This document discusses various aspects of cyber security in transportation, focusing on vulnerabilities within aviation, public transport, and connected vehicles. Specific incidents of cyber attacks are highlighted, including the LOT Polish Airlines disruption and hacks affecting United Airlines and Chrysler Jeep systems. The overall emphasis is on the need for comprehensive protection and awareness of both internal and external threats in transportation systems.

1. Lecturer:
Oren Elimelech
Ministry of Transport & Road Safety Cyber Security Adviser /
SecuRegion CISO
CISO, CISM, CISA, CISSP, VCP, MCSE, MCT, A+, CCIE, CCSA
Cyber Security in Transportation
19th August 2015

2. Oren Elimelech
Cyber Security, GRC, ITC, Forensics & Cloud Consultant
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• ISC2• ISSA• ISACA
• IARM• CSA• OWASP 2
Who are you?... About Myself

3. • Transportation Cyber Security
• Aviation Attacks
• Public Transport Attack
• Remote Exploitation of a Vehicle and other vegetables
• Q & A
Todays Agenda:
4

4. • The transportations segment includes many area:
• Mass land transportation – Trains, Busses, Trucks etc.
• Aviation transport – Planes, Airports among others.
• Naval transport – Ships, harbors, nav. system etc.
• Traffic & Transit control – signal control, warning lights,
road crossing illumination, tunnels and many more
• Vehicle – CAN bus, ECM, ECU, connected vehicles
• Most of the systems used are SCADA systems
• They are used for: power control, emergency
ventilation control, alarms, indicators, sensors,
fire/intrusion detection, control/signaling, AVL,
access control etc.
Transportation Cyber Security
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5. • Most of the those system are vulnerable to cyber
attacks since most are not totally disconnected
• Some are prone to physical access or even Radio
data link or Cellular (Watch Tower, Black Box etc)
• Maintenance, firmware and software upgrades
• And the list gets even longer
• Manifestation Impact – a vulnerability cascading
effect reaching other systems & services
• One must ensure the Confidentiality (not
necessarily security classified information), the
Availability and the Integrity of information in ICT
systems
Areas of Compromise
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6. • Expanding the scope from focusing only on
external hostile threats to miscellaneous general
external and internal threats – caused deliberately
and accidently, technical failures and natural
disasters
• For instance: Avionics control system failure in UK
following a software upgrade
• Strong emphasis on supposedly peripheral
systems that are not defined as critical national
infrastructures
• For instance: LOT airline company cyber attack
My Work Objectives & Tasks
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7. Aviation Attacks
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8. • On June 21st operations were disrupted at
Warsaw Chopin Airport by what LOT Polish
Airlines said was a cyberattack on flight-planning
computers. 10 LOT flights were canceled and
some 15 others were grounded for several hours,
affecting roughly 1,400 passengers
LOT Airline Cyber Attack
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9. • U.S. aviation regulators and industry officials have begun developing
comprehensive cybersecurity protections for aircraft, seeking to cover
everything from the largest commercial jetliners to small private planes
LOT Airline Cyber Attack
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10. • On July 8th 2015 – United Airlines issued a
statement saying it suffered from “a network
connectivity issue” – effecting 4,900 flights were
impacted by the problem worldwide
United Airline vulnerabilities
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11. • On July 15th 2015 – United Airlines gave 1 million
miles bug bounty to a security researcher after
finding Remote-execute, XSS and CSRF bug in
the Airline mobile-app & website enabling private
information disclosure and exploits
United Airline vulnerabilities
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12. • On August 17th 2015 – United Airlines frequent
Flyer App was hacked revealing passengers
private information – Yosi Dahan (whitehat hacker)
United Airline vulnerabilities
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13. Public Transport Attack
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14. Once in the
system, they
disconnected
signal control
boxes at four
intersections and
locked out
anyone else from
being able to fix
the problem
"So for four days
in this major city,
the traffic lights
would just blink
and go from color
to color"
A large US city
locked in labor
negotiations with
union employees was
hit by two employees
who helped build the
traffic control system
for the organization
in protest of the
proceedings. Even
though the city had
pre-emptively
disabled union
employee access to
systems due to
concerns of potential
sabotage, these two
insiders managed to
gain control of the
system due to a
supervisor previously
sharing his
credentials.
Dawn Cappelli,
principal engineer
at CERT
Insiders using authorized access
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15. Vehicle Attack
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16. • Two researchers from US:
• Charlie Miller
• Chris Valasek
• Work diligently since 2010 on DARPA funding
• VIDEO DEMO
Hacking Chrysler Jeep Remotely
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17. • Controller Area Network (CAN)
• Developed by Bosch 1983-86 for automobile in-
vehicle network
• Multi-drop, Multi-master serial bus providing
communication between controllers, sensor and
actuators
• Highly reliable and robust, well proven technology
• Inexpensive
• First car BMW series 8 - 1988
• 100% car since 2008 user CAN bus
CAN Bus Quick Intro
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18. • Until CAN Bus – vehicles contained enormous
amounts of wiring that was necessary to
interconnect all the various electronic components
CAN Bus Quick Intro
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19. • CAN Bus reduced wiring in over 2km and weight
of over 50kg
CAN Bus Quick Intro
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20. • International Standard ISO 11898
• ISO 11898-2 High speed application –1 Mbps
• ISO 11898-3 Low speed application –125 Kbps
• CAN id being used widely in other applications:
• Automotive
• Military vehicles
• Industrial machinery
• Medical systems
• Agricultural machinery
• Marine control and navigation
• Elevator control systems
CAN Bus Quick Intro
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21. • Network Layered Model
CAN Bus – based on OSI model
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Partially implemented by higher-
level CAN protocols like
CANopen, CANaerospace,
MilCAN, SAE J1939, ISO 1132
and others
Standard CAN implementation
defines most of the lowest two
layers (physical details often
specified by higher-layer
protocol)
Bypass used without
higher-layer protocols
User Interface

22. • All messages are broadcast
• Any node is allowed to broadcast a message
• Each message contains an ID that identifies the
source or content of a message
• Each receiver decides to process or ignore each
message
• Single twisted pair wire terminated on each end
CAN Bus Characteristics
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23. • Physical medium
CAN Bus Characteristics
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24. • Oscilloscope – Signal levels (Differential signaling)
CAN Bus Characteristics
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CAN H
CAN L

25. • Oscilloscope – Signal levels (Differential signaling)
CAN Bus Characteristics
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Recessive 0 Dominant 0 Recessive 1

26. • Data Frame
• Used to transmit data
• Remote Frame
• Used to request data transmission
• Error Frame
• Sent by a node that detects an error
• Overload Frame
• Sent by a node to request a delay in transmission
CAN Bus Network Frames
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27. • Multiple operation sensors
• Alarms & Alerts can be disabled and even used…
CAN Bus Vehicle Platform
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28. • CAN Bus can be used to access other vehicle
systems
CAN Bus & Other Vehicle Platforms
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29. Chrysler Jeep 2014 Remote Hacking
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30. • The Jeep Cherokee was chosen due to the fact
that the head unit (Radio) is connected to both
CAN buses
Chrysler Jeep 2014
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31. • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
• assists the driver in keeping the proper distance between
themselves and cars ahead of them
• Forward Collision Warning Plus (FCW+)
• prevents the Jeep from colliding with objects in front of it
Cyber Physical Features
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32. • Lane Departure Warning (LDW+)
• examines the lines on the road (i.e. paint) to detects the Jeep is
leaving the current lane, it will adjust the steering wheel to keep
the vehicle in the current lane
Cyber Physical Features
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33. • Park Assist System (PAM)
• Permits the driver to effortlessly park the car without much driver
interaction in various scenarios, such as parallel parking, backing
into a space, etc.
• The PAM technology played a key role in the hack
• Enabling to use this PAM to steer an automobile at high speed
with CAN messages alone
Cyber Physical Features
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34. • Other vulnerable systems
• Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
• Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
• Bluetooth
• Radio Data System
• WiFi
• GPS
• HVAC (Heating and Air Conditioning)
• Display
• Knobs
Cyber Physical Features
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35. • Every piece of technology that interacts with the
outside world is a potential entry point
Remote Attack Surface
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36. • Many modern automobiles contain a cellular radio,
generically referred to as a telematics system,
used to connect the vehicle to a cellular network,
for example GM’s OnStar. The cellular technology
can also be used to retrieve data, such as traffic
or weather information
• This is the holy grail of automotive attacks (Long
Cellular cover)
• On the Jeep, all of these features are controlled
by the Radio, which resides on both the CAN-IHS
bus and the CAN-C bus
Telematics / Internet / Apps
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37. • The Uconnect system in the Jeep contains the
ability to communicate over cellular network using
a sierra wireless card for remote connectivity
Telematics / Internet / Apps
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38. • The telematics, Internet, radio, and Apps are all
bundled into the Harman Uconnect system that
comes with the 2014 Jeep Cherokee
Infotainment
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39. • The 2014 Jeep Cherokee uses the Uconnect
8.4AN/RA4 radio manufactured by Harman
Kardon with the majority of functionality is
physically located on a Texas Instruments OMAP-
DM3730 system on a chip which is common within
automotive systems
• The system uses LUA language:
a common powerful, fast, lightweight, embeddable
scripting language used in many systems
worldwide
Uconnect System
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40. • As mentioned earlier, the Uconnect system has
the ability to interact with both the outside world,
via Wi-Fi, Cellular, and BT and with the CAN bus
• The processor responsible for interacting with the
Interior High Speed CAN (CAN-IHS) and the
primary CAN-C bus is a Renesas V850
CAN Connectivity
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41. • To hack the V850 chip you need the right tools for
the job… Which cost the researchers over $6,700
plus having a $1800 per year Tech Authority
subscription for being able to buy and updates…
CAN Hacking & Connectivity
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42. • Using the wiTECH tools you are able to see the
entire network of the vehicle
Chrysler Jeep
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43. WiFi Open Ports
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• Scanning the vehicle exposed WiFi ports reveals
many open ports

44. WiFi Open Ports
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45. • With all of these services, there is a good chance
a vulnerability would be present that could allow
remote exploitation, port 6667 seems interesting
• This port is D-Bus over IP, which is essentially an
inter-process communication (IPC) and remote
procedure call (RPC) mechanism used for
communication between processes
WiFi Open Ports
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No Password Needed!!!

46. • Using DFeet (wiTECH tool) to interact with the
D-Bus service on the Jeep for methods to start
‘com.harman.service.SoftwareUpdate’ service
D-Bus Software Update
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47. • Inserting a USB with a valid ISO to the Uconnect
begins the updating process
Jailbreak Uconnect
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48. • So a new compromised Firmware enables to
remotely control the vehicle.
• Even an unsigned firmware can be used to update
the system from the head unit
• The problem is that the system is only designed to
perform the upgrade from a USB
• This is a big complication for an attacker, since we
want to flash the V850 (OMAP chip) without a
USB stick… 
Software Firmware Upgrade
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49. • Port 6667 IRC, is bound to all interfaces, therefore
D-Bus communications can be performed against
the Jeep over the cellular network!
Cellular Exploitation – Remote Update
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50. • Was used to enable the vehicle to connect to the
hacker – using a miniature cell tower (provided to
customers with bad reception in their residence).
The device can also be used to intercept cellular
traffic and modified to an attacker’s specifications
Femtocell
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51. • Scanning port 6667 from a Sprint device on the IP
addresses 21.0.0.0/8 and 25.0.0.0/8. Anything
that responds is a vulnerable Uconnect system
Scanning for vulnerable vehicles
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52. • The D-Bus service on port 6667 running on the
Uconnect system in susceptible to command
injection vulnerabilities
• Utilizing the ‘NavTrailService’ where code is
implemented in
‘/service/platform/nav/navTrailService.lua’
• Unbelievable the service includes ‘execute’
method which is designed to execute arbitrary
shell commands!!!
Gaining Code Execution
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53. • Running arbitrary code on the head unit (OMAP
chip) within the Uconnect system enables running
various LUA scripts that can be used to affect the
vehicle
• This gives the hackers the possibility to remotely
control the 2014 Jeep Cherokee – even when a
person is inside the vehicle
Uconnect Attack Payloads
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54. • Identify target
• Exploit the OMAP chip of the head unit
• Control the Uconnect System
• Flash the v850 with modified firmware remotely
• Perform cyber physical actions
Summary - The entire exploit chain
55

55. •‫סמל‬‫תוצר‬-‫לדוגמא‬:19
•‫תוצר‬ ‫שם‬-‫לדוגמא‬:‫האודי‬
•‫דגם‬ ‫קוד‬-10
•‫תאור‬‫דגם‬-4LB0EL
•‫המרכב‬-‫פנאי‬-‫שטח‬
•‫כינוי‬-Q7
•‫מנוע‬ ‫נפח‬-4163
•‫כולל‬ ‫משקל‬-3065
•‫גובה‬-173
•‫גימור‬ ‫רמת‬-
•‫סוס‬ ‫כוחות‬-350
•‫דלתות‬ ‫מספר‬-5
•‫מזגן‬-‫יש‬
•‫אוויר‬ ‫כריות‬ ‫מספר‬-6
•‫מערכת‬ABS -‫יש‬
•‫אוטומטיים‬ ‫הילוכים‬-‫יש‬
•‫חלון‬‫בגאז‬-
•‫שנה‬-2007
Free Data available in Israel from 2008
56
•‫קבוצת‬‫אגרה‬-7
•‫רישום‬ ‫הוראות‬-06-0526
•‫סה‬"‫רשומים‬ ‫כ‬-3
•‫פעילים‬ ‫רשומים‬-3
•‫הנעה‬-4X4
•‫כוח‬ ‫הגה‬-‫יש‬
•‫חשמל‬ ‫חלונות‬-4
•‫מגנזיום‬ ‫גלגלי‬-‫יש‬
•‫דלק‬ ‫סוג‬-‫בנזין‬
•‫ארגז‬-
•‫יציבות‬ ‫בקרת‬-‫יש‬
•‫היברידי‬-
•‫מושבים‬ ‫מספר‬-7
•‫גרירה‬ ‫כושר‬-
•‫זיהום‬ ‫קבוצת‬-
•‫תקינה‬-
•‫בקרת‬‫מנתיב‬ ‫סטיה‬-
•‫מלפנים‬ ‫מרחק‬ ‫ניטור‬-
•‫מת‬ ‫בשטח‬ ‫זיהוי‬-
•‫אדפטיבית‬ ‫שיוט‬ ‫בקרת‬-
•‫זיהוי‬‫הולגי‬‫רגל‬-
•‫לבלימה‬ ‫עזר‬ ‫מערכת‬-
•‫מצלמת‬‫רוורס‬-
•‫בצמיגים‬ ‫אוויר‬ ‫לחץ‬ ‫חיישני‬-
•‫חגורות‬ ‫חיישני‬-
•‫בטיחות‬ ‫ניקוד‬-
•‫רמת‬‫איבזור‬‫בטיחותי‬-
•‫אוטומטית‬ ‫תאורה‬-
•‫באורות‬ ‫אוטומטית‬ ‫שליטה‬
‫הגבוהים‬-
•‫מסוכנת‬ ‫התקרבות‬ ‫מצב‬ ‫זיהוי‬-
•‫תנועה‬ ‫תמרורי‬ ‫זיהוי‬-

56. -/briefings.html#remote15-www.blackhat.com/ushttps://
vehicle-passenger-unaltered-an-of-exploitation
http://illmatics.com/Remote%20Car%20Hacking.pdf
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Further Reading

57. Questions ?
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58. Oren.Elimelech@gmail.com
+972-505-375-385
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