This document describes a PI voltage controller for a DC-DC boost converter. It discusses using a PI controller in a closed-loop feedback system to regulate the output voltage of the boost converter. The proportional and integral terms of the PI controller are implemented using op-amps, with the proportional term providing immediate correction and the integral term providing gradual correction to eliminate steady-state error. Tuning the gains and time constants of the PI controller is important to achieve stable, non-oscillating control of the output voltage.
This document describes the specifications for the ACX502BMU-7 LCD panel. It includes:
1. A block diagram of the panel showing the drivers, active area, and interface.
2. Maximum ratings for voltages, operating temperature, and LED current.
3. A pinout diagram and descriptions of the FPC connector pins.
4. Operating conditions for voltages, frequencies, timings, and more.
5. Power on and off sequences showing the order and timing of signals.
6. Timing charts showing the horizontal and vertical directions of input signals.
The document provides detailed technical specifications for the ACX502BMU-7 LCD panel in a clear
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for ABDON)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. Key points:
1. The operating point (Q-point) of the amplifier was initially not centered on the AC load line, causing distortion. Adjusting the emitter resistor centered the Q-point.
2. With the centered Q-point, the maximum undistorted output voltage increased. The expected and measured output voltages matched closely.
3. A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the full input cycle, but provides an undistorted output waveform.
This document describes an experiment on negative feedback amplifiers using BJT transistors. The objectives are to study the influence of negative feedback, examine feedback amplifier properties experimentally, and determine input/output impedance, gain, and bandwidth with and without feedback. The procedures measure these characteristics for common feedback configurations - voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Input/output impedance is measured by varying a test resistance until output amplitude is halved. Gain is calculated from input and output voltages. Bandwidth is found by varying frequency until output amplitude is 0.707 times maximum. The gain-bandwidth product is also calculated.
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the time domain and frequency domain. It explains how square waves and triangular waves can be produced from a series of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes. The experiment uses function generators, an oscilloscope, and spectrum analyzer to generate and observe waveforms in both the time and frequency domains. It also examines how filtering affects periodic pulses with varying duty cycles.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the time and frequency domains. The objectives are to: 1) Produce a square wave from sine waves of different frequencies and amplitudes using Fourier series; 2) Produce a triangular wave from cosine waves using Fourier series; 3) Examine the difference between time and frequency domain plots; 4) Examine periodic pulses with different duty cycles in both domains; and 5) Examine the effect of low-pass filtering on pulses. Circuits are provided to generate square and triangular waves from Fourier series components for analysis on an oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer.
This document describes an experiment involving active band-pass and band-stop filters. The objectives are to determine the gain-frequency response, quality factor, bandwidth, and phase shift of these filters. The experiment uses op-amps, capacitors, and resistors to build a multiple feedback band-pass filter and a two-pole Sallen-Key notch (band-stop) filter. Equations are provided to calculate the center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and voltage gain of the filters based on their circuit component values. The procedures involve simulating the filters and measuring their gain-frequency responses to determine these characteristics and compare them to theoretical calculations.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
This document describes the specifications for the ACX502BMU-7 LCD panel. It includes:
1. A block diagram of the panel showing the drivers, active area, and interface.
2. Maximum ratings for voltages, operating temperature, and LED current.
3. A pinout diagram and descriptions of the FPC connector pins.
4. Operating conditions for voltages, frequencies, timings, and more.
5. Power on and off sequences showing the order and timing of signals.
6. Timing charts showing the horizontal and vertical directions of input signals.
The document provides detailed technical specifications for the ACX502BMU-7 LCD panel in a clear
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for ABDON)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. Key points:
1. The operating point (Q-point) of the amplifier was initially not centered on the AC load line, causing distortion. Adjusting the emitter resistor centered the Q-point.
2. With the centered Q-point, the maximum undistorted output voltage increased. The expected and measured output voltages matched closely.
3. A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the full input cycle, but provides an undistorted output waveform.
This document describes an experiment on negative feedback amplifiers using BJT transistors. The objectives are to study the influence of negative feedback, examine feedback amplifier properties experimentally, and determine input/output impedance, gain, and bandwidth with and without feedback. The procedures measure these characteristics for common feedback configurations - voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Input/output impedance is measured by varying a test resistance until output amplitude is halved. Gain is calculated from input and output voltages. Bandwidth is found by varying frequency until output amplitude is 0.707 times maximum. The gain-bandwidth product is also calculated.
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the time domain and frequency domain. It explains how square waves and triangular waves can be produced from a series of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes. The experiment uses function generators, an oscilloscope, and spectrum analyzer to generate and observe waveforms in both the time and frequency domains. It also examines how filtering affects periodic pulses with varying duty cycles.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active low-pass and high-pass filters. The objectives were to determine the cutoff frequencies, gain-frequency responses, and roll-offs of second-order low-pass and high-pass filters. The experiments involved plotting the gain-frequency and phase-frequency responses of the filters using a function generator, oscilloscope, and op-amps. The measured cutoff frequencies and roll-offs matched the expected values based on the circuit components. However, when higher frequencies approached the op-amp's bandwidth limit, the high-pass filter response became band-pass-like due to the active element limitation. In conclusion, active filters are suitable for low-frequency applications where the op-
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the time and frequency domains. The objectives are to: 1) Produce a square wave from sine waves of different frequencies and amplitudes using Fourier series; 2) Produce a triangular wave from cosine waves using Fourier series; 3) Examine the difference between time and frequency domain plots; 4) Examine periodic pulses with different duty cycles in both domains; and 5) Examine the effect of low-pass filtering on pulses. Circuits are provided to generate square and triangular waves from Fourier series components for analysis on an oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer.
This document describes an experiment involving active band-pass and band-stop filters. The objectives are to determine the gain-frequency response, quality factor, bandwidth, and phase shift of these filters. The experiment uses op-amps, capacitors, and resistors to build a multiple feedback band-pass filter and a two-pole Sallen-Key notch (band-stop) filter. Equations are provided to calculate the center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and voltage gain of the filters based on their circuit component values. The procedures involve simulating the filters and measuring their gain-frequency responses to determine these characteristics and compare them to theoretical calculations.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
This document discusses Fourier theory and how it can be used to represent non-sinusoidal signals as a combination of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. It provides examples of how square waves and triangular waves can be produced by adding together sine and cosine waves. The document also discusses the difference between analyzing signals in the time domain versus the frequency domain and how these representations provide different insights. Finally, it discusses how Fourier analysis can be used to understand the bandwidth requirements to transmit digital pulses accurately.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for AGDON)Sarah Krystelle
This experiment analyzed the operation of a class A power amplifier. Key findings include:
1) The initial operating point (Q-point) was not centered on the AC load line, resulting in output clipping.
2) Adjusting the emitter resistance centered the Q-point on the AC load line, eliminating clipping and increasing the maximum undistorted output voltage.
3) A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the entire input cycle, but provides the most linear amplification.
1. The document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the generation of square waves and triangular waves from a series of sine and cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes.
2. Key findings include that a square wave can be produced from odd harmonics of a fundamental sine wave, while a triangular wave can be produced from odd harmonic cosine waves. Eliminating harmonics distorts the output wave shape.
3. The time domain shows voltage over time, while the frequency domain shows amplitude by frequency using a Fourier series. Filtering affects the frequency spectrum and output wave shape.
This document summarizes the specifications of the TDA7386, a quad channel 40W car audio amplifier integrated circuit. It can provide up to 4 x 45W of power into 4 ohm loads with low distortion. It has protections for overheating, short circuits, inductive loads, and overvoltage. It requires few external components due to its integrated gain and compensation.
This document describes experiments performed to characterize active band-pass and band-stop filters, including plotting the gain-frequency response curves to determine cutoff frequencies and bandwidth, calculating quality factors and center frequencies, and comparing measured and expected voltage gains. Procedures are provided to implement and analyze a multiple-feedback band-pass filter and a two-pole Sallen-Key notch filter using op-amps and passive components.
1. The document describes experiments on representing non-sinusoidal signals as a sum of sinusoidal waves using Fourier analysis and examining signals in both the time and frequency domains.
2. It involves generating square and triangular waves from Fourier series of sine and cosine waves and observing the effects of removing harmonics on the output waveform.
3. The experiments aim to demonstrate the differences between time and frequency domain representations and determine the bandwidth required to transmit periodic pulses with minimal distortion.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for CAUAN)Sarah Krystelle
This document describes an experiment conducted on a Class B push-pull power amplifier. The experiment involves determining the operating point on the DC and AC load lines, centering the operating point on the AC load line, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output power, and efficiency of the amplifier. Objectives of the experiment include locating the operating point, drawing load lines, measuring voltage gain, output power, and efficiency. Components used include a transistor, resistors, capacitors, a power supply, function generator, oscilloscope and multimeter. Calculations are shown for determining load lines, voltage gain, output power and efficiency. Results are recorded for undistorted output voltage and input voltage.
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the generation of square waves and triangular waves from a series of sine and cosine waves. Key points:
1. Square and triangular waves were generated on an oscilloscope from Fourier series of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes.
2. Measurements showed the fundamental frequency of the generated waves matched the frequency of the individual sine/cosine waves.
3. Removing higher harmonic waves caused the generated waves to become more sinusoidal, demonstrating the role of harmonics in shaping the waveform.
1. The document describes an experiment on Fourier theory and how signals can be represented in both the time domain and frequency domain. Square waves and triangular waves are generated from a series of sine and cosine waves (Fourier series) and plotted in both domains.
2. Low-pass filters are used to remove higher harmonics from signals. This distorts the original waveshape as more harmonics are removed. The bandwidth needed to transmit pulses with minimal distortion depends on the duty cycle.
3. Objectives include learning how square and triangular waves can be produced from Fourier series, comparing time and frequency domain plots, and examining how duty cycle and filtering affect pulses in both domains.
This document appears to be an experiment report for a college-level electronics course. It includes:
1. Objectives to plot gain-frequency responses of passive band-pass and band-stop filters, determine their center frequencies and bandwidths, and how circuit resistance affects bandwidth.
2. Sample computations showing solutions to steps in the experiment involving passive filter circuit analysis.
3. A data sheet listing materials used and theoretical background on passive band-pass, band-stop, low-pass, and high-pass filters. It describes how to analyze L-C series and parallel resonant filters.
4. A procedure outlining steps to simulate band-pass and band-stop filters and analyze their responses
The L293B and L293E are quad half-H bridge motor drivers capable of delivering 1A per channel or 2A peak current. They can control DC motors or stepper motors in both directions. Each channel contains an H-bridge that can drive current in either direction and is controlled by a logic input. The devices also have separate logic power supply inputs to reduce power dissipation.
This document describes a dual-channel 20MHz oscilloscope. It has the following key features:
- It can display two channels simultaneously or individually with a maximum sensitivity of 1mV/DIV.
- The time base provides a maximum sweep speed of 0.2mS/DIV and 20nS/DIV when magnified.
- It has features like alternate triggering of two signals, automatic synchronization, and a built-in frequency counter.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for CAUAN)Sarah Krystelle
This document describes Experiment #2 on a class B push-pull power amplifier. The objectives are to determine the dc and ac load lines, observe crossover distortion, measure voltage gain, output power, and efficiency. Sample computations are provided for voltage gain, output power, input power, and efficiency. The theory section describes class B push-pull amplifiers and how biasing the transistors slightly above cutoff can eliminate crossover distortion. Procedures are outlined to simulate and measure the amplifier's input, output, voltage gain, power output, and efficiency.
This document provides information on operational amplifiers (op amps) including:
1) It defines an op amp as a high-performance dc amplifying circuit containing transistors that has features like high gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance.
2) It discusses the history and development of op amps from early bipolar transistor designs to modern CMOS and BiFET technologies.
3) It describes common op amp circuit configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, summing amplifiers, integrators, and voltage followers. Circuit diagrams and explanations of their theory and operation are provided.
This document describes work on developing puppets that can playback recorded voices modulated by the movement of their mouths. It discusses two approaches: 1) capacitive sensing using a loading mode circuit to detect mouth movements and 2) using electric field sensing with a transmit-receive circuit to track mouth movements over a larger range. The loading mode approach could only detect small movements while the transmit-receive approach is still being developed and tested. The goal is to use the amplitude and speed of mouth movements to control the volume and playback speed of a pre-recorded voice.
The document describes experiments conducted to analyze the characteristics of active band-pass and band-stop filters. Specifically, it discusses plotting the gain-frequency response curves and determining the center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and phase shift for both types of filters. Sample computations are provided for an active band-pass filter to calculate the actual voltage gain, expected voltage gain, center frequency, quality factor, and percentage differences between measured and expected values. The objectives, theory, materials used, and procedures for the experiments are also outlined.
The document discusses potentiostats, which are used to control the voltage between a working and reference electrode in electrochemical measurements. It describes the basic components and functions of a potentiostat, including maintaining a constant potential and delivering current. Voltammetry techniques that actively vary the cell potential are also summarized. Key aspects like accuracy, bandwidth, noise, and stability are important characteristics of potentiostats. Operational amplifiers and voltage ramp generators are important components of potentiostat circuitry used to control the electrochemical reaction and output current signals.
Concept Kit 3-Phase AC Motor Drive Simulation (PSpice Version)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information about modeling a 3-phase AC motor for electric drive system simulation in PSpice. It includes the motor specifications, modeling of torque and back-EMF, a simplified 3-phase AC motor model, the equivalent circuit model, and parameter settings. Appendices provide details on measuring points, evaluation text, gate signals, model text, and simulation settings.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active band-pass and band-stop filters. The objectives are to determine the gain-frequency response, center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and phase response. For the band-pass filter, the measured and calculated results for center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and quality factor agree to within 5%. For the band-stop filter, the measured and calculated results for center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and quality factor agree to within 1%. The phase response of the band-pass filter shows the output is approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the input at the center frequency.
The document discusses generating square and triangular waves using Fourier series of sine and cosine waves. It also examines signals in the time and frequency domains. Key points:
1) A square wave can be produced from a series of sine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes, with the fundamental and odd harmonics present.
2) A triangular wave results from a series of cosine waves, with the fundamental and odd harmonics.
3) Signals can be viewed in the time domain as voltage over time, or in the frequency domain as the amplitude of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies.
1. The document discusses DC-DC buck converters and their operation. A buck converter efficiently steps down DC voltage through lossless conversion using a switch, inductor, diode, and capacitor.
2. When the switch is closed, the inductor current rises and energy is stored in the inductor's magnetic field. When the switch opens, the inductor current flows through the diode to the load. By rapidly switching on and off, the output voltage is the average of the input voltage over many switching cycles.
3. Key aspects covered include inductor and capacitor behavior, the input/output voltage relationship, effects of varying duty cycle and switching frequency, and RMS current calculations. Proper component selection is important for continuous
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including:
- An op-amp is a differential amplifier with very high gain used to amplify signals and perform mathematical operations. It has two inputs (inverting and non-inverting) and one output.
- An op-amp works by comparing the difference between its two input voltages and amplifying that difference by a very large amount, around 200,000 times.
- An op-amp has very high input impedance, low output impedance, and can provide either voltage or current gain depending on the configuration. It is used to build various circuits like filters, oscillators, and instruments.
This document discusses Fourier theory and how it can be used to represent non-sinusoidal signals as a combination of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. It provides examples of how square waves and triangular waves can be produced by adding together sine and cosine waves. The document also discusses the difference between analyzing signals in the time domain versus the frequency domain and how these representations provide different insights. Finally, it discusses how Fourier analysis can be used to understand the bandwidth requirements to transmit digital pulses accurately.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for AGDON)Sarah Krystelle
This experiment analyzed the operation of a class A power amplifier. Key findings include:
1) The initial operating point (Q-point) was not centered on the AC load line, resulting in output clipping.
2) Adjusting the emitter resistance centered the Q-point on the AC load line, eliminating clipping and increasing the maximum undistorted output voltage.
3) A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the entire input cycle, but provides the most linear amplification.
1. The document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the generation of square waves and triangular waves from a series of sine and cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes.
2. Key findings include that a square wave can be produced from odd harmonics of a fundamental sine wave, while a triangular wave can be produced from odd harmonic cosine waves. Eliminating harmonics distorts the output wave shape.
3. The time domain shows voltage over time, while the frequency domain shows amplitude by frequency using a Fourier series. Filtering affects the frequency spectrum and output wave shape.
This document summarizes the specifications of the TDA7386, a quad channel 40W car audio amplifier integrated circuit. It can provide up to 4 x 45W of power into 4 ohm loads with low distortion. It has protections for overheating, short circuits, inductive loads, and overvoltage. It requires few external components due to its integrated gain and compensation.
This document describes experiments performed to characterize active band-pass and band-stop filters, including plotting the gain-frequency response curves to determine cutoff frequencies and bandwidth, calculating quality factors and center frequencies, and comparing measured and expected voltage gains. Procedures are provided to implement and analyze a multiple-feedback band-pass filter and a two-pole Sallen-Key notch filter using op-amps and passive components.
1. The document describes experiments on representing non-sinusoidal signals as a sum of sinusoidal waves using Fourier analysis and examining signals in both the time and frequency domains.
2. It involves generating square and triangular waves from Fourier series of sine and cosine waves and observing the effects of removing harmonics on the output waveform.
3. The experiments aim to demonstrate the differences between time and frequency domain representations and determine the bandwidth required to transmit periodic pulses with minimal distortion.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for CAUAN)Sarah Krystelle
This document describes an experiment conducted on a Class B push-pull power amplifier. The experiment involves determining the operating point on the DC and AC load lines, centering the operating point on the AC load line, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output power, and efficiency of the amplifier. Objectives of the experiment include locating the operating point, drawing load lines, measuring voltage gain, output power, and efficiency. Components used include a transistor, resistors, capacitors, a power supply, function generator, oscilloscope and multimeter. Calculations are shown for determining load lines, voltage gain, output power and efficiency. Results are recorded for undistorted output voltage and input voltage.
This document describes an experiment on Fourier theory involving the generation of square waves and triangular waves from a series of sine and cosine waves. Key points:
1. Square and triangular waves were generated on an oscilloscope from Fourier series of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes.
2. Measurements showed the fundamental frequency of the generated waves matched the frequency of the individual sine/cosine waves.
3. Removing higher harmonic waves caused the generated waves to become more sinusoidal, demonstrating the role of harmonics in shaping the waveform.
1. The document describes an experiment on Fourier theory and how signals can be represented in both the time domain and frequency domain. Square waves and triangular waves are generated from a series of sine and cosine waves (Fourier series) and plotted in both domains.
2. Low-pass filters are used to remove higher harmonics from signals. This distorts the original waveshape as more harmonics are removed. The bandwidth needed to transmit pulses with minimal distortion depends on the duty cycle.
3. Objectives include learning how square and triangular waves can be produced from Fourier series, comparing time and frequency domain plots, and examining how duty cycle and filtering affect pulses in both domains.
This document appears to be an experiment report for a college-level electronics course. It includes:
1. Objectives to plot gain-frequency responses of passive band-pass and band-stop filters, determine their center frequencies and bandwidths, and how circuit resistance affects bandwidth.
2. Sample computations showing solutions to steps in the experiment involving passive filter circuit analysis.
3. A data sheet listing materials used and theoretical background on passive band-pass, band-stop, low-pass, and high-pass filters. It describes how to analyze L-C series and parallel resonant filters.
4. A procedure outlining steps to simulate band-pass and band-stop filters and analyze their responses
The L293B and L293E are quad half-H bridge motor drivers capable of delivering 1A per channel or 2A peak current. They can control DC motors or stepper motors in both directions. Each channel contains an H-bridge that can drive current in either direction and is controlled by a logic input. The devices also have separate logic power supply inputs to reduce power dissipation.
This document describes a dual-channel 20MHz oscilloscope. It has the following key features:
- It can display two channels simultaneously or individually with a maximum sensitivity of 1mV/DIV.
- The time base provides a maximum sweep speed of 0.2mS/DIV and 20nS/DIV when magnified.
- It has features like alternate triggering of two signals, automatic synchronization, and a built-in frequency counter.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for CAUAN)Sarah Krystelle
This document describes Experiment #2 on a class B push-pull power amplifier. The objectives are to determine the dc and ac load lines, observe crossover distortion, measure voltage gain, output power, and efficiency. Sample computations are provided for voltage gain, output power, input power, and efficiency. The theory section describes class B push-pull amplifiers and how biasing the transistors slightly above cutoff can eliminate crossover distortion. Procedures are outlined to simulate and measure the amplifier's input, output, voltage gain, power output, and efficiency.
This document provides information on operational amplifiers (op amps) including:
1) It defines an op amp as a high-performance dc amplifying circuit containing transistors that has features like high gain, high input resistance, and low output resistance.
2) It discusses the history and development of op amps from early bipolar transistor designs to modern CMOS and BiFET technologies.
3) It describes common op amp circuit configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, summing amplifiers, integrators, and voltage followers. Circuit diagrams and explanations of their theory and operation are provided.
This document describes work on developing puppets that can playback recorded voices modulated by the movement of their mouths. It discusses two approaches: 1) capacitive sensing using a loading mode circuit to detect mouth movements and 2) using electric field sensing with a transmit-receive circuit to track mouth movements over a larger range. The loading mode approach could only detect small movements while the transmit-receive approach is still being developed and tested. The goal is to use the amplitude and speed of mouth movements to control the volume and playback speed of a pre-recorded voice.
The document describes experiments conducted to analyze the characteristics of active band-pass and band-stop filters. Specifically, it discusses plotting the gain-frequency response curves and determining the center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and phase shift for both types of filters. Sample computations are provided for an active band-pass filter to calculate the actual voltage gain, expected voltage gain, center frequency, quality factor, and percentage differences between measured and expected values. The objectives, theory, materials used, and procedures for the experiments are also outlined.
The document discusses potentiostats, which are used to control the voltage between a working and reference electrode in electrochemical measurements. It describes the basic components and functions of a potentiostat, including maintaining a constant potential and delivering current. Voltammetry techniques that actively vary the cell potential are also summarized. Key aspects like accuracy, bandwidth, noise, and stability are important characteristics of potentiostats. Operational amplifiers and voltage ramp generators are important components of potentiostat circuitry used to control the electrochemical reaction and output current signals.
Concept Kit 3-Phase AC Motor Drive Simulation (PSpice Version)Tsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information about modeling a 3-phase AC motor for electric drive system simulation in PSpice. It includes the motor specifications, modeling of torque and back-EMF, a simplified 3-phase AC motor model, the equivalent circuit model, and parameter settings. Appendices provide details on measuring points, evaluation text, gate signals, model text, and simulation settings.
This document describes an experiment to characterize active band-pass and band-stop filters. The objectives are to determine the gain-frequency response, center frequency, bandwidth, quality factor, and phase response. For the band-pass filter, the measured and calculated results for center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and quality factor agree to within 5%. For the band-stop filter, the measured and calculated results for center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and quality factor agree to within 1%. The phase response of the band-pass filter shows the output is approximately 180 degrees out of phase with the input at the center frequency.
The document discusses generating square and triangular waves using Fourier series of sine and cosine waves. It also examines signals in the time and frequency domains. Key points:
1) A square wave can be produced from a series of sine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes, with the fundamental and odd harmonics present.
2) A triangular wave results from a series of cosine waves, with the fundamental and odd harmonics.
3) Signals can be viewed in the time domain as voltage over time, or in the frequency domain as the amplitude of sine/cosine waves at different frequencies.
1. The document discusses DC-DC buck converters and their operation. A buck converter efficiently steps down DC voltage through lossless conversion using a switch, inductor, diode, and capacitor.
2. When the switch is closed, the inductor current rises and energy is stored in the inductor's magnetic field. When the switch opens, the inductor current flows through the diode to the load. By rapidly switching on and off, the output voltage is the average of the input voltage over many switching cycles.
3. Key aspects covered include inductor and capacitor behavior, the input/output voltage relationship, effects of varying duty cycle and switching frequency, and RMS current calculations. Proper component selection is important for continuous
The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including:
- An op-amp is a differential amplifier with very high gain used to amplify signals and perform mathematical operations. It has two inputs (inverting and non-inverting) and one output.
- An op-amp works by comparing the difference between its two input voltages and amplifying that difference by a very large amount, around 200,000 times.
- An op-amp has very high input impedance, low output impedance, and can provide either voltage or current gain depending on the configuration. It is used to build various circuits like filters, oscillators, and instruments.
This document provides information about the AB45 operational amplifier board from Scientech Technologies. It contains:
1) An introduction to the board, which allows students to study operational amplifiers as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. It can be used with an external power supply or Scientech's Analog Lab ST2612.
2) A theory section explaining operational amplifiers and their applications as comparators, zero crossing detectors, and Schmitt triggers. Diagrams show the circuit configurations and input-output waveforms.
3) Details of two experiments - the first examines an operational amplifier as a comparator and zero crossing detector, the second examines it as a Schmitt trigger. Both include the objective
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable single timer capable of producing accurate timing pulses from microseconds to hours. It has two main operating modes - monostable and astable. In monostable mode, it generates a single output pulse when triggered, with the width determined by an external resistor and capacitor. In astable mode, it produces a continuous train of pulses with adjustable duty cycle and frequency set by two external resistors and one capacitor. Key applications include precision timing, pulse generation, time delay generation and sequential timing.
A PN junction diode can be used as a rectifier by taking advantage of its asymmetric conduction properties - it conducts easily in the forward bias direction but blocks conduction in the reverse bias direction. There are three main rectifier configurations: half wave which only uses the positive half of the AC cycle, center-tapped full wave which uses both halves but requires a center tap, and full wave bridge which uses both halves without a center tap and is the most efficient design. The mathematical analysis shows that the output current follows the input voltage during conduction periods but is zero when the diode is reverse biased.
The document discusses different applications of the Schmitt trigger circuit and the 555 timer IC. It describes how the Schmitt trigger produces a bi-stable characteristic using positive feedback and hysteresis. It can operate as an astable multivibrator by continuously charging and discharging a capacitor, or as a monostable multivibrator that has one stable state and can be triggered into a temporary quasi-stable state. The 555 timer IC can also generate precision timing pulses in both astable and monostable modes by comparing an input voltage to internal thresholds and charging/discharging a capacitor.
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1) DC-DC converters control the output voltage by converting the unregulated DC input voltage to a regulated DC output voltage. Switching regulators have near zero power loss by rapidly opening and closing a switch to transfer power from input to output in pulses.
2) A buck converter is a type of step-down DC-DC converter that produces an output voltage lower than the input voltage. It contains a switch, diode, and inductor. The inductor current ripples between a maximum and minimum value depending on the duty cycle of the switch.
3) Key parameters in buck converter design include duty cycle, switching frequency, inductor value, and capacitor value. These are selected to achieve the desired output voltage
The document discusses buffer amplifiers and operational amplifiers. It defines a buffer as a device that provides an output that is identical to its input. An operational amplifier configured as a voltage follower acts as a buffer amplifier, with a gain of exactly 1. This allows the buffer to provide electrical isolation while maintaining the signal voltage level. Real op-amps can achieve gains very close to 1, making them suitable for use as buffer amplifiers. Applications of buffer amplifiers include driving resistive loads and use in sensor and data acquisition systems.
This document describes the operation of a DC-DC buck converter, which efficiently reduces DC voltage. It consists of an inductor, capacitor, switch, and diode. When the switch is closed, the inductor stores energy from the input voltage. When open, the diode allows the inductor to discharge its current to the output through the capacitor and load. By rapidly switching at a duty cycle D, the average output voltage is Vin * D. The document analyzes current and voltage waveforms, deriving key equations for output voltage, component ratings, and output ripple voltage. Raising switching frequency or inductance reduces ripple.
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable timer capable of producing accurate timing pulses from microseconds to hours. It has a monostable operation where the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. It also has an astable operation where the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. The timer has high current drive capability, adjustable duty cycle, and temperature stability of 0.005%/°C.
This document discusses DC-DC buck converters. It begins by introducing different types of DC-DC converters and their applications. It then explains the objective of a buck converter is to efficiently reduce DC voltage. It discusses how a simple inefficient converter can achieve only 33% efficiency. Through the addition of an inductor and diode, lossless conversion becomes possible. The document explains the operating principles of the buck converter through examination of the inductor voltage and capacitor current in steady state. It derives the input-output voltage relationship and discusses how varying different circuit parameters affects the inductor current waveform. Finally, it covers RMS calculations for common periodic waveforms seen in converter circuits.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain amplifiers used as building blocks in analog electronic design. Key characteristics of op-amps include high input impedance, low output impedance, and very high voltage gain. Op-amps are often used in negative feedback configurations which allow the closed-loop gain to be determined by external resistors independently of the op-amp's open-loop gain. Common op-amp configurations include inverting, non-inverting, difference amplifier, integrator, and differentiator circuits.
Power Topologies_Full Deck_04251964_MappusSteve Mappus
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- Non-isolated converter topologies like boost, buck, and buck-boost converters and their isolated derivatives.
- Single-ended converter topologies like forward and flyback converters that use transformer reset techniques like reset winding and resonant reset.
- Double-ended topologies like push-pull, half-bridge, and full-bridge converters.
- It discusses the advantages of different topologies for applications like low, mid, and high power as well as operating modes like continuous and discontinuous conduction.
This document discusses power amplifiers and output stages. It covers class A, B, AB, and C amplifier stages and their collector current waveforms. It describes an emitter follower circuit and its transfer characteristics. It discusses crossover distortion in class B amplifiers and how class AB eliminates this by biasing the transistors at a small, non-zero current. It covers topics like efficiency, power dissipation, and output resistance for various classes of amplifiers. Exercises are provided to calculate values for a given class AB circuit.
The document discusses relaxation oscillators. A relaxation oscillator produces oscillations by repeatedly disturbing a physical system from its equilibrium state and allowing it to relax back. The period of the oscillations is set by the time it takes the system to relax from each disturbed state to the threshold that triggers the next disturbance. Relaxation oscillators use positive feedback to increase gain until the input signal's impact becomes zero, producing a non-sinusoidal oscillating output. Common types include multivibrators, ring oscillators, and delay line oscillators. The 555 timer IC can function as a relaxation oscillator by charging and discharging a capacitor. Advantages are timing applications and large, linear tuning range, while disadvantages include frequency sensitivity and low duty cycle
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Power Electronics 2 module. It discusses typical AC/DC/AC power conversion systems using line-side and motor-side converters. The module aims to provide knowledge of power electronics technologies including three-phase rectification, resonant converters, inverters, and high power converter structures. It outlines the lecture topics, recommendations, and reviews three-phase voltage supplies.
This document describes a 3-phase AC motor model for simulation in SPICE.
[1] The model simplifies the motor's behavior using equivalent circuits to represent the torque, back-EMF, and mechanical parts of the motor. Torque and back-EMF are defined based on phase currents and angular speed.
[2] Key parameters like phase inductance, resistance, back-EMF constant, torque constant, and load current can be set to characterize different motors.
[3] The complete equivalent circuit model combines the frequency response, back-EMF generation, and mechanical torque production to simulate 3-phase motor behavior in SPICE simulations.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
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- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
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Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
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[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
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2. PI Controller for DC-DC Boost Converter Output
Voltage
!
Vpwm PWM mod. DC-DC Vout
(0-3.5V) and MOSFET conv. (0-120V)
driver
Open Loop, DC-DC Converter Process
error Vpwm Hold to 90V
PI PWM mod. DC-DC
Vset controller and MOSFET conv. Vout
+ driver
–
(scaled down
to about 1.3V)
DC-DC Converter Process with Closed-Loop PI Controller
2
3. The Underlying Theory
error Vpwm Hold to 90V
PI PWM mod. DC-DC
Vset controller and MOSFET conv. Vout
+ driver
–
(scaled down
to about 1.3V)
xisting boost process
Proportional Integral 3
4. Theory, cont.
!
error e(t) Vpwm
PI PWM mod. DC-DC
Vset controller and MOSFET conv. Vout
+ driver
–
1
VPWM (t ) = K P e(t ) + ∫ e(t )dt
Ti
• Proportional term: Immediate correction but steady state error (V pwm equals
zero when there is no error (that is when Vset = Vout)).
• Integral term: Gradual correction
Consider the integral as a continuous sum (Riemman’s sum)
Thank you to the sum action, Vpwm is not zero when the e = 0
4
5. Theory, cont.
work!
Recommended in PI
Ti = 0.8T literature
ζ = 0.65 K p = 0.45
From above curve – gives some
overshoot
5
6. Improperly Tuned PI Controller
Mostly Proportional Control – Sluggish,
Mostly Integral Control - Oscillation Steady-State Error
90V 90V
Figure 11. Closed Loop Response with Mostly Integral Control Figure 12. Closed Loop Response with Mostly Proportional Control
(ringing) (sluggish)
6
7. !
Op Amps
I−
V− –
Vout
I+
V+ +
Assumptions for ideal op amp
• Vout = K(V+ − V− ), K large (hundreds of thousands, or one million)
• I+ = I− = 0
• Voltages are with respect to power supply ground (not shown)
• Output current is not limited
7
8. !
Example 1. Buffer Amplifier
(converts high impedance signal to low impedance signal)
Vout = K (V+ − V− ) = K(V – V )
in out
–
Vout
Vin + Vout + KVout = KVin
Vout (1 + K ) = KVin
K
Vout = Vin •
1+ K
K is large
Vout = Vin
8
9. !
Example 2. Inverting Amplifier
(used for proportional control signal)
Rf
, so .
Rin
Vin –
Vout KCL at the – node is .
+
Eliminating yields
, so
. For large K, then , so .
9
10. Example 3. Inverting Difference
!
(used for error signal)
V
R R Vout = K (V+ − V− ) = K b − V− , so
Va 2
– V V
Vout V− = b − out .
R + 2 K
Vb V− − Va V− − Vout
KCL at the – node is + = 0 , so
R R R
V + Vout
V− − Va + V− − Vout = 0 , yielding V− = a .
2
Eliminating V− yields
V V + Vout V V − Va K V − Va
Vout = K b − a , so Vout + K out = K b , or Vout 1 + = K b .
2 2 2 2 2 2
For large K , then Vout = −( a − Vb )
V
10
11. !
Example 4. Inverting Sum
(used to sum proportional and integral control signals)
− Vout
R Vout = K (0 − V− ) = − KV− , so V− = .
K
R
Va –
Vb
R Vout KCL at the – node is
+
V− − Va V− − Vb V− − Vout
+ + = 0 , so
R R R
3V− = Va + Vb + Vout .
−V −3
Substituting for V− yields 3 out = Va + Vb + Vout , so Vout − 1 = Va + Vb .
K K
Thus, for large K , Vout = −( a + Vb )
V
11
12. Example 5. Inverting Integrator !
(used for integral control signal)
~ ~
Using phasor analysis, Vout = K (0 − V− ) , so
Ci ~
Ri ~ = − Vout
V− . KCL at the − node is
Vin – K
Vout
+ ~ ~ ~ ~
V− − Vin V− − Vout
+ = 0.
Ri 1
j ωC
~
− Vout ~
− Vin ~
− Vout ~
~ K + jω C
Eliminating V− yields
Ri K − Vout = 0 . Gathering terms yields
~
~ −1 1 Vin ~ −1 1 ~
Vout
KR − j ωC + 1 = , or Vout
− jωRi C + 1 = Vin For large K , the
i K Ri
K K
~
~ ~ ~ − Vin
expression reduces to Vout (− jωRi C ) = Vin , so Vout = (thus, negative integrator action).
jωRi C
~
For a given frequency and fixed C , increasing Ri reduces the magnitude of Vout .
12
13. Op Amp Implementation of PI Controller
Signal flow
– error Rp
αVout
+
–
–
+ 15kΩ – Vpwm
– +
Difference +
Vset Proportional
+ (Gain = −1) Summer
(Gain = −Kp)
(Gain = −1)
1
Buffers
(Gain = 1)
Ci
Ri
Ri is a 500kΩ pot, Rp is a 100kΩ pot, and all other
–
resistors shown are 100kΩ, except for the 15kΩ
resistor. +
Inverting Integrator
The 500kΩ pot is marked “504” meaning 50 • 10 4 . (Time Constant = Ti)
The 100kΩ pot is marked “104” meaning 10 • 10 4 .
(Note – net gain Kp is unity when, in the open loop condition and with the integrator disabled,
Vpwm is at the desired value)
13