The document discusses several data models including flat file, hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-based models. It provides details on the flat file model, describing it as a single two-dimensional array containing data elements in columns and related elements in rows. The object-relational model combines relational and object-oriented features, allowing integration of databases with object-oriented data types and methods. The document also discusses the entity-relationship model, which is an object-based logical model that uses entities, attributes, and relationships to flexibly structure data and specify constraints.
Data modeling is a process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations.
Data modeling is a process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations.
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
Dbms classification according to data modelsABDUL KHALIQ
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DATA MODELS
Hierarchal Model
In a hierarchical data model, data are organized into a tree-like structure.
Network Model
based on an enlargement of the concept of hierarchical data bases.
Relational Model
Data are stored in tables
Object Oriented model
Object oriented data base systems are the most recent development in data base technology.
Introduction
Definations
Advantages and Disadvantages
PowerPoint Presentation
PowerPoint Presentation for free
This Presentation would make you understand the Fundamentals of Database Design, Data Models (Conceptual, Logical & Physical), ERD, ERM. Also, have real-life examples and case study to understand better.
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
This presentation contains the concepts related to database design using ER Diagram. The content is adapted from the contents of the authors of the book mentioned in the reference.
Dbms classification according to data modelsABDUL KHALIQ
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DATA MODELS
Hierarchal Model
In a hierarchical data model, data are organized into a tree-like structure.
Network Model
based on an enlargement of the concept of hierarchical data bases.
Relational Model
Data are stored in tables
Object Oriented model
Object oriented data base systems are the most recent development in data base technology.
Introduction
Definations
Advantages and Disadvantages
PowerPoint Presentation
PowerPoint Presentation for free
This Presentation would make you understand the Fundamentals of Database Design, Data Models (Conceptual, Logical & Physical), ERD, ERM. Also, have real-life examples and case study to understand better.
Innovation is dangerous when it is approached as a buzz. It is important to understand how it can save your company. It can also kill your company if not managed correctly
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Student POST Database processing models showcase the logical s.docxorlandov3
Student POST:
Database processing models showcase the logical structure of a database. The most commonly used model is the Relational database model that sorts the data in a table that consist of rows and columns. The column holds the attributes of the entity and rows hold the data of a particular instance of the entities. The major advantage of the Relational model is that it is in the table form and hence easier for users to understand, manage and work with the data. And, with the primary key and foreign key concepts, the data can be uniquely identified, stored in different entities and retrieved effectively with the relationships. The other advantage is that with the relational model, SQL language can be used to work with the data which is simple to understand and most widely used. The disadvantage of relational model could be the financial cost that is higher in comparison as the specific software needs to be in place and the regular maintenance needs to be performed that requires highly skilled manpower. And, the complexity of the database can be further increased when the volume of the data keep in increasing. Also, there is the limitation in the length of fields stored as different data types in relational model (Joseph & Paul, 2009).
The other processing model is the Object-oriented model that depicts database as the collection of objects. The advantage of this model is that it is compatible to work with complex data sets with the use of Object IDs and object-oriented programming. It’s disadvantage is that object databases are not commonly used and the complexity can hamper the performance of database. The other type of database model is the Entity-Relationship model which is mostly used for the conceptual design of database. It pictures the entities, several attributes that falls within the domain of that entity and the cardinality of relationship between them. It’s advantage is that the E-R diagram is easily understandable by the users at the first glance and thus can effectively work with the data in no time and can point out the discrepancies in the data. The other advantage is that it can be easily converted to other models if required by the business. The disadvantage of Entity-Relationship is that the industry standard notations for the diagram is not defined and thus can create confusion to the users. This model is only suitable for high-level database design (S.J.D.,2020).
2Nd Student POST :
Database models or commonly referred to as schemas help represent the structure of a database and its format which is run by a DBMS. Database model uses vary depending on user specifications.
Types of database models
1.
Network model
This network model uses a structure similar to that of a hierarchical model. The model permits multiple parents, which is a tree-like structure model. This model emphasizes two basic concepts; records and sets. Records hold file hierarchy and sets define the many-to-many relationship .
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Data models
1. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 1
DATA MODELS
Data Model:
“ An integrated collection of concepts for describing and manipulating data,
Relationships between data,and constraints on the data in an organization.”
A database model is a theory or specification describing how a database is structured and used.
Several such models have been suggested.A data model is not just a way of structuring data: it
also defines a set of operations that can be performed on the data.Some common models
includes:
Flat File Model
Hierarchal Model
Network Model
Relational Model
Object Relational Model
Object based model(Entity Relationship)
Flat File Model:
The flat (or table) model consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements, where all
members of a given column are assumed to be similar values, and all members of a row are
assumed to be related to one another. For instance, columns for name and password that might be
used as a part of a system security database. Each row would have the specific password
associated with an individual user. Columns of the table often have a type associated with them,
defining them as character data, date or time information, integers, or floating
How It Works
To make a flat file data model functional, all relevant information about a record needs to be
stored in the same file. In a CSV sheet, for example, no application-specific formats apply to the
data contained within the file; only a comma denotes the end of one field in a record. Each
record is written on a line in the file, allowing all data for a single record to be stored separately
from other records.
2. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 2
Such databases can quickly become very large and difficult to manage because of the simple way
they are organized. Many modern data models use connected tables to organize groups of related
data. This makes such information easier to locate and more flexible to work with/
Flat File Data Model
At File Data Model Contains A Single Structure, Two-Dimensional Array
of Data Elements Representing One Specific Business Area.
All The Members of A Given Column in The Two-Dimensional Array Are Assumed To
Contain Similar Values of Same Data type
All Members of A Row Are Assumed To Be Related To One Another As Per The
Business Requirements.
Advantages
Flat File Database is Simple To Develop And Easy To Implement
Can Be Considered For Small Databases With Small Business Units
We Can Avail The Locking Facilities Provided By The Operating System Locking
Concepts
Dis-Advantages
Cannot Control The Data Redundancy
Transactional Management Can Be A Big Head-Ache
Concurrency Management Can Be A Big Bottle Neck As The Number of Clients
Increase
Flat File Database is A Big Botheration For Storage As it can Be Stored And Operated
From Only One Location
Flat File Databases Are Very Critical To Recover When Corrupted.
11/8/2012
3. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 3
Object Relational Model:
The objectrelational model isdesignedtoprovide arelational databasemanagementthatallows
developerstointegrate databaseswiththeir datatype andmethods.Itisessentiallyarelationalmodel
that allowsuserstointegrate object-orientedfeaturesintoit.
Functions:
The main function of the object relational model is to combine the convenience of the
relational model with the object model.The benefit of this combination range from scalability to
sup port for rich data type.
The primary function of this model is to more
power,greater flexibility,better performance and greater
data integrity than those that comes before it.The object
relationsl model allow the users to define data
type,function and also operators.As a direct result of this
functionality and performance of this model are
optimized.It can be said that obeject relational model is
an evolutionary technology this approach has taken on
the roubust trabsuction and performance management
aspect of its predeccesser.
Advantages:
Some of the benefits that are offered by the object relational model include:
Extensibility: Users are able to extended the capability of the database .
Complex Types: It allow users to define new data type that combine one or more of the
current existing data types.
Inheritance: Users able to define object or type and table that procur the properties of
other object as well as new properties that are specific to the oject that has been defined.
The object relational database management system(ORDMS) these system provide an addition
of new and extensive object storage,capability to the relational model and the centre of the more
modern information system of today.
Object-Relational Data Models Add New Object Storage Capabilities To The Relational
Systems At The Core of Modern Information Systems.
The Object-Relational Data Models Provide New Facilities To Integrate Traditional
Business Data With Complex Objects Such As Time-Series And Geospatial Data.
The Object Relational Data Models Provide Features Like
o Type Constructor For Objects And Object Types
o Object Identity And References
o Collection Type Constructors For Nested Tables And Complex Objects
4. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 4
o Reference Type Constructor
o Methods For Object Types
o Object Tables
(Object relational model)
Object-based Model:
“Object based data model use concepts such as entities,attributes and relationships.”
Object-based logical models:
Describe data at the conceptual and view levels.
o Provide fairly flexible structuring capabilities.
o Allow one to specify data constraints explicitly.
o Over 30 such models, including:
Entity-relationship model.
Object-oriented model.
Binary model.
Semantic data.
Entity-RelationshipModel
The Entity-Relationship (ER) model, a high-level data model that is useful in developing a
conceptual design for a database. In 1976, Chen developed the Entity-Relationship (ER)
model, a high-level data model that is useful in developing a conceptual design for a database.
5. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 5
Creation of an ER diagram, which is one of the first steps in designing a database, helps the
designer(s) to understand and to specify the desired components of the database and the
relationships among those components. An ER model is a diagram containing entities or "items",
relationships among them, and attributes of the entities and the relationships.
Entity
An entity is a real-world item or concept that exists on its own. The set of all possible values for
an entity is the entity type.
. In our example, a particular student , team, lab section, or experiment is an entity. The set of all
possible values for an entity, such as all possible students, is the entity type. In an ER model, we
diagram an entity type as a rectangle containing the type name, such as student.
Attribute
An attribute of an entity is a particular property that describes the entity. The set of all possible
values of an attribute is the attribute domain.
Each entity has attributes, or particular properties that describe the entity. For example, students
has properties of his own Student Identification number, name, and grade. A particular value of
an attribute, such as 93 for the grade, is a value of the attribute. Most of the data in a database
consists of values of attributes. The set of all possible values of an attribute, such as integers
from 0 to 100 for a grade, is the attribute domain.
A simple attribute is one component that is atomic. A composite attribute has multiple
components, each of which is atomic or composite.
.
6. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 6
Relationship
A relationship type is a set of associations among entity types. A relationship or relationship
instance is an ordered pair consisting of particular related entities. For example, the student
entity type is related to the team entity type because each student is a member of a team.
7. ASSIGNMENT#1
DATABASE SYSTEM Page 7
Types of Relationships in ER model:
1-One-to-One
Consider the example of a university.For one Department there can be only one department
head.This is one-to-one relationship.
2-One-to-Many:
A STUDENT can MAJOR in only one course,but many STUDENTs would have registered for a
given MAJOR course.This is one-to-many relationship.
.
3-Many-to-Many:
A STUDENT can make many coursesand many STUDENTs can registered for a given
COURSE.This is called many-to-many relationship.