This document discusses signal coupling in multi-conductor timing RPC detectors. It provides theoretical models and experimental results on pad, strip, double-strip, and multi-strip detector configurations. Simulations show cross-talk levels below 3% and cluster sizes of 1 can be achieved in optimized multi-strip designs, with time resolutions around 110 ps even for double hits. Experimental measurements on long multi-strip detectors validated the simulations. Further optimization may still improve performance.
Mechanistic rate decline analysis in shale gas reservoirs@dr. george stewart[...yydcug
The document summarizes a presentation on mechanistic rate decline analysis in shale gas reservoirs. It discusses the use of multiple transverse hydraulic fractures and how external and interior fractures can be modeled. It also covers topics like modified permeability from stress dependent permeability, linear steady state flow, and canonical constant terminal pressure solutions that form the basis for decline curve analysis. Flowing material balance methods like the equivalent constant rate method and material balance time are presented for analyzing production data from reservoirs with variable rate, extended drawdown.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs) including their history, applications, components, and design considerations. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with the basic block diagram and signals. Key topics covered include loop stability, classifications, transfer functions, and synthesizing component values. Diagrams and equations illustrate PLL principles such as the relationship between phase and frequency in voltage-controlled oscillators and phase detectors. Examples show PLL behavior in both locked and acquisition states.
Dynamic response of grid connected wind turbine with dfigJose SanLeandro
The document presents 3 cases simulating the dynamic response of a DFIG wind turbine during grid disturbances. Case 1 shows the response to a small disturbance without protection. Cases 2 and 3 simulate a fault during super-synchronous and sub-synchronous operation, respectively, with protection blocking the converter and short-circuiting the rotor. The conclusions note that DFIG provides better voltage recovery than SCIG during small disturbances but may disconnect for severe faults, and saturation effects are important to include in protection design.
Vortex Dissipation Due to Airfoil-Vortex InteractionMasahiro Kanazaki
1) A numerical simulation was conducted of airfoil-vortex interaction (AVI) for two airfoils to improve a hybrid method for predicting blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise.
2) The simulation estimated the change in vortex center location and circulation due to sequential AVI. It found that the original vortex was decelerated and moved upward due to induced counter-rotating vortices from the first airfoil.
3) Sound pressure fluctuations were also estimated, finding that the pressure level after the second AVI was lower than after the first due to the increased miss-distance between the vortex and airfoil. This simulation provided data to modify the prescribed wake model used in the hybrid
Numerical Simulation: Flight Dynamic Stability Analysis Using Unstructured Ba...Masahiro Kanazaki
The document summarizes a numerical simulation of flight dynamic stability analysis using an unstructured Navier-Stokes solver. It investigates the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze dynamic stability at supersonic flight conditions. The study uses the Standard Dynamics Model configuration and estimates aerodynamic derivatives from computational results to analyze stiffness, damping, and unsteady oscillation characteristics. Grid dependency is also examined using coarse, medium, and fine meshes.
The document discusses microwave filters and resonators. It covers:
1. Different types of resonators used in filters including LC resonators using inductors and capacitors, transmission line resonators using short or open circuited transmission lines, and cavity resonators using rectangular or circular waveguides.
2. Properties of filters like passband, stopband, insertion loss, and group delay.
3. Design of microwave filters including the insertion loss method, filter responses for low pass filters, impedance and frequency scaling, and applying the techniques to different filter types like low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
Expert Design & Empirical Test Strategies for Practical Transformer DevelopmentRAF Tabtronics LLC
Expert Design & Empirical Test Strategies for Practical Transformer Development presented by Mr. Victor QUINN of RAF Tabtronics LLC at the 2012 Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC).
This document discusses timing concepts in digital circuits including:
- Propagation delay which is the time it takes for a signal change on the input of a gate to cause a change on the output.
- Setup and hold times which define the minimum time an input must be stable before and after the clock edge for synchronous circuits.
- Maximum frequency of operation is determined by the longest delay path which is typically from register to register.
- External setup and hold times are affected by input buffer delays and must be calculated based on propagation delays.
- Techniques like registering all inputs/outputs and using a PLL can help improve timing by reducing delays.
Mechanistic rate decline analysis in shale gas reservoirs@dr. george stewart[...yydcug
The document summarizes a presentation on mechanistic rate decline analysis in shale gas reservoirs. It discusses the use of multiple transverse hydraulic fractures and how external and interior fractures can be modeled. It also covers topics like modified permeability from stress dependent permeability, linear steady state flow, and canonical constant terminal pressure solutions that form the basis for decline curve analysis. Flowing material balance methods like the equivalent constant rate method and material balance time are presented for analyzing production data from reservoirs with variable rate, extended drawdown.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs) including their history, applications, components, and design considerations. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with the basic block diagram and signals. Key topics covered include loop stability, classifications, transfer functions, and synthesizing component values. Diagrams and equations illustrate PLL principles such as the relationship between phase and frequency in voltage-controlled oscillators and phase detectors. Examples show PLL behavior in both locked and acquisition states.
Dynamic response of grid connected wind turbine with dfigJose SanLeandro
The document presents 3 cases simulating the dynamic response of a DFIG wind turbine during grid disturbances. Case 1 shows the response to a small disturbance without protection. Cases 2 and 3 simulate a fault during super-synchronous and sub-synchronous operation, respectively, with protection blocking the converter and short-circuiting the rotor. The conclusions note that DFIG provides better voltage recovery than SCIG during small disturbances but may disconnect for severe faults, and saturation effects are important to include in protection design.
Vortex Dissipation Due to Airfoil-Vortex InteractionMasahiro Kanazaki
1) A numerical simulation was conducted of airfoil-vortex interaction (AVI) for two airfoils to improve a hybrid method for predicting blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise.
2) The simulation estimated the change in vortex center location and circulation due to sequential AVI. It found that the original vortex was decelerated and moved upward due to induced counter-rotating vortices from the first airfoil.
3) Sound pressure fluctuations were also estimated, finding that the pressure level after the second AVI was lower than after the first due to the increased miss-distance between the vortex and airfoil. This simulation provided data to modify the prescribed wake model used in the hybrid
Numerical Simulation: Flight Dynamic Stability Analysis Using Unstructured Ba...Masahiro Kanazaki
The document summarizes a numerical simulation of flight dynamic stability analysis using an unstructured Navier-Stokes solver. It investigates the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze dynamic stability at supersonic flight conditions. The study uses the Standard Dynamics Model configuration and estimates aerodynamic derivatives from computational results to analyze stiffness, damping, and unsteady oscillation characteristics. Grid dependency is also examined using coarse, medium, and fine meshes.
The document discusses microwave filters and resonators. It covers:
1. Different types of resonators used in filters including LC resonators using inductors and capacitors, transmission line resonators using short or open circuited transmission lines, and cavity resonators using rectangular or circular waveguides.
2. Properties of filters like passband, stopband, insertion loss, and group delay.
3. Design of microwave filters including the insertion loss method, filter responses for low pass filters, impedance and frequency scaling, and applying the techniques to different filter types like low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.
Expert Design & Empirical Test Strategies for Practical Transformer DevelopmentRAF Tabtronics LLC
Expert Design & Empirical Test Strategies for Practical Transformer Development presented by Mr. Victor QUINN of RAF Tabtronics LLC at the 2012 Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC).
This document discusses timing concepts in digital circuits including:
- Propagation delay which is the time it takes for a signal change on the input of a gate to cause a change on the output.
- Setup and hold times which define the minimum time an input must be stable before and after the clock edge for synchronous circuits.
- Maximum frequency of operation is determined by the longest delay path which is typically from register to register.
- External setup and hold times are affected by input buffer delays and must be calculated based on propagation delays.
- Techniques like registering all inputs/outputs and using a PLL can help improve timing by reducing delays.
The document discusses left-handed metamaterials (LHMs) and their applications in microwave engineering. It introduces LHMs, including their defining properties of simultaneous negative permeability and permittivity. It describes two approaches to realizing LHMs - a resonant approach using split-ring resonators and a non-resonant transmission line approach. It then discusses composite right/left-handed metamaterials and their implementation using lumped element unit cells. Finally, it provides examples of metamaterial-based microwave devices like leaky-wave antennas that take advantage of the unique properties of LHMs.
This document summarizes the key aspects of renewed lifting line theory for ship propeller design. It describes replacing propeller blades with lifting lines and free vortices, and calculating the induced velocities from helicoidal vortices using Biot-Savart law. It also covers calculating induced velocities at the propeller disk and infinite downstream, and the modifications needed for tip-loaded propellers with radial circulation distributions. An iterative design process is outlined to match the propeller thrust and efficiency to the ship's power and speed requirements.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes research on the stability derivatives in pitch and roll of an oscillating supersonic delta wing with straight leading edges. A piston theory is used to obtain closed-form solutions for the stiffness and damping derivatives in pitch, as well as the roll damping derivative. Results show the derivatives vary with parameters like Mach number, incidence angle, and pivot position. Comparisons are made to other studies, showing good agreement for stiffness derivative but disagreement for damping derivative at high angles, possibly due to shock wave detachment. The roll damping derivative decreases with Mach number initially before becoming independent, and increases with aspect ratio.
This document describes a PI voltage controller for a DC-DC boost converter. It discusses using a PI controller in a closed-loop feedback system to regulate the output voltage of the boost converter. The proportional and integral terms of the PI controller are implemented using op-amps, with the proportional term providing immediate correction and the integral term providing gradual correction to eliminate steady-state error. Tuning the gains and time constants of the PI controller is important to achieve stable, non-oscillating control of the output voltage.
The document describes an experiment using an artificial transmission line to study the behavior of signals under different terminating conditions. The objectives were to analyze output waves, reflections, and the effects of termination. Key aspects studied included determining the characteristic impedance and length of the line using time-domain and frequency-domain measurements with step and sinusoidal input signals. Procedures measured waveforms and voltages at different frequencies and terminations to calculate propagation properties. Results showed the time for signals to travel and reflections to return, along with voltage distributions along the line for open, short, and matched terminations.
A Comparison Of Vlsi Interconnect Modelshappybhatia
The document presents a comparative study of delay analysis for carbon nanotube and copper based VLSI interconnect models. It analyzes the performance of CNT and copper interconnects using analytical delay estimation techniques like the driver interconnect load model, modified nodal analysis, and the unified time delay model. Simulation results show that CNT bundle interconnects provide significant delay improvement over copper interconnects for certain parameters like repeater sizing and pitch ratio.
Meta-materials are materials that have properties allowing them to manipulate electromagnetic waves in ways not possible with conventional materials. They can block, absorb, enhance, or bend waves. Split ring resonators are a basic building block, consisting of concentric conductive rings that behave as an LC circuit. When an external time-varying magnetic field is applied, it induces currents in the rings that can enhance or oppose the incident field. By combining split ring resonators with both negative permeability and permittivity, a composite right/left-handed transmission line is created. This allows the material to transition from left-handed to right-handed behavior and enables properties like a zeroth-order resonance where the resonance frequency is independent of physical length.
This document presents an algorithm called Fractional Fourier Transform (FXT) to remove spectral leakage caused by non-coherent sampling of sinewaves. The algorithm works by "twisting" the time/frequency space to accommodate fractional periods. It was shown through simulations and ADC testing to automatically correct for frequency drift, maintain spectral resolution, and conserve SNR. The FXT algorithm allows using non-coherent oscillators for testing applications like ADC or waveform recorders.
This document discusses crosstalk and impedance in signal transmission lines. It provides examples of calculating crosstalk for two coupled transmission lines using modal analysis and superposition of modes. The document shows the calculation of crosstalk for different input signals using the characteristic impedances and propagation velocities of the even and odd modes. It also discusses calculating crosstalk for systems with more than two coupled lines by considering there are N modes for N signal conductors. The document uses HSPICE simulations to validate the hand calculations for examples of two and three coupled microstrip lines.
TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMET...grssieee
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze two-point statistics of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It introduces wavelet variance and kurtosis as metrics that can be applied to PolSAR data transformed using a wavelet frame. It then provides an example of applying this analysis to ALOS PALSAR data over Hawaii's Papau Seamount to characterize sea surface features.
TU2.L09.1 - COMPACT POLARIMETRY AT THE MOON: THE MINI-RF RADARSgrssieee
The document describes the Mini-RF radar system used on lunar missions Chandrayaan-1 and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. It discusses the hybrid polarimetric architecture that transmits circular polarization and receives both linear polarizations to measure Stokes parameters and circular polarization ratio. It explains how calibration is performed using nadir returns to correct for imperfect circular transmission. Results show craters imaged using total power and circular polarization ratio, and characteristic floor-wall backscatter signatures. The hybrid polarimetric design allows compact polarimetry to maximize science with minimal hardware.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins that elevate and stabilize mood.
Awg waveform compensation by maximum entropy methodFangXuIEEE
This document discusses using maximum entropy methods for waveform compensation to overcome limitations in instrument bandwidth. It presents the problem of distorted waveforms due to limited bandwidth and describes using pre-distortion to cancel out the effects of linear distortion. It introduces the maximum entropy method as an algorithm for selecting the best pre-distortion solution from the set of acceptable solutions that minimize the difference between the emulated and target waveforms. The maximum entropy method aims to find a unique solution by maximizing the entropy of the system. Application of this technique is shown to improve rise time and setting time performance beyond the original instrument specifications.
ZVxPlus Application: Transistor Characterization, Reliability and Model Verif...NMDG NV
The document describes characterization and reliability testing of the EPA120B-100P transistor using the ZVxPlus application. It outlines the measurement setup and calibration process, and demonstrates DC and RF transistor characterization through IV curves, S-parameters, and time domain signals. Advanced displays show dynamic load lines and small-signal parameters. Measurements are exported to ADS for model verification.
A Chain condition for operators from C(K)-spacesKp Hart
The document discusses weakly compact operators from C(K)-spaces and introduces a chain condition, stating that an operator T: C(K) → X is not weakly compact if there exists an infinite δ-chain in C(K) where the infimum of Tf - Tg is positive for all pairs in the chain; it also notes that uncountable δ-chains are common in function spaces like C[0,1] and provides an example constructing an uncountable δ-chain in this space.
The Smith chart is a graphical method that is essential for microwave engineering. It allows microwave engineers to represent normalized impedances on a chart. Developed by Philip Smith in 1939, the chart maps the reflection coefficient Γ which relates the load and source impedances. It uses constant resistance and reactance circles to plot impedance points. Microwave engineers can use the Smith chart and vector network analyzers to measure reflection coefficients over frequency sweeps.
The document discusses key topics in microwave engineering including:
1. Maxwell's equations which describe the fundamentals of electromagnetics.
2. Explanations of important concepts like electric and magnetic fields, vectors, divergence, curl and boundary conditions.
3. An overview of industries utilizing RF components and analysis of the RF components market including development trends, major companies and factors changing the industry.
Variation of Electrical Transport Parameters with Large Grain Fraction in Hig...Sanjay Ram
The electrical transport and its correlation with the microstructural properties in single phase microcrystalline silicon may be very different from the transport in microcrystalline silicon with a mixed phase of amorphous silicon. We have shown that the transport in single phase microcrystalline silicon may be predicted by the large grain fraction.
The document summarizes a simulation of extensive air showers (EAS) using the AIRES code. Key points:
1) Simulations were run for primaries of protons, carbon, iron, and gamma rays with energies of 1015 eV in the "knee" region to study EAS characteristics.
2) Variables like energy, arrival time, production height, and identity of secondaries were recorded. Results showed differences in lateral distribution and time profiles between primaries.
3) Further analysis of observables like particle counts, arrival times, and azimuthal/zenith angles at different distances from the core is planned to better understand correlations with primary properties. Multivariate analysis techniques may help reveal hidden
The document discusses calibration of the tanks at the Pierre Auger Observatory. It describes a three step calibration process: 1) adjusting PMT voltages to equalize signals, 2) setting trigger thresholds to achieve 100Hz single rates at 150 channels, and 3) using charge histograms to determine peak charge values accurately. Understanding the tank response to inclined muons is important for analyzing inclined showers, which provide additional statistics and composition information. Measuring muon flux and properties directly is needed to validate simulation models used in the analysis of inclined events.
The document discusses the Trasgo Project, which aims to develop an affordable and high-performance timing and tracking detector. It describes the key aspects of Trasgo, including its use of timing resistive plate chambers for high time resolution, a timing and tracking board for data acquisition and reconstruction, and a fast track reconstruction algorithm. Potential applications of Trasgo that are mentioned include cosmic ray detection for research in astroparticle physics, dosimetry, and studying correlations between cosmic rays and climate change. Examples are given of how Trasgo could provide more accurate information about air shower properties compared to using surface detectors alone.
TimTrack is an algorithm for tracking charged particles using data from detectors. It estimates the parameters of a "SAETA", which defines a particle track using 6 parameters. TimTrack uses a least squares method to minimize the differences between measured and predicted values from a model. It can handle data from various detector geometries by defining appropriate configuration and data matrices. The method provides a matrix solution that is fast to compute and easy to implement.
The document discusses left-handed metamaterials (LHMs) and their applications in microwave engineering. It introduces LHMs, including their defining properties of simultaneous negative permeability and permittivity. It describes two approaches to realizing LHMs - a resonant approach using split-ring resonators and a non-resonant transmission line approach. It then discusses composite right/left-handed metamaterials and their implementation using lumped element unit cells. Finally, it provides examples of metamaterial-based microwave devices like leaky-wave antennas that take advantage of the unique properties of LHMs.
This document summarizes the key aspects of renewed lifting line theory for ship propeller design. It describes replacing propeller blades with lifting lines and free vortices, and calculating the induced velocities from helicoidal vortices using Biot-Savart law. It also covers calculating induced velocities at the propeller disk and infinite downstream, and the modifications needed for tip-loaded propellers with radial circulation distributions. An iterative design process is outlined to match the propeller thrust and efficiency to the ship's power and speed requirements.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes research on the stability derivatives in pitch and roll of an oscillating supersonic delta wing with straight leading edges. A piston theory is used to obtain closed-form solutions for the stiffness and damping derivatives in pitch, as well as the roll damping derivative. Results show the derivatives vary with parameters like Mach number, incidence angle, and pivot position. Comparisons are made to other studies, showing good agreement for stiffness derivative but disagreement for damping derivative at high angles, possibly due to shock wave detachment. The roll damping derivative decreases with Mach number initially before becoming independent, and increases with aspect ratio.
This document describes a PI voltage controller for a DC-DC boost converter. It discusses using a PI controller in a closed-loop feedback system to regulate the output voltage of the boost converter. The proportional and integral terms of the PI controller are implemented using op-amps, with the proportional term providing immediate correction and the integral term providing gradual correction to eliminate steady-state error. Tuning the gains and time constants of the PI controller is important to achieve stable, non-oscillating control of the output voltage.
The document describes an experiment using an artificial transmission line to study the behavior of signals under different terminating conditions. The objectives were to analyze output waves, reflections, and the effects of termination. Key aspects studied included determining the characteristic impedance and length of the line using time-domain and frequency-domain measurements with step and sinusoidal input signals. Procedures measured waveforms and voltages at different frequencies and terminations to calculate propagation properties. Results showed the time for signals to travel and reflections to return, along with voltage distributions along the line for open, short, and matched terminations.
A Comparison Of Vlsi Interconnect Modelshappybhatia
The document presents a comparative study of delay analysis for carbon nanotube and copper based VLSI interconnect models. It analyzes the performance of CNT and copper interconnects using analytical delay estimation techniques like the driver interconnect load model, modified nodal analysis, and the unified time delay model. Simulation results show that CNT bundle interconnects provide significant delay improvement over copper interconnects for certain parameters like repeater sizing and pitch ratio.
Meta-materials are materials that have properties allowing them to manipulate electromagnetic waves in ways not possible with conventional materials. They can block, absorb, enhance, or bend waves. Split ring resonators are a basic building block, consisting of concentric conductive rings that behave as an LC circuit. When an external time-varying magnetic field is applied, it induces currents in the rings that can enhance or oppose the incident field. By combining split ring resonators with both negative permeability and permittivity, a composite right/left-handed transmission line is created. This allows the material to transition from left-handed to right-handed behavior and enables properties like a zeroth-order resonance where the resonance frequency is independent of physical length.
This document presents an algorithm called Fractional Fourier Transform (FXT) to remove spectral leakage caused by non-coherent sampling of sinewaves. The algorithm works by "twisting" the time/frequency space to accommodate fractional periods. It was shown through simulations and ADC testing to automatically correct for frequency drift, maintain spectral resolution, and conserve SNR. The FXT algorithm allows using non-coherent oscillators for testing applications like ADC or waveform recorders.
This document discusses crosstalk and impedance in signal transmission lines. It provides examples of calculating crosstalk for two coupled transmission lines using modal analysis and superposition of modes. The document shows the calculation of crosstalk for different input signals using the characteristic impedances and propagation velocities of the even and odd modes. It also discusses calculating crosstalk for systems with more than two coupled lines by considering there are N modes for N signal conductors. The document uses HSPICE simulations to validate the hand calculations for examples of two and three coupled microstrip lines.
TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMET...grssieee
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze two-point statistics of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It introduces wavelet variance and kurtosis as metrics that can be applied to PolSAR data transformed using a wavelet frame. It then provides an example of applying this analysis to ALOS PALSAR data over Hawaii's Papau Seamount to characterize sea surface features.
TU2.L09.1 - COMPACT POLARIMETRY AT THE MOON: THE MINI-RF RADARSgrssieee
The document describes the Mini-RF radar system used on lunar missions Chandrayaan-1 and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. It discusses the hybrid polarimetric architecture that transmits circular polarization and receives both linear polarizations to measure Stokes parameters and circular polarization ratio. It explains how calibration is performed using nadir returns to correct for imperfect circular transmission. Results show craters imaged using total power and circular polarization ratio, and characteristic floor-wall backscatter signatures. The hybrid polarimetric design allows compact polarimetry to maximize science with minimal hardware.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins that elevate and stabilize mood.
Awg waveform compensation by maximum entropy methodFangXuIEEE
This document discusses using maximum entropy methods for waveform compensation to overcome limitations in instrument bandwidth. It presents the problem of distorted waveforms due to limited bandwidth and describes using pre-distortion to cancel out the effects of linear distortion. It introduces the maximum entropy method as an algorithm for selecting the best pre-distortion solution from the set of acceptable solutions that minimize the difference between the emulated and target waveforms. The maximum entropy method aims to find a unique solution by maximizing the entropy of the system. Application of this technique is shown to improve rise time and setting time performance beyond the original instrument specifications.
ZVxPlus Application: Transistor Characterization, Reliability and Model Verif...NMDG NV
The document describes characterization and reliability testing of the EPA120B-100P transistor using the ZVxPlus application. It outlines the measurement setup and calibration process, and demonstrates DC and RF transistor characterization through IV curves, S-parameters, and time domain signals. Advanced displays show dynamic load lines and small-signal parameters. Measurements are exported to ADS for model verification.
A Chain condition for operators from C(K)-spacesKp Hart
The document discusses weakly compact operators from C(K)-spaces and introduces a chain condition, stating that an operator T: C(K) → X is not weakly compact if there exists an infinite δ-chain in C(K) where the infimum of Tf - Tg is positive for all pairs in the chain; it also notes that uncountable δ-chains are common in function spaces like C[0,1] and provides an example constructing an uncountable δ-chain in this space.
The Smith chart is a graphical method that is essential for microwave engineering. It allows microwave engineers to represent normalized impedances on a chart. Developed by Philip Smith in 1939, the chart maps the reflection coefficient Γ which relates the load and source impedances. It uses constant resistance and reactance circles to plot impedance points. Microwave engineers can use the Smith chart and vector network analyzers to measure reflection coefficients over frequency sweeps.
The document discusses key topics in microwave engineering including:
1. Maxwell's equations which describe the fundamentals of electromagnetics.
2. Explanations of important concepts like electric and magnetic fields, vectors, divergence, curl and boundary conditions.
3. An overview of industries utilizing RF components and analysis of the RF components market including development trends, major companies and factors changing the industry.
Variation of Electrical Transport Parameters with Large Grain Fraction in Hig...Sanjay Ram
The electrical transport and its correlation with the microstructural properties in single phase microcrystalline silicon may be very different from the transport in microcrystalline silicon with a mixed phase of amorphous silicon. We have shown that the transport in single phase microcrystalline silicon may be predicted by the large grain fraction.
The document summarizes a simulation of extensive air showers (EAS) using the AIRES code. Key points:
1) Simulations were run for primaries of protons, carbon, iron, and gamma rays with energies of 1015 eV in the "knee" region to study EAS characteristics.
2) Variables like energy, arrival time, production height, and identity of secondaries were recorded. Results showed differences in lateral distribution and time profiles between primaries.
3) Further analysis of observables like particle counts, arrival times, and azimuthal/zenith angles at different distances from the core is planned to better understand correlations with primary properties. Multivariate analysis techniques may help reveal hidden
The document discusses calibration of the tanks at the Pierre Auger Observatory. It describes a three step calibration process: 1) adjusting PMT voltages to equalize signals, 2) setting trigger thresholds to achieve 100Hz single rates at 150 channels, and 3) using charge histograms to determine peak charge values accurately. Understanding the tank response to inclined muons is important for analyzing inclined showers, which provide additional statistics and composition information. Measuring muon flux and properties directly is needed to validate simulation models used in the analysis of inclined events.
The document discusses the Trasgo Project, which aims to develop an affordable and high-performance timing and tracking detector. It describes the key aspects of Trasgo, including its use of timing resistive plate chambers for high time resolution, a timing and tracking board for data acquisition and reconstruction, and a fast track reconstruction algorithm. Potential applications of Trasgo that are mentioned include cosmic ray detection for research in astroparticle physics, dosimetry, and studying correlations between cosmic rays and climate change. Examples are given of how Trasgo could provide more accurate information about air shower properties compared to using surface detectors alone.
TimTrack is an algorithm for tracking charged particles using data from detectors. It estimates the parameters of a "SAETA", which defines a particle track using 6 parameters. TimTrack uses a least squares method to minimize the differences between measured and predicted values from a model. It can handle data from various detector geometries by defining appropriate configuration and data matrices. The method provides a matrix solution that is fast to compute and easy to implement.
The document discusses the development of sealed resistive plate chambers (sRPCs) as a more flexible alternative to gas ionization detectors that do not require a gas system. Several prototype sRPCs were constructed and two were tested with radioactive sources, though two failed on the first day with little response. Signals from the functioning chambers increased over time, and high voltage had to be decreased to avoid streamers but with reduced gain. Further testing is needed to evaluate resolution, efficiency, isolation, and alternative gas mixtures to better understand aging effects in sRPCs.
This document discusses the relationship between cosmic rays, solar activity, and climate/weather patterns. It begins by outlining how solar wind modulates cosmic rays, which influence cloud formation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Studies of Forbush decreases have provided evidence this mechanism works in the real atmosphere. The author then discusses how cosmic ray flux variations from our galactic position may have influenced past climate changes. Finally, the document analyzes correlations between solar activity and climate variability patterns like the NAO and weather types in Galicia, Spain. The overall evidence suggests solar activity modulates cosmic rays in ways that influence global and regional climate and weather patterns.
1. Timtrack is a tracking algorithm that uses a least squares method to estimate the parameters of tracks (called SAETAs) passing through detector planes.
2. A SAETA contains 6 parameters that define a track: two coordinates at a reference plane, two projected slopes, time at the reference plane, and velocity.
3. Timtrack works directly with detector measurements like coordinates and times. It allows the SAETA parameters to vary to minimize the difference between measured and predicted values across detector planes.
The document discusses the front-end electronics (FEE) developed for the timing RPCs used in the HADES experiment. The FEE consists of daughter boards (DBOs) connected to the RPC cells that amplify and digitize signals, and mother boards (MBOs) that interface between the DBOs and data acquisition system. The FEE achieves a time resolution of less than 17 ps using a charge-to-width algorithm to encode timing and charge information. Testing shows the FEE performs well and could be adapted for use in the TRASGO detector with some modifications to reduce power consumption.
This document discusses characteristics of extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays, including:
1) Shower characteristics like size, timing, energies, densities, and rates are intrinsic properties that must be accounted for in cosmic ray detector design and interpretation of data.
2) Models can be used to understand shower development and determine physical parameters from air shower data, but depend on hadronic interactions and primary particle composition which introduce uncertainties.
3) The energy and altitude of detection affect what can be observed, with higher energy air showers penetrating further and being detectable at higher altitudes.
The document summarizes the development of a large area sealed RPC detector for use in cosmic ray experiments and outreach activities. A 1 square meter first prototype was built in August 2009 using a modular design of 4mm acrylic and 2mm glass layers with external readout electrodes. Initial performance testing shows a background current that is hypothesized to come from trapped air or material outgassing that is expected to reduce after further cleaning cycles.
The document presents work on the MIDAS project which aims to identify particle masses using multiple sampling. It outlines results from initial MATLAB simulations showing electrons can be distinguished from muons and protons below 500 MeV. A Geant4 simulation using the SETA environment was also developed to model the TRASGO detector in more detail. Further simulations are needed but combining velocity, chi-squared values with additional information like timing may allow ambiguous particles to be discriminated.
This document discusses transmission line basics and provides an overview of key concepts. It introduces transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations. The document outlines the agenda, which includes discussing the transmission line concept, equivalent circuits, reflection diagrams, loading, termination methods, propagation delay, and simple return paths. It also discusses two viewpoints of transmission lines - steady state in the frequency domain and transient in the time domain.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
TARA SAIKUMAR
2
Real Computer Issues
This document discusses transmission line basics and concepts. It covers transmission line equivalent circuits, relevant equations for propagation and characteristic impedance, and examples of transmission line structures. It also discusses reflection coefficients and diagrams, and provides formulas for calculating per-unit length capacitance, inductance, impedance, and propagation delay of transmission lines. Special cases for reflection coefficients when a transmission line is terminated in its characteristic impedance, presents an open circuit, or is short circuited are also summarized.
This document summarizes key aspects of MOSFET transistor operation:
1) It describes the Shockley MOSFET model and its ideal characteristics in cutoff, linear, and saturation regions.
2) It discusses non-ideal effects such as velocity saturation at high fields, subthreshold leakage, junction and tunneling leakage.
3) Process variations that impact threshold voltage and other parameters are also covered.
A comparison of VLSI interconnect modelshappybhatia
This document presents a comparative study of delay analysis for carbon nanotube and copper based VLSI interconnect models. It outlines the introduction, interconnect models, factors affecting interconnect performance, and comparison of CNT vs copper. It then discusses analytical delay estimation using the driver interconnect model and modified nodal analysis, as well as SPICE simulation results comparing CNT and copper. The goal is to analyze and compare the delay performance of CNT and copper interconnects.
Neuron-computer interface in Dynamic-Clamp experimentsSSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Anton Chizhov. "Physics, Chemistry and Living Systems" stream. "Neuron-Computer Interface in Dynamic-Clamp Experiments. Models of Neuronal Populations and Visual Cortex" course. Part 1.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on AC-DC converters given by Ankur Mahajan. The presentation covered single phase half wave and full wave converters. It discussed various rectifier types including uncontrolled, half controlled, and fully controlled bridges. It provided calculations for average and RMS voltage values for different converter configurations under resistive and inductive loads. The presentation also covered single phase half controlled and fully controlled bridge converters in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.
The document provides an overview of phase-locked loops (PLLs), including their history, applications, components, and design requirements. It discusses how PLLs work, beginning with an early use in 1932 for radio signal reception. Key applications include frequency multiplication, modulation/demodulation, data synchronization, and use in devices like cell phones and hard disk drives. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate the relationships between phase and frequency in a PLL system and its voltage-controlled oscillator, phase detector, and charge pump components.
1. Sequential circuits produce an active output based on both past and present inputs, allowing the output to remain active even if the input that caused the initial response is no longer present. The output of a sequential circuit is referred to as its state.
2. There are three classes of multivibrators based on the feedback path between two inverters: bistable devices have two stable states and flip between them with a trigger input, monostable devices have one stable state and one quasi-stable state of a determined time length, and astable devices oscillate continuously between two quasi-stable states.
3. A latch is the simplest form of memory and can be thought of as a single bit
This document discusses modeling phase locked loops (PLLs) using computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. It provides an overview of linear modeling techniques for PLLs using Laplace analysis based on control theory. This allows analyzing small signal performance factors like modulation transfer functions, noise transfer functions, stability, and tracking range. It also discusses building nonlinear PLL models using tools like Advanced Design System to simulate transient and envelope behavior.
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in power systems. It begins by explaining why protection systems are needed to handle severe disturbances that could jeopardize the power system. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage transducers. Common protection schemes like overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance, and differential protection are described at a high level. The advantages of digital relays over electromechanical relays are also briefly mentioned. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of protection systems and some of the basic schemes used to protect different components in a power grid.
The document discusses AC voltage controllers, which control the output RMS voltage using SCR or triac switches. It describes single-phase and three-phase AC voltage controllers. For single-phase controllers, it covers on-off control and phase control techniques. Phase control allows adjusting the output voltage between 0-100% of the source voltage by varying the phase delay. For three-phase controllers, it discusses different switching topologies and their operation based on the phase delay angle. Simulation results are also presented to illustrate the voltage and current waveforms for different operating conditions.
The document is a lab manual for a power electronics course. It describes an experiment on a single-phase half-wave SCR rectifier circuit. The objective is to calculate the average output voltage, RMS output voltage, form factor, ripple factor, and rectification efficiency for different firing angles. The required apparatus includes components like an auto transformer, SCR module, triggering unit, meters, load, and oscilloscope. The procedure involves wiring the circuit as shown, varying the firing angle, and taking measurements to calculate the specified performance parameters.
Gravity Duals of Nontrivial IR Behaviour in Field TheoriesArpan Saha
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This summary provides the key details about the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a new simplified analytical model for Chireix outphasing combiners that accounts for impedance mismatch and reflection effects. The model derives simplified expressions for instantaneous efficiency and input/output voltages as functions of the decomposition angle and combiner parameters. Validation of the model is performed through comparisons with experimental and simulation results for different Chireix combiner designs.
Consider the following nonlinear system:
dx/dt = f(x) + g(x)u
Where x is an n-dimensional vector and f and g are sufficiently smooth vector fields.
The goal is to design a feedback control law u = α(x) that renders the origin globally asymptotically stable (GAS).
Backstepping provides a systematic approach to solve this problem by considering the system as a cascade of "pseudo" linear systems with intermediate virtual controls.
The procedure recursively constructs stabilizing functions and control laws to backstep through this cascade until the actual control input is determined.
This approach systematically cancels out the nonlinearities in f while preserving the desirable properties introduced by g
Further discriminatory signature of inflationLaila A
These are the slides of the talk I gave on discriminating between models of inflation using space based gravitational wave detectors, at KEK in Tskuba University, Japan.
This document discusses optimal navigation in a plasma medium. It proposes that by accessing and transferring momentum asymmetrically from ambient plasma fluctuations, a vehicle may be able to travel from point A to point B with minimal energy cost. Specifically, it suggests using ponderomotive forces to create asymmetric barriers that slow down particles differently depending on their direction. This could allow passive or active momentum transfer without using propellant. The document also speculates that plasma waves may be used to eject momentum and heat in a low entropy manner, acting as a possible heat engine.
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1) The document presents calculations to determine the per-unit-length parameters (capacitance C, inductance L, conductance G, and resistance R) of a coaxial cable transmission line.
2) It is shown that for a coaxial cable, the capacitance per unit length is given by C = 2πε0εr/ln(b/a) and the inductance per unit length is given by L = μ0μr/2πln(b/a), where a and b are the inner and outer radii.
3) Expressions are also derived for the conductance per unit length G = 2πσ/ln(b/a) and resistance per unit
The document discusses calibration of the tanks at the Pierre Auger Observatory. It describes a three step calibration process: 1) adjusting PMT voltages to obtain the same signal for a vertical muon, 2) setting the trigger threshold to obtain a 100Hz single particle rate at 150 channels, and 3) using charge histograms to determine the signal produced by a vertical muon. Calibration information like histograms of baseline, pulse height, and charge are provided with event data. Analysis of inclined showers is also discussed, noting they are important for composition studies and increasing statistics. Understanding the tank response to inclined muons is crucial, but has not been directly measured.
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TimTrack is a software for tracking charged particles that uses C language for its speed and flexibility. It uses linear algebra libraries like LAPACK and Intel IPP for numerical computations like solving systems of linear equations. TimTrack version 2.0 implements a new algebra version for faster variance-covariance matrix calculations. Future versions will parallelize computations using OpenMP, MPI, and GPUs with CUDA to further improve performance for large particle datasets.
The TRB was developed as a general purpose platform for time-to-digital converters (TDCs) and fast data acquisition for nuclear physics experiments with thousands of channels. It provides integrated TDC, data acquisition, and local computing capabilities in a modular design that can be directly mounted on detectors. Measurements showed time resolutions of 40 picoseconds for 128 channels and 16 picoseconds for 32 channels. The TRB has been successfully used in several experiments and more developments are planned to further improve performance and reduce costs.
TimTrack is an algorithm for tracking charged particles using data from detectors. It estimates the parameters of a "SAETA", which defines a particle track using 6 parameters. TimTrack uses a least squares method to minimize the differences between measured and predicted values from a model. It can handle data from various detector geometries by defining appropriate configuration and data matrices. The method provides a matrix solution that is fast to compute and easy to implement.
The document discusses the development of sealed resistive plate chambers (sRPCs) as a more flexible alternative to gas ionization detectors that do not require a gas system. Several prototype sRPCs were constructed and two were tested with radioactive sources, finding that signals and current increased over time but that high voltage had to be reduced to avoid streamers at the cost of gain. Further work is needed to characterize the resolution and efficiency of sRPCs over time and to improve their construction and evaluate different gas mixtures to reduce aging effects.
This document discusses the relationship between cosmic rays, solar activity, and climate/weather patterns. It outlines that solar wind modulates cosmic rays entering the atmosphere, which act as cloud condensation nuclei and affect cloud formation. Studies have found correlations between cosmic ray flux decreases during solar events and decreases in cloud cover. The document then discusses how this proposed mechanism may influence climate through impacts on cloud radiative forcing. It analyzes links between various climate patterns like the North Atlantic Oscillation and weather types with rainfall and temperature in Galicia, Spain, and how these correlations have changed over time with solar activity levels.
This document discusses signal coupling in multi-conductor highly inhomogeneous HF environments like multi-strip timing RPC detectors. It summarizes simulations and measurements of cross-talk and time resolution in multi-strip RPC detectors of various lengths from 20cm to 100cm. Optimization techniques like differential signaling and shielding were able to reduce cross-talk to below 3% and achieve cluster sizes of around 1, with a modest degradation of time resolution to 110ps mainly affecting the first neighbor strips. Further optimization may still be possible.
The document summarizes a simulation of extensive air showers (EAS) using the AIRES code. Key results include:
1) Simulations of EAS were conducted for primaries of protons, carbon, iron, and gamma rays with energies of 1015 eV in the "knee" region.
2) Observables like particle type, arrival time, zenith angle, and azimuthal angle were recorded for electrons and muons at varying distances from the shower core.
3) Preliminary analysis of arrival times and angular distributions shows differences between primaries that could help identify the primary particle.
4) Further multivariate analysis of correlations between observables may provide hidden insights into the primary cosmic ray
The document discusses estimating a saeta (trajectory) using a linear model, where available data Y is modeled as a function of known quantities X and unknown parameters that determine the saeta plus some errors. It describes how to obtain the estimator for the parameters and its properties. It then poses three questions about estimating a saeta under different references, imposing restrictions like going through the origin, and combining information from multiple estimated saetas.
TimTrack is a software for tracking charged particles. It uses C language for its speed and flexibility. Previous versions used LAPACK or Intel IPP libraries for linear algebra operations. The newest version TimTrack v2.0 uses LAPACK and is 23.6 seconds faster than earlier versions for tracking 1 million particles. Future plans include parallelizing with OpenMP, MPI, and implementing on GPUs using CUDA.
1. The document discusses methods for estimating and analyzing saetas (linear models). It proposes estimating a saeta under a new reference frame by applying the appropriate transformation to the estimated saeta coefficients.
2. Once a saeta is estimated, it can be restricted to pass through the origin by applying a linear restriction to the model estimation. The restriction can be tested with an F-test.
3. When two saetas are estimated from different data sets, the best overall saeta can be determined by testing whether the two saetas are equal.
Este documento describe los rayos cósmicos, incluyendo su interacción con la atmósfera terrestre, su composición y espectro de energía, y los métodos para estudiarlos. También presenta el proyecto Trasgo, el cual propone desarrollar un detector de rastreo de partículas basado en cámaras de placas resistivas para proporcionar información adicional sobre las partículas de alta energía.
Este documento describe los rayos cósmicos y su estudio mediante cascadas atmosféricas. Detalla la historia del descubrimiento de los rayos cósmicos, su composición y espectro energético. Explica cómo se forman y desarrollan las cascadas atmosféricas y cómo se pueden medir para caracterizar las partículas primarias. Finalmente, menciona algunos experimentos históricos y actuales y las técnicas que utilizan para estudiar las cascadas y los rayos cósmicos.
The TRASGO project aims to develop an innovative cosmic ray detector based on timing RPCs. The detector, called TRASGO, will be able to measure particle timing, tracking, and identification. It will consist of timing RPC planes with 100ps time resolution, a fast tracking algorithm called TimTrack, and a particle identification method called MIDAS. An array of 10-50 TRASGO detectors called MEIGA will be installed to study cosmic rays around the knee and test simulation packages. The MEIGA collaboration has been formed between universities in Spain and Portugal to develop the detectors and carry out the cosmic ray measurements.
Este documento describe un proyecto llamado Trasgo que tiene como objetivo desarrollar un detector de rastreo de partículas basado en detectores RPC. El detector Trasgo utilizaría detectores RPC de alta resolución temporal junto con algoritmos de reconstrucción de trayectorias y identificación de partículas para proporcionar información sobre las partículas de alta energía que lo atraviesan. El detector Trasgo sería modular, portátil y de bajo costo, lo que lo haría útil para una variedad de aplicaciones relacionadas con el est
Este documento describe un nuevo método llamado "TimTrack" para reconstruir trayectorias de partículas cargadas en detectores que miden tiempos. TimTrack ajusta simultáneamente los parámetros de posición, pendiente, tiempo inicial y velocidad de la partícula utilizando mediciones de tiempo de todos los detectores. Esto proporciona una reconstrucción más precisa que los métodos tradicionales. El documento también describe simulaciones realizadas para probar el algoritmo TimTrack en detectores con múltiples planos y diferentes configuraciones.
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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UiPath integration with generative AI
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2. This is a talk about how to deal with signal coupling
in highly inhomogeneous HF environments,
electrically long and very long, not properly matched
and with an arbitrary number of parallel conductors.
This topic generally takes a full book, so I will try to
focus on theoretical results that may be of
immediate applicability and on experimental results
from non-optimized and optimized detectors.
3. definitions used
mirror electrode
not counting
Pad: set of 1+1(ref) conductors electrically small
Multi-Pad: set of N+1(ref) conductors electrically small
Strip: set of 1+1(ref) conductors electrically large
Double-Strip: set of 2+1(ref) conductors electrically large
Multi-Strip: set of N+1(ref) conductors electrically large
For narrow-gap RPCs this definition leads to:
pad strip
vp c t rise vpc t rise
D< = < 5 cm D≥ = ≥ 5 cm
f c 2 0.35 f c 2 0.35
4. Some of the geometries chosen by the creative RPC developers
HADES-SIS FOPI-SIS ALICE-LHC
-V -V
V
V
-V -V
STAR-RHIC
-V -V
V
V
V ! all these schemes are equivalent
-V regarding the underlying avalanche
dynamics... but the RPC is also a strip-
V
line, a fact that is manifested after the
-V avalanche current has been induced. And
all these strip-lines have a completely
V
different electrical behavior.
S. An et al., NIM A 594(2008)39
HV filtering scheme is omitted
5. pad
pad structure
taking the average signal and neglecting edge effects
induction signal collection
t '−t
t
1 Cg α *v 1
iind (t ) = imeas (t ) = vdrift q ∫ exp[ + α * vdrift t ' ] dt '
t
vdrift q e drift
g C gap gC gap 0
RinC g
if RinCg << 1/(α*vdrift)
imeas (t ) ≅ iind (t )
reasonable for
Rin typical narrow-
iind (t ) gap RPCs at 1cm2
scale
D
h Cg Cg Rin
w imeas (t )
6. How to create a simple avalanche model
We follow the following 'popular' model
• The stochastic solution of the avalanche Raether limit 8.7
equation is given by a simple Furry law (non-
space-charge
equilibrium effects are not included). regime ~7.5
• Avalanche evolution under strong space-
log10 Ne(t)
~7
charge regime is characterized by no
exponential-growth threshold
effective multiplication. The growth stops regime
when the avalanche reaches a certain number
of carriers called here ne,sat that is left as a
~2
free parameter.
exponential-fluctuation
regime
• The amplifier is assumed to be slow enough 0
to be sensitive to the signal charge and not to
to tmeas t
its amplitude. We work, for convenience, with
a threshold in charge units Qth. avalanche Furry-type
fluctuations
the parameters of the mixture are derived from recent measurements
of Urquijo et al (see poster session) and HEED for the initial ionization
7. MC results. Prompt charge distributions
for 'pad-type' detectors
4-gap 0.3 mm RPC standard mixture 1-gap 0.3 mm RPC standard mixture
Eff = 74%
Eff = 60%
Eff = 38%
simulated
simulated
measured
qinduced, prompt [pC]
qinduced, prompt [pC] measured
assuming space-charge saturation at
ne,sat= 4.0 107 (for E=100 kV/cm)
Data from:
P. Fonte, V. Peskov, NIM A, 477(2002)17.
P. Fonte et al., NIM A, 449(2000)295. qinduced, total [pC]
9. fine so far
till here one can find more than a handful of similar
simulations by various different groups, always able to
capture the experimental observations.
to the authors knowledge nobody has ever attempted a
MC simulation of an 'electrically long RPC'
why?
10. strip
single-strip (loss-less)
induction transmission and
signal collection
1 Cg 1 Τ Cg y
iind (t ) ≅ vd q N e ( t ) imeas (t ) ≅ vd q N e (t − av ) + ∑
g C gap g 2 C gap v reflections
L0,L 1 2Z c
Zc = v= T=
C g ,L L0,L ⋅ C g ,L Z c + Rin
iind (t ) imeas (t )
Lo,L
D
Cg,L
h
Rin
w z
y
x − iind (t )
11. strip
single-strip (with losses)
At a given frequency signals attenuate in a transmission
line as: D
− have little effect for glass and Cu
Λ( f )
≈e electrodes as long as tan(δ)<=0.001 equivalent threshold !
?
1 R (f)
≈ L + Z c GL ( f )
Λ( f ) Zc ~ x 2/Texp(D/Λ)
log Ne(t)
threshold
iind (t )
Lo,L RL imeas (t )
to t
Cg,L GL
Rin
− iind (t )
12. strip
single-strip (HADES TOF-wall)
- area 8m2, end-cap, 2244 channels
- cell lengths D = 13-80 cm
Zc = 5 - 12Ω (depending on the cell width)
T = 0.2 - 0.4
v = 0.57c
- disturbing reflections dumped within 50ns
built-in electronic dead-time
- average time resolution: 70-75 ps
- average efficiency: 95-99%
- cluster size: 1.023
D. Belver et al., NIM A 602(2009)687
A. Blanco et al., NIM A 602(2009)691
A. Blanco, talk at this workshop
13. double-strip
double-strip (signal induction)
strip cross-section for HADES-like geometry
wide-strip E ≅
1 Cg
limit h << w z
iind (t ) = E z vdrift N e (t )
g C gap
same polarity
this yields signal induction
even for an avalanche
produced in the neighbor
strip (charge sharing)
opposite polarity!
D
We use formulas from:
T. Heubrandtner et al. NIM A 489(2002)439
h z
y
w extrapolated analytically to
an N-gap situation
x
14.
15. double-strip
double-strip (transmission and signal collection)
0
Τ iind,v+ (t )+iind,v− (t ) Z m Rin iind,v− (t )−iind,v+ (t )
itr,meas(t )= + + ∑
2 2 ( Zc + Rin )2
2 reflections
y0
iind,v+ (t ) = iind (t − )
Z m Rin iind ,v − (t )+iind ,v + (t ) Τ iind ,v − (t ) −iind ,v + (t ) v + ∆v
ict,meas (t ) = + + ∑
( Z c + Rin ) 2
2 2 2 reflections y
iind,v− (t ) = iind (t − 0 )
v − ∆v
low frequency high frequency
term / 'double pad'-limit dispersive term
1 −1 ∆v Lm,L C m, L
v= v = L0,L (C g ,L +Cm,L ) , = −
L0,L ⋅ C g ,L v L0,L C g ,L + Cm,L 2Z c
T=
L0,L Z m 1 ⎡ Lm,L C m, L ⎤ Z c + Rin
L0,L Zc = , = ⎢ + ⎥
Zc = C g , L + C m, L Z c 2 ⎢ L0,L C g ,L + Cm,L ⎥
⎣ ⎦
C g ,L
It can be proved with some
single strip double strip parameters simple algebra that ict has
parameters zero charge when integrated
over all reflections
16. double-strip
double-strip (simulations)
input:
signal induced from an
avalanche produced at the signal transmitted
cathode + FEE response normalized to
signal induced
A. Blanco et al. NIM A 485(2002)328
cross-talk signal normalized
to signal transmitted in main
strip
17. double-strip
double-strip (measurements)
unfortunately very little information is published
on detector cross-talk. In practice this work of
2002 is the only one so far performing a
systematic study of cross-talk in narrow-gap RPCs
80-90% cross-talk
levels
cluster size:
1.8-1.9
!!!
18. double-strip
double-strip (optimization)
fraction of cross-talk Fct:
-continuous lines: APLAC
-dashed-lines: 'literal' formula
for the 2-strip case.
a) original structure
b) 10 mm inter-strip
separation
c) PCB cage
d) PCB
e) differential
f) bipolar
g) BW/10, optimized inter-
strip separation, glass
thickness and strip width.
h) 0.5 mm glass. Shielding
walls ideally grounded +
optimized PCB
20. multi-strip
multi-strip
A literal solution to the TL equations
in an N-conductor MTL is of questionable
interest, although is a 'mere' algebraic problem. It is known
that in general N modes travel in the structure at the same
time.
For the remaining part of the talk we have relied on the
exact solution of the TL equations by APLAC (FDTD method)
and little effort is done in an analytical understanding
21. multi-strip
but how can we know if the TL theory works after all?
A comparison simulation-data for the cross-talk levels
extracted from RPC performance is a very indirect way
to evaluate cross-talk.
comparison at wave-form level was also done!
25. multi-strip
30cm-long differential and ~matched
multi-strip
experimental conditions:
~mips from p-Pb reactions at 3.1 GeV, low rates,
high resolution (~0.1 mm) tracking
8 gaps Cm=20 pF/m
... ...
Cdiff=23 pF/m
Zdiff=80 Ω
intrinsic strip profile is
accessible!
probability of pure cross-talk:
1-3%
I. Deppner, talk at this
workshop
26. multi-strip
100cm-long shielded multi-strip
experimental conditions:
~mips from p-Pb reactions at 3.1 GeV, low
rates, trigger width = 2 cm (< strip width)
long run. Very high statistics.
... ...
5x2 gaps
27. multi-strip
100cm-long shielded multi-strip
time resolution for double-hits
double-hit no any of 3rdneighbors
double-hit in double 2st neighbors
hit
in any of 1 nd neighbors
28. multi-strip
100cm-long shielded multi-strip
time resolution for double-hits
tails
29. summary
• We performed various simulations and in-beam measurements of Timing
RPCs in multi-strip configuration. Contrary to previous very discouraging
experience (Blanco, 2002) multi-strip configuration appear to be well
suited for a multi-hit environment, if adequate 'a priori' optimization is
provided. Cross-talk levels below 3% and cluster sizes of the order of 1
have been obtained, with a modest degradation of the time resolution
down to 110 ps, affecting mainly the first neighbor. This resolution is
partly affected by the poor statistics of multiple hits in the physics
environment studied.
• There is yet room for further optimization.
30. acknowledgements
A. Berezutskiy (SPSPU-Saint Petersburg)
G. Kornakov (USC-Santiago de Compostela),
M. Ciobanu (GSI-Darmstadt),
J. Wang (Tsinghua U.-Beijing)
and the CBM-TOF collaboration