to represent links
among records, pointers are
used. Thus relationships among
records are physical.
In Network model also the
relationship among records are
physical.
Relational model does not
maintain physical connection
among records. Data is
organized logically in the form
of rows and columns and stored
in table.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
23. Difference between hierarchical, network and
relational data models
SNO Hierarchical Network Relational
6 Searching for a record is very
difficult since one can retrieve a
child only after going though its
parent record.
Searching a record is easy since
there are multiple access paths
to a data element.
A unique, indexed key field is
used to search for a data
element.
7 During updation or deletion
process, chance of data
inconsistency is involved.
No problem of inconsistency
exists in network model because
a data element is physically
located at just one place.
Data integrity maintaining
methods like Normalization
process, etc. are adopted for
consistency.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
24. Object Based Data Models
•In Object-based models, the database is organized in
real world objects of several types. A number of
fields, or attributes, are defined in each object type,
and each field is usually of a variable length.
•The two most popular object-based data models are
a) E R Model (Entity Relationship Model)
b) Object oriented model
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
25. ER Model (Entity Relationship Model)
• The entity-relationship model is based on a perception of the world
as consisting of a collection of basic objects (entities) and
relationships among these objects.
• It was discovered by Peter Chen in 1976.
• It is a high-level data model.
• An entity is a distinguishable object that exists.
• Each entity has associated with it a set of attributes describing it.
• A relationship is an association among several entities.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
26. ER Model (Entity Relationship Model)
• The set of all entities or relationships of the same type is called the
entity set or relationship set.
• Another essential element is the E-R diagram in which the mapping
cardinalities express the number of entities to which another entity
can be associated via a relationship set.
• The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed
graphically by an E-R diagram:
a) Rectangles : represent entity sets.
b) Ellipses : represent attributes.
c) Diamonds : represent relationships among entity sets.
d) Lines : link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationships.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
27. ER Model (Entity Relationship Model)
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
28. Advantages of ER Model
1. Straightforward relational representation
2. Easy conversion for ER to other data model
3. Graphical representation for better understanding
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
29. Disadvantages of ER Model
1. No industry standard for notation
2. Popular for high-level design
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
30. Object Oriented Data Model
• The object-oriented model is based on a collection of objects, like the E-R
model.
• An object contains values stored in instance variables within the object.
• Unlike the record-oriented models, these values are themselves objects.
• Thus objects contain objects to an arbitrarily deep level of nesting.
• An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These
bodies of code are called methods.
• Objects that contain the same types of values and the same methods are
grouped into classes.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
31. Object Oriented Data Model
• A class may be viewed as a type definition for objects.
• The only way in which one object can access the data of another object is
by invoking the method of that other object. This is called sending a
message to the object.
• Internal parts of the object, the instance variables and method code, are
not visible externally.
• Result is two levels of data abstraction.
• Unlike entities in the E-R model, each object has its own unique identity,
independent of the values it contains:
1. Two objects containing the same values are distinct.
2. Distinction is maintained in physical level by assigning distinct object identifiers.
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
34. Advantages of OO Model
1. Capable of handling a large variety of data types.
2. Combining object-oriented programming with
database technology
3. Improved productivity
4. Improved data access
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
35. Disadvantages of OO Model
1. No precise definition
2. Difficult to maintain
3. Not suited for all applications
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
36. University Questions
• What are data models?
• Describe different types of data models.
• Enumerate the different types of data models existing for structured
data storage.
• What are the various types of data model? Explain in brief.
• What is the difference between hierarchical, network and relational
data model?
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG
37. For Video lecture on this topic please subscribe to my youtube channel.
The link for my youtube channel is
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRWGtE76JlTp1iim6aOTRuw?sub
_confirmation=1
Dinesh Kumar Bhawnani, BIT DURG