Cyberspace is a domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures.

2. Cyber Space
• Cyberspace is a domain characterized by the use
of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum
to store, modify, and exchange data via
networked systems and associated physical
infrastructures.
• In effect, cyberspace can be thought of as the
interconnection of human beings through
computers and telecommunication, without
regard to physical geography.

3. Threats in Cyberspace
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hacktivism
Cybercrime
Cyberespionage
Cyberwar
Cyberterrorism

4. 1. Hacktivism

5. Hacktivism
• Hacktivism is the use of computers and
computer networks to promote political ends,
chiefly free speech, human rights, and
information ethics. It is carried out under the
premise that proper use of technology can
produce results similar to those of
conventional acts of protest, activism, and civil
disobedience

6. Defacing Web Pages
• Defacing Web Pages: Between 1995 and 1999
Attrition.org reported 5,000 website
defacements. In such a scenario, the hacktivist
will significantly alter the front page of a
company's or governmental agency's website.

7. Web Sit-ins
• In this form of hacktivism, hackers attempt to
send so much traffic to the site that the
overwhelmed site becomes inaccessible to
other users in a variation on a denial of
service.

8. E-mail Bombing
• E-mail Bombing: Hacktivists send scores of emails with large file attachments to their
target's e-mail address.

9. Website Mirroring
• It is used as a circumvention tool to bypass
censorship blocks on websites. It is a
technique that copies the content of a
censored website and posts it to other
domains and subdomains that are not
censored.

10. Geo-bombing
• Geo-bombing: a technique in which netizens
add a geo-tag while editing YouTube videos so
that the location of the video can be displayed
in Google Earth.

11. Anonymous blogging
• Anonymous blogging: a method of speaking
out to a wide audience about human rights
issues, government oppression, etc. that
utilizes various web tools such as free email
accounts, IP masking, and blogging software
to preserve a high level of anonymity.

12. Doxing
• Doxing is the practice of outing of private
information about individuals, but the term is
sometimes used more broadly to refer to
exposing embarrassing information about
organizations

13. Swatting
• Swatting is the act of triggering a police raid,
usually that of an anti-terrorist team SWAT in
the United States, typically for retaliation or
harassment and based on providing false
information to law enforcement.

14. Cyber crime

15. Cyber crime
Computer crime
Computer crime refers to any crime that
involves a computer and a network. The
computer may have been used in the
commission of a crime, or it may be the
target
Net crime
Net crime refers to criminal exploitation
of the Internet.

16. Cybercrimes
• Halder and Jaishankar (2011) defines Cybercrimes
as: "Offences that are committed against
individuals or groups of individuals with a
criminal motive to intentionally harm the
reputation of the victim or cause physical or
mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly,
using modern telecommunication networks such
as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards
and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)".
• Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and
financial health.

17. Cybercrimes
• Issues surrounding this type of crime have
become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding cracking, copyright infringement,
child pornography, and child grooming. There
are also problems of privacy when confidential
information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or
otherwise.

18. Categories of Cybercrimes
Cyber crime encompasses a broad range of
activities. Generally, however, it may be divided
into two categories:
(1) crimes that target computers directly
(2) crimes facilitated by computer networks or
devices, the primary target of which is
independent of network or device.

19. Categories of Cybercrimes
1.Crimes that primarily target computer networks or
devices include:
1. Computer viruses
2. Denial-of-service attacks
3. Malware (malicious code)
2.Crimes that use computer networks or devices to
advance other ends include:
1. Cyber stalking
2. Fraud and identity theft
3. Information warfare
4. Phishing scams

20. computer virus
• A computer virus is a computer program that
can replicate itself and spread from one
computer to another. The term "virus" is also
commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to
other types of malware, including but not
limited to adware and spyware programs that
do not have a reproductive ability.

21. denial-of-service attack (DoS attack)
In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS
attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack
(DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine
or network resource unavailable to its intended
users. Although the means to carry out, motives
for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it
generally consists of the efforts of one or more
people to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or
suspend services of a host connected to the
Internet.

22. Malware
• Malware, short for malicious (or malevolent)
software, is software used or programmed by
attackers to disrupt computer operation,
gather sensitive information, or gain access to
private computer systems. It can appear in the
form of code, scripts, active content, and
other software. Malware' is a general term
used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or
intrusive software

23. Cyberstalking
• Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other
electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, a
group of individuals, or an organization. It may include
the making of false accusations or statements of fact (,
monitoring, making threats, identity theft, damage to
data or equipment, the solicitation of minors for sex, or
gathering information that may be used to harass. The
definition of "harassment" must meet the criterion
that a reasonable person, in possession of the same
information, would regard it as sufficient to cause
another reasonable person distress

24. Fraud
Fraud is intentional deception made for
personal gain or to damage another individual.
Fraud is a crime and a civil law violation, though
the specific criminal law definition varies by
legal jurisdiction. Defrauding people or entities
of money or valuables is a common purpose of
fraud.

25. Identity theft
• Identity theft is a form of stealing someone's identity in
which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming
that person's identity, typically in order to access resources
or obtain credit and other benefits in that person's name.
• The victim of identity theft (here meaning the person
whose identity has been assumed by the identity thief) can
suffer adverse consequences if they are held accountable
for the perpetrator's actions.
• Identity theft occurs when someone uses another's
personally identifying information, like their name,
identifying number, or credit card number, without their
permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.

26. Information Warfare
• Information Warfare (IW) is primarily an American
concept involving the use and management of
information technology in pursuit of a competitive
advantage over an opponent.
• Information warfare may involve collection of tactical
information, assurance that one's own information is
valid, spreading of propaganda or disinformation to
demoralize or manipulate the enemy and the public,
undermining the quality of opposing force information
and denial of information-collection opportunities to
opposing forces. Information warfare is closely linked
to psychological warfare.

27. Phishing
• Phishing is the act of attempting to acquire
information such as usernames, passwords, and
credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly,
money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity
in an electronic communication.
• Communications purporting to be from popular
social web sites, auction sites, online payment
processors or IT administrators are commonly
used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing
emails may contain links to websites that are
infected with malware

28. Cyber terrorism

29. Cyber terrorism
Cyber terrorism is the use of Internet based
attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of
deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer
networks, especially of personal computers
attached to the Internet, by the means of tools
such as computer viruses.

30. Types of cyber terrorism
Simple-Unstructured
The capability to conduct basic hacks against
individual systems using tools created by
someone else. The organization possesses little
target analysis, command and control, or
learning capability.

31. Types of cyber terrorism
Advanced-Structured
The capability to conduct more sophisticated
attacks against multiple systems or networks
and possibly, to modify or create basic hacking
tools. The organization possesses an elementary
target analysis, command and control, and
learning capability.

32. Types of cyber terrorism
Complex-Coordinated:
The capability for a coordinated attacks capable
of causing mass-disruption against integrated,
heterogeneous defenses (including
cryptography). Ability to create sophisticated
hacking tools. Highly capable target analysis,
command and control, and organization learning
capability

33. Cyber crime
Halder and Jaishankar (2011) defines
Cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed
against individuals or groups of individuals with
a criminal motive to intentionally harm the
reputation of the victim or cause physical or
mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly,
using modern telecommunication networks
such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice
boards and groups) and mobile phones
(SMS/MMS)".

34. Cyber crime
• Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security
and financial health.
• Issues surrounding this type of crime have
become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding cracking, copyright, child
pornography, and child grooming.
• There are also problems
of privacy when confidential information is
lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

35. The Computer Crime and Intellectual
Property Section (CCIPS)
• The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section
(CCIPS) is responsible for implementing the Department's
national strategies in combating computer and intellectual
property crimes worldwide.
• CCIPS prevents, investigates, and prosecutes computer
crimes by working with other government agencies, the
private sector, academic institutions, and foreign
counterparts.
• Section attorneys work to improve the domestic and
international infrastructure-legal, technological, and
operational-to pursue network criminals most effectively.
The Section's enforcement responsibilities against
intellectual property crimes are similarly multi-faceted.

36. The Computer Crime and Intellectual
Property Section (CCIPS)
• Intellectual Property (IP) has become one of the
principal U.S. economic engines, and the nation is a
target of choice for thieves of material protected by
copyright, trademark, or trade-secret designation. In
pursuing all these goals, CCIPS attorneys regularly run
complex investigations, resolve unique legal and
investigative issues raised by emerging computer and
telecommunications technologies; litigate cases;
provide litigation support to other prosecutors; train
federal, state, and local law enforcement personnel;
comment on and propose legislation; and initiate and
participate in international efforts to combat computer
and intellectual property crime.