The presentation on cryogenic rocket engines discusses their essential principles, history, and significance in space travel, highlighting the use of liquid oxygen and hydrogen as propellants. It covers the engine's construction, working mechanism, advantages such as high energy per mass and cleanliness, along with limitations like boil-off rates and reactivity. India's experience with cryogenic engines, including the GSLV D3 failure, emphasizes the challenges faced, while future developments in propulsion technology, including ion engines, are also mentioned.

1. CRYOGENIC
ROCKET ENGINE
PRESENTATION BY :-
SIDDHARTHA GHOSH
VTU6431
MECH 3RD YEAR

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Brief History
• Construction
• Cryogenic Propellant
• Working
• Advantages
• Limitations
• India’s History On Cryogenic Engine
• Future Aspects

3. INTRODUCTION
• A Cryogenic rocket Engine is an engine , which
uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer. It’s fuel or
oxidizer or gasses liquefied and stored at a
very low temperature.
• Rocket engine need high mass flow rate of
both oxidizer and fuel to generate a sufficient
thrust.
• The liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer and the liquid
hydrogen (LH2) fuel combination is one of the
most widely used cryo-fuel.

4. BRIEF-
HISTORY
• Space travel was mainly developed by The
Russians and The Americans. Russians were
first to travel into space.
• Solid fuel rocket engines were the first engines
created by man. All the current rockets run on
Liquid-propellant engines.
• The first operational cryogenic rocket engine
was designed in 1961. NASA designed the RL-
10, LOX-LH2 rocket engine , which was used in
Saturn 1 rocket employed in the early stages
of Apollo moon landing programme.

5. FIRST OPERATIONAL
CRYO-ENGINE
• The RL10 was the first liquid hydrogen
cryogenic rocket engine developed in
USA and development of the engine by
Marshall Space Flight Center and
Pratt and Whitney began in the 1950’s
with the first flight occurring in the
1960.
• These engines are the main factors of
NASA’s success in reaching moon by
Saturn V Rocket.

6. CONSTRUCTION
The major components are:-
Thrust Chamber
Pyrotechnic Igniter
Fuel Injector
Fuel Turbo pumps
Gas Turbine
Cryo-Valves
Regulators
The fuel tanks
Rocket Engine Nozzle

8. CRYOGENIC
PROPELLANT
• In a cryogenic propellant the fuel and the
oxidizer are in the form of very cold , liquified
gasses.
• Super cooled gasses are used as liquid fuels
are called cryogenic fuels as they stay in the
liquid form even though they are at a
temperature lower than the freezing point.
• To store these propellants abroad a rocket is a
very difficult task as they have very low
densities.
• Thus by cooling and compressing them into
liquids, we can vastly increase their densities
and make it possible to store them in large
quantities in smaller tanks.

9. • The propellant combination is used that of
liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
• Liquid oxygen is being the oxidizer and liquid
hydrogen is the fuel.
• Liquid oxygen boils at 297F and liquid
hydrogen at 423F.

10. WORKING
• Special insulated containers and vents are used to prevent gas from the
evaporating liquids to escape.
• The liquid fuel and oxidizer are fed from the storage tank to an expansion
chamber.
• Then it is injected into the combustion chamber. There , they are mixed
and ignited by a flame or spark.
• The fuel expands as it burns and the hot exhaust gasses are directed out
of the nozzle to provide thrust.

11. ADVANTAGES
High Energy per Unit Mass:-
Propellants like liquid hydrogen and oxygen very
high amount of energy per unit mass due to
which the amount of fuel to be carried abroad
the rocket decreases.
Clean Fuels:-
Hydrogen and oxygen are very clean fuel. When
they are mixed water is formed and they are
thrown out of nozzle as hot vapour.
Economical:-
Using of liquid oxygen and hydrogen is very
economical as oxygen costs less than gasoline.

12. LIMITATIONS
• Boil off rate
• Highly reactive gasses
• Leakage
• Hydrogen Embrittlement
• Zero Gravity Conditions

13. INDIA’S
HISTORY ON
CRYOGENIC
ENGINE
• The GSLV D3, which lifted off well from Shriharikota
on Thursday , April 15 2010 later plunged into the
sea as the indigenous cryo-engine didn’t ignite.
• The vehicle lifted off as planned at 4:27pm and it’s
performance was normal up to the end of it’s
second stage till 293 seconds from the lift off.
• An authoritative former ISRO official said, “It is very
clear that the cryogenic engine didn’t ignite when
you look at the curve(trajectory path of rocket).
• The vehicle developed problems when the
cryogenic upper stage should have ignited 304
seconds after the lift off and it fell into sea.

14. FUTURE
ASPECTS
• There are a lot of plans for a new rocket engine
that the NASA scientists still working on it. One
of them is the Xenon Ion Engine. The engine
accelerates ions or atomic particles into
extremely high speeds to create thrust more
efficiently . NASA’s Deep Space 1 spacecraft
will be the first to use ion engine for
propulsion.
• There are some alternative solutions like
Nuclear Thermal, Solar Thermal, Electric
Rocket Engines.
• We are looking forward that in near future
there will be some good technologies to take
us into space.

15. ANY
QUESTIONS