This document discusses the classification of plant diseases and plant pathogens. Plant diseases can be classified in several ways, including by the plant part affected, how the pathogen spreads, the signs and symptoms produced, the host plant, the causal organism (fungus, bacteria, virus, etc.), the infection process, and the pathogen's life cycle. Plant pathogens include fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, viroids, nematodes, parasitic plants, and prions. Obligate parasites, biotrophs, facultative parasites, facultative saprophytes, and necrotrophs are types of infectious disease agents. Koch's postulates provide a framework for proving pathogenicity. Abiotic disorders in plants are caused
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
Describe about different agents in causing the plant diseases with simple example so that it will be easy to understand for under graduate students especially
Important Plant Pathogenic Organisms-
Different Groups -
Virus, Viroids Fungi, Bacteria, Fastidious Vesicular Bacteria, Phytoplasmas, Spiroplasmas, Viruses, Viriods, Algae, Protozoa And Phanerogamic Parasites
Examples Of Diseases Caused By Them
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Classification of Plant Diseases
• Based on plant part affected.
• Based on perpetuation and spread
• Based on the signs and symptoms produced
by the pathogens
• Based on the host plants affected
• Based on major Causes
• Based on Infection Process
• Based on pathogen generation
3. Based on plant part affected
• Localized: if they affect only specific organs or
parts of the plants.
• Systemic, if entire plant is affected. or
They can be classified as root diseases, stem
diseases, foliage/foliar diseases, etc.
4. Based on perpetuation and spread
• Soil borne -when the pathogen perpetuates
through the agency of soil.
• Seed borne -when the pathogen perpetuates
through seed (or any propagation material).
• Air borne -when they are disseminated by
wind e.g. rusts and powdery mildews.
5. Based on the signs and symptoms
produced by the pathogens
• Diseases are classified as rusts, smuts,
powdery mildews, downy mildews, root rots,
wilts, blights, cankers, fruit rots, leaf spots,
etc.
• In all these examples, the disease are named
after the most conspicuous symptom of the
disease appearing on the host surface.
6. Based on the host plants affected
• They can be classified as: cereal crop diseases,
forage crop diseases, flax diseases, millet
diseases, plantation crop diseases, fruit crop
diseases, vegetable crop diseases, flowering
plant diseases, etc.
• Cereal
• Vegetable
• Fruit
• Forest
• ornamental
7. Based on major Causes
They can be classified as
• fungal diseases,
• bacterial diseases,
• viral diseases,
• Mycoplasmal diseases, etc.
8. Based on Infection Process
• Infectious -All the diseases caused by animate causes, viruses
and viroids can be transmitted from infected host plants to
the healthy plants and are called infectious.
• Non-infectious- Non-infectious diseases can not be
transmitted to a healthy plant.
Also referred as non-parasitic disorders or simply
physiological disorders, and are incited by abiotic or inanimate
causes like nutrient deficiency or excess or unfavorable
weather conditions of soil and air or injurious mechanical
influences.
9. Classification of Animate Diseases
in Relation to Their Occurrence
• Endemic diseases -which are more or less constantly present
from year to year in an moderate to severe form in a
particular geographical region, i.e. country, district or location.
• Epidemic or epiphytotic diseases -which occur widely but
periodically particularly in a severe form. They might be
occurring in the locality every year but assume severe form
only on occasions due to the favourable environmental
conditions occurring in some years.
10. • Sporadic diseases occur at irregular intervals and
locations and in relatively few instances.
• Pandemic diseases: A disease may be endemic in
one region and epidemic in another.
• When epiphytotics become prevalent through out a
country, continent or the world, the disease may be
termed as pandemic.
11. Based on pathogen generation
• Simple interest/monocyclic disease
The increase of these disease is analogous of
increase in money due to simple interest i. e. those
disease which complete only one life cycle in one
cropping season. e.g. loose smut of wheat, wilt of
tomato.
• Compound interest disease/polycyclic disease
diseases which have more than one generation in
one cropping season. e.g. late blight of potato
12. • Polyetic disease
these are also polycyclic diseases but they
complete their disease cycle in more than one
year over years e.g. cedar rust of apple
14. WHAT IS PATHOGEN?
Pathogen:
• Any entity that can cause disease in a host
eg. Fungus, Bacteria, virus, Phytoplasma, Viroids,
RLO’s, Parasitic Plants, Nematodes
Parasite
• An organism that lives on or in another organism and
obtains food from the second organism
15. Fungus
• Fungus is nucleated spore bearing, achlorophyllous organisms
which generally reproduce sexually or asexually and whose
usually filamentous branched somatic structures are typically
surrounded by cell wall containing cellulose or chitin or both.
• e.g. Phytophthora infestans
17. VIRUSES
Matthews (1982; 2005) A virus can be defined as a set of one or more nucleic acid
molecules ( either RNA or DNA) encased with in a coat or coats of protein or
lipo-proteins, replicate within a suitable host cell and with in such cells the
virus production is dependent on:
• host protein synthesizing machinery
•Composed from a pool of components rather by binary fission
•And are located at sites with in host cells that are not separated from host cell
components.
–Continually giving rise to variants through various changes in the viral nucleic
acid.
18. Viroids
Viroids are small, low mol wt. RNA units (250-370 bp.), lack
protein coat, replicate themselves and cause disease (TO
Diener, 1971).
• e.g. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), coconut cadang-
cadang viroid (CCVd).
19. MYCOPLASMA (PHYTOPLSMA): (DOI
ET AL., 1970)
• are submicroscopic, measuring 150-300 nm in diameter
having ribosomes and DNA strands enclosed by a bilayer
membrane but not the cell wall, replicate by binary fission,
can not be cultured artificially in vitro on medium and are
sensitive to certain antibiotics (tetracycline not to penicillin).
• E.g. Little leaf of brinjal, Peach yellow Spiroplasm citri (Fudt
Allh et al. 1571) Citrus stubborn.
20. Virusoids: (Keese & Simon
1986)
• A circular, single stranded voroid like satellite
RNA measuring 300-400 base long,
encapsidated with single stranded linear RNA
( 450 bp) of velvet tobacco mottle virus.
21. RICKETTSIAE: (WINDSOR AND BLACK,
1972) FASTIDIOUS VASCULAR BACTERIA
• rickettsiae are non-motile bacteria measuring about 200 -300
nm in diameter, have cell wall, plasma membrane and
cytoplasm containing ribosomes and DNA strands and are
obligate:
1. Multiply by binary fission
2. Contain enzyme for ATP production
e.g. Club leaf of clover, citrus greening
22. Nematodes
• Nematode are small, multicellular wormlike creatures. Many
live freely in the soil, some species parasitize plants. E.g. Ear
cockle of wheat caused by Anguina tritici & Potato cyst
nematodes (Globerodera pallida)
23. ALGAE
• Green algae are single-celled or multicellular organisms that
form colonies, free-living organisms, all of which have
chlorophyll b.
• •Some of the green algae are parasitic on higher plants.
• e.g. Cephaleuros green algae, attack tea, coffee, cacao, black
pepper
24. PROTOZOA
• The protozoa are mostly one-celled, microscopic organisms,
generally motile, and have typical nuclei.
• •Protozoa move by flagella, by pseudopodia, or by
movements of the cell itself.
25. HIGHER PARASITIC PLANTS
• More than 2500 species of higher plants are known to live
parasitically on other plants.
• these parasites are vascular plants that have developed
specialized organs which penetrate the tissues of other (host)
vascular plants, establish connections to the host plant
vascular elements, and absorb nutrients from them.
26.
27. Infectious disease agents are called pathogens.
Pathogens can be classified as :
Obligate parasites
Biotrophs,
Facultative Parasites
Facultative Saprophytes
Necrotrophs
28. PRIONS: PRUSINER (1982)
Prion is an infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form.
•This is in contrast to all other known infectious agents, which must contain
nucleic acid (either DNA, RNA, or both) along with protein components.
• Stanley Prusiner.
• Schematic presentation of a normal protein and of a deformed inactive
one, i.e., a prion.
• Prions causes encephaloatthies in mammals, including "mad cow
disease"
29. PROOF OF PATHOGENECITY
KOCH’S POSTULATES
• Pathogen must ALWAYS be associated with disease in ALL
diseased plants.
• •Pathogen must be isolated and established in PURE culture.
• •Inoculation of a healthy plant of the same variety must
reproduce EXACTLY the same symptom(s).
• •Pathogen must be re-isolated from inoculated plant and its
identity confirmed as the same as the original isolate.
30. DISORDER
Abnormalities in plants caused by abiotic or
noninfectious agents are termed as disorders
•Unfavourable environmental conditions
•High or low temperature
•Moisture stress or excess
•Hail injury
•Nutritional deficiencies
•Nitrogen deficiency
•Zn deficiency
•Soil conditions
•Air pollution