Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations and evidence collected during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. He noticed that species varied between geographic locations and that fossils showed extinct species similar to modern ones. Upon returning home, Darwin hypothesized that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in the local environment. He published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Charles Darwin
► He was an English Naturalist
► He traveled around the world
on his ship, the Beagle
► Studied species and fossils in
the Galapagos Islands and
around the world
► Why did some species
survive while others became
extinct?
► Natural selection
► Published The Origin of
Species in 1859
3. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evolution, or change over time, is the
process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.
A scientific theory is a well-supported
testable explanation of phenomena that have
occurred in the natural world.
4. How do you think Darwin came
up with his theory?
6. Voyage of Beagle
Dates: February 12th, 1831
Captain: Charles Darwin
Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
Destination: Voyage around the world.
Findings: evidence to propose a
revolutionary hypothesis about how life
changes over time
7.
8. Patterns of Diversity
Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had
similar grassland ecosystems.
those grasslands were inhabited by very different
animals.
neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the
sorts of animals that lived in European grasslands.
9. Patterns of Diversity
Darwin posed challenging questions.
Why were there no rabbits in Australia, despite the
presence of habitats that seemed perfect for them?
Why were there no kangaroos in England?
10. Living Organisms and Fossils
Darwin collected the preserved remains of
ancient organisms, called fossils.
Some of those fossils resembled organisms that
were still alive today.
11. Living Organisms and Fossils
Others looked completely unlike any creature he had
ever seen.
As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.
Why had so many of these species disappeared?
How were they related to living species?
13. The Galapagos Island
The smallest, lowest islands were hot,
dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse
vegetation
The higher islands had greater rainfall and
a different assortment of plants and
animals-Isabela- Island had rich
vegetation.
14. The Galapagos Island
Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land
tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.
Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from
one island to another.
The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to
identify which island a particular tortoise
inhabited.
15.
16. Animals found in the Galapagos
Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas
18. The Journey Home
Darwin Observed that characteristics
of many plants and animals vary
greatly among the islands
Hypothesis: Separate species may
have arose from an original ancestor
19. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
James Hutton:
1795 Theory of
Geological change
Forces change
earth’s surface
shape
Changes are slow
Earth much older
than thousands of
years
20. Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
Charles Lyell
Book: Principles of
Geography
Geographical features
can be built up or torn
down
Darwin thought if
earth changed over
time, what about life?
22. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Tendency toward Perfection(Giraffe
necks)
Use and Disuse (bird’s using forearms)
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
23.
24.
25. Population Growth
Thomas Malthus-
19th century English
economist
If population grew
(more Babies born
than die)
Insufficient living
space
Food runs out
Darwin applied this
theory to animals
26. Publication of Orgin of Species
Russel Wallace wrote
an essay summarizing
evolutionary change
from his field work in
Malaysia
Gave Darwin the drive
to publish his findings
27. Natural Selection & Artificial
Selection
Natural variation--differences among
individuals of a species
Artificial selection- nature provides the
variation among different organisms, and
humans select those variations they find
useful.
28. Evolution by Natural Selection
The Struggle for Existence-members of
each species have to compete for food,
shelter, other life necessities
Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals
better suited for the environment
29. Natural Selection
Over time, natural
selection results in
changes in inherited
characteristics of a
population. These
changes increase a
species fitness in its
environment
30. Descent
Descent with Modification-Each living organism has
descended, with changes from other species over time
Common Descent- were derived from common ancestors
31. Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Early Development
32. Evidence for Evolution
The Fossil Record-
Layer show change
Geographic
Distribution of Living
Things
Homologous Body
Structures
Similarities in Early
Development
33. Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic
Distribution of
Living Things-similar
environments have
similar types of
organisms
Homologous Body
Structures
Similarities in Early
Development
34. Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures-structures that
have different mature forms in different
organisms, but develop from the same
embryonic tissue
35.
36. Evidence for Evolution
Vestigial organs-organs that serve
no useful function in an organism
i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms
39. Summary of Darwin’s Theory
Individuals in nature differ from one
another
Organisms in nature produce more offspring
than can survive, and many of those who do
not survive do not reproduce.
40. Summary of Darwin’s Theory
Because more organisms are produce than
can survive, each species must struggle for
resources
Each organism is unique, each has
advantages and disadvantages in the
struggle for existence
41. Summary (cont.)
Individuals best suited for the environment
survive and reproduce most successful
Species change over time
42. Summary (cont.)
Species alive today descended with modification
from species that lived in the past
All organisms on earth are united into a single
family tree of life by common descent
