CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF RAPESEED AND MUSTARD CROP
INTRODUCTION
Rapeseed and mustard (Brassica spp.) is an important oilseed crop valued for its oil content.
Among the oilseeds, rapeseed and mustard play a very important role in the North Eastern Hill Region which produces most important edible oils.
India is the third largest rapeseed-mustard producer in the world after China and Canada with 12 per cent of world’s total production (2006-07).
This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop. Due to the gap between domestic availability and actual consumption of edible oils, India has to resort to import of edible oils.
Rapeseed-mustard is the major source of income especially even to the marginal and small farmers in rainfed areas.
Since these crops are cultivated mainly in the rain-fed and resource scarce regions of the country, their contribution to livelihood security of the small and marginal farmers in these regions is also very important.
By increasing the domestic production substantial import substitution can be achieved. Due to its low water requirement (80-240 mm), rapeseed-mustard crops fit well in the rainfed cropping system.
Cultivated in 26 states in the northern and eastern plains of the country, about 6.8 mha is occupied under these crops (2006- 07). Nearly 30.7% area under rapeseed mustard is under rainfed farming.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
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High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
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The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
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CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF RAPESEED AND MUSTARD CROP
1. 2020-21
CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF
RAPESEED AND MUSTARD CROP
{COURSE TITLE= AGRO 5322}TOPIC 1.
GUIDED BY – Dr. C.K. CHANDRAKAR
SUBMITTED BY- JANHAVIMAURYA
CLASS– B.Sc. Ag.3rd
year2nd
Sem.
UD. Id. - 110518024
ASSISTANTPROFFESSOROFAGRONOMY
2. CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF RAPESEED
AND MUSTARD CROP
INTRODUCTION
Rapeseedandmustard(Brassicaspp.) isanimportantoilseedcropvaluedforitsoil content.
Amongthe oilseeds,rapeseedandmustardplayaveryimportantrole inthe North EasternHill Region
whichproducesmostimportantedibleoils.
Indiaisthe third largestrapeseed-mustardproducerinthe worldafterChinaandCanadawith12 per
centof world’stotal production(2006-07).
This crop accountsfor nearlyone-thirdof the oil producedinIndia,makingitthe country’skeyedible
oilseedcrop.Due tothe gap betweendomesticavailabilityandactual consumptionof edible oils,India
has to resortto importof edible oils.
Rapeseed-mustardisthe majorsource of income especiallyeventothe marginal andsmall farmersin
rainfedareas.
Since these cropsare cultivatedmainlyinthe rain-fedandresource scarce regionsof the country,their
contributiontolivelihoodsecurityof the small andmarginal farmersinthese regionsisalsovery
important.
By increasingthe domesticproductionsubstantial importsubstitutioncanbe achieved.Due toitslow
waterrequirement(80-240mm),rapeseed-mustardcropsfitwell inthe rainfedcroppingsystem.
Cultivatedin26 statesinthe northernand easternplainsof the country,about6.8 mha is occupied
underthese crops(2006- 07). Nearly30.7% area underrapeseedmustardisunderrainfedfarming.
3. Soil:
Rapeseedandmustardcropsare grownon lightloam, loamandclay loamsoils.
Excessive alkalineoracidicsoilsare notsuitable forcultivationof these crops.
The land preparationshouldbe done properlywithtwoploughingsfollowedbyplanking togeta well
pulverized,leveledlandwithgooddrainage facility.
Varieties:
For Rainfed Areas:
M-27, TS-36, TS-38, TS 46, TS 67.
For Irrigated Areas:
Sikkim
SarsonSowing Time:
The optimumsowingtime forrapeseedandmustardislastweekof Septembertomidof October.
Delayinsowingresultsinexposure of croptomoisture stressatreproductive stage.
Seed rate & Spacing:
Recommendedseedrate,distance betweenrowsandplantsshouldbe followedproperlytoget
optimumplantpopulationperunitarea.
A seedrate of 5-6 kg/hais sowninrows of 30-40 cm and plantto plantdistance of 10-15 cm apart.
Cultural practices:
Thinningshouldbe done 25-30 daysaftersowingto maintainproperplanttoplantdistance accordingto the
recommendations.Furtherone hoeingisdone topromote plantgrowth.
Fertilizer Application:
A fertilizerdose of 50:60:30 kg NPK/haforrainfedcropof northeasternstatesisfoundto be optimum.
Properdose of fertilizershouldbe appliedtoexploitthe fullyieldpotentialof rapeseedandmustard.
Applicationof Sulpher(20kg ZnSO4) and Boron (1 kg) has beenfoundtobe beneficialinimprovingthe
seedandoil yieldof mustard.
Plant Protection:
Two importantdiseasesof rapeseedandmustardinthisregion iswhite rustandAlternariaBlight.
For controllingthese diseases,sprayof Blitox-50(0.3%) or Diethane M45 @ 2 g/l of waterat 10 days
interval isfoundtobe effective.
Amongaphidspecies,mustardaphidisakeypestof rapeseedandmustardcausing 35-40% reductionin
yieldand5-6 % reductioninoil content.
Sprayingof Dimecron0.25 ml/litof water2-3 timesor Rogor1.5 ml/litof waterisfoundto be quite
effective.
Early sowncrop escapesthe aphidincidenceinrapeseedandmustard.
4. Water management:
Rapeseedandmustardissownon residual soil moisture hence noirrigationisrequiredinrapeseedand
mustard.
But inthe case of moisture stressone irrigationatfloweringstage andsiliquaformationstage is
requiredtoobtaingoodyield.
Irrigationincreasesthe yieldof rapeseedandmustardsignificantly.
Mulching:
Mulchingwithrice straw @ 4 ton/haresultsinincrease of mustardseedyieldsignificantly.
Mulchinghelpsinimprovingthe moisture storage capacityof soil and evaporationlossesare minimized
by the use of mulchesonthe soil surface.
CropRotation:
Rapeseedandmustardare grownin rotationwithothercropslike maize,rice,groundnut,frenchbean
etc.
The inclusionof rapeseedandmustardincroppingsystems onraisedbedsincreasethe productionof
oilseeds.
The followingcroprotationmaybe followedinNEHRegion:
Dry Uplandterraces
Maize-mustard
Maize+French
bean-mustard
Rice-Mustard
Frenchbean-mustard
Groundnut-mustard
Lowland/wetland conditions(raisedbeds)
Maize-mustardRice-mustard/pea/frenchbean
Rice-mustard-tomato
Rice-mustard-Potato
Harvesting:
It shouldbe harvestedwhenthe podsturnyellowish.
The crop isliable toshattering,hence shouldbe harvestedjustbefore the podsopeninordertoavoid
losses.
Threshingisdone bybullocksora tractor. Seedmustbe driedinsuntill the moisture contentcomes
downto 8 percent.
Yield:
Withthe use of improvedvarietiesandotheragronomicpracticesayieldof 10-12 q/haof rapeseedand15-20
q/haof mustardcan be obtainedeasily.
5. Economics ofMustardCultivation
It takes2-2.5 Kgsof Hybridseedstobe cultivatedinone acre. On an average the yieldperacre is6-8 quintals.
Average cropdurationof these seeds is120-125 daysapproximately. InIndianearly98-99% of the cultivated
area compriseshybridseeds.Therefore we shallconsiderthe variouscostincurredinplantingwiththe Hybrid
seeds.
Hybridvarietiesgrownforcommercial purposeare
1. Pusa Agrani
2. Varuna
3. Pusa Mahak
4. NarendraAgethi
5. 45 S 42
6. 45 S 468
7. Shredda
Cost of CultivationFor 1 Acre Land
Land Preparation Cost: Ploughing through tractor is done during field
preparation. Average Tractor charge to plough one acre land is Rs 1000. One
labour is enough per acre for field preparation and cost of one labour is Rs.200.
Cost of Seed: Quality seeds to be purchased for ensuring good returns. Seed
rate to cultivate one acre is 2-2.5 kgs. Cost of 1 Kg of quality seeds is Rs.200. Thus
cost of purchasing seed per acre is Rs.500.
Planting Cost: 2 Laborersare normallysufficienttodothe plantingonan acre of land.Therefore
plantingcostamountsto Rs 400.
Fertilizer and Weeding Cost: Mustard can be grown withloweruse of manure and
fertilizerquantitiestherebyloweringthe overall cost.Forone acre landfertilizerapplicationcostis
Rs.1200 and cost of usingmanure isRs.800.
In contexttoweedingcost,the chargesforintercultivationisRs.500 while costof sprayingherbicidesis
Rs.600.
Protection Cost for Mustard Crop: Plantprotectionmeasures i.e.protectingagainst
Saw FlyandSaw Dust totalsnearlyRs.750-800 peracre.
Miscellaneous Cost: IncludesexpensesonFamilylabor,landrent, interestoncapital,Farm
MachineryDepreciationcost,electricitychargesetc.foranacre Land. These costs workout to be close
to Rs.1175-1200.
Mustard Harvesting Cost Harvestingisnormallydone after120-130 days of sowing.
2 Laborers are requiredtoharvestmustardcropin an acre, withthe helpof sickles. Then,afterthe
harvesting,twolaborersare againrequiredtoseparate the seedsthroughwinnowingetc.Total cost
mountsto Rs.800 therefore.
Transportation Cost: Final cost isincurredovertransportingthe produce tonearbymarketfor
selling,which isaround Rs.250-300.
6. Computationof mustardproductioncost:
We nowcompute the netexpensesincurredonfarminginone acre land. Onan average mustardyield
peracre is 5-6 quintals.Buthighyieldingvarietiesandbetteragronomicpracticescanincrease the yield
to 6-8 quintalsperacre. The workingsare giveninthe table givenbelow:
Costs Incurred For Rs/Acre
Land Preparation 1200
Seed Purchases 500
Sowing 400
Fertilizers and Manure
application
2000 (1200+800)
Plant Protection 800
Miscellaneous Activities 1200
Weeding 1150 (500+650)
Harvesting 400
Drying and Threshing 800
Transportation Cost 300
Therefore Total Costequalsto Rs8750 per acre approximately.Itisadvisabletoadd at least10% of total
cost, consideringotherfactors,like post-harvestlossesetc.ThereforeNetcostcomesearlyRs.
9625/acre approximately.
As onSeptember4,2020 the average gradesof Mustard were beingtradedaroundRs.5000-5500.
TakingRs.5200/qtl as the average marketprice, netrealization forselling6quintals(takingminimum
possible yieldperacre) willbe Rs.31200.
Therefore farmingof mustardinacre of landshall generate netprofitof Rs.22000 (approximately).
REFERENCE
https://krishijagran.com/agripedia/mustard-planting-season-approaches-let-s-know-about-its-
cultivation-and-economics-in-detail/
https://www.gcirc.org/fileadmin/documents/Bulletins/B25/B25_06Rapeseed.pdf
https://kvk.icar.gov.in/API/Content/PPupload/k0202_32.pdf
