Here are the definitions and explanation requested: Croup syndrome is a respiratory illness characterized by inspiratory stridor, cough, and hoarseness caused by inflammation and obstruction of the larynx, trachea, and major bronchi. Pleurisy is defined as inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs. It is also called pleuritis. The causes of pleurisy include: - Respiratory infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other bacterial or viral infections that can cause inflammation of the pleura. - Immune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis where excess fluid builds up in the pleural space

1. Croup syndrome
Prepared by:
Shadhana Regmi

2. Introduction
 Croup syndrome is a respiratory illness
characterized by inspiratory stridor cough
and hoarseness.
 It is the inflammation and obstruction of
larynx, trachea and major bronchi.

3. Contd…
 It is used to describe a variety of upper
respiratory conditions in children including
laryngitis, laryngotrachitis,
laryngotracheobronchitis or spasmodic
croup.

4. Incidence
 It is more common among children age 3- 36
months of age.
 It affects children between the ages of 3 months
to 6 years.
 It is more common in boys than girls.

5. Etiology
Viral
 Parainfluenza virus
 Measles
 Adenovirus
 Respiratory synctical virus

6. Bacterial
 Corynebacterium diptheriae
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Hemophilus influenzae
 Moraxella catarrhalis

7. Includes
 Acute epiglottitis
 Acute laryngitis
 Acute laryngotracheaobronchitis
 Acute spasmodic croup

8. Acute epiglottitis
 Epiglottitis is an acute, severe inflammation of the
epiglottis adjacent tissues usually caused by bacteria.
 The local inflammation and edema may lead to
severe airway obstruction resulting in severe hypoxia
needing tracheostomy.
 It is commonly seen in children between 3-6 years of
age.

10. Clinical manifestation
 Sudden onset of high fever( 38- 40 degree
celcius)
 Dysphagia
 Lethargy and dyspnea
 Restlessness and anxiety
 Hyperextension of neck, drooling and severe
sore throat.

11. Contd..
 Rapid thready pulse
 Characteristic tripod position
 Stridor or hoarseness may be present
 Hypoxia

12. Diagnostic evaluation
 History taking
 Physical examination: red and inflammed
throat with a large, cherry red, edematous
epiglottal enlargement which confirms a
diagnosis.

13. Contd..
 Complete blood count with differential
count reveals elevated white blood cells
count and neutrophils
 Blood culture may identify causative agent

14. Management
 Monitor for respiratory fatigue visually and with
continuous pulse oximetry.
 Administer humidified oxygen according to pulse
oximetry.
 Prepare equipment and expertise for immediate
intubation required in the event of respiratory failure.

15. Contd..
 Administer IV antibiotics.
 Administer anti- inflammatory drugs.
 Avoid sedatives that may suppress the
respiratory drive.

16. Acute laryngitis

17. Introduction
 Acute laryngitis is a common illness in
older children and adolescents.
 Viruses are the usual causative agents.

18. Clinical manifestations
 Hoarseness
 Coryza
 Sore throat
 Nasal congestion
 Fever, headache, myalgia and malaise

19. Acute laryngotracheaobronchitis
 Acute laryngotracheaobronchitis is
characterized by inflammation and
narrowing of the larynx and tracheal areas.
 It is the most common croup and usually
children younger than 5 years old.

21. Clinical manifestation
 Lowered pitch, hoarseness and loss of voice.
 A dry cough characterized by brassy, seal like
barking cough.
 Inspiratory stridor may be audible with the
stethoscope placed on anterior aspect of trachea.

22. Contd..
 Lymphadenopathy
 Tachypnea, tachycardia, and use of
accessory muscles
 Lower rib retraction, retraction of soft
tissues of neck.
 Restlessness, pallor, sweating.
 Fever

25. Acute spasmodic croup
 Acute spasmodic croup is characterized by
paroxysmal attack of laryngeal obstruction that
occurs mainly at night.
 It is similar to acute LTB, but it tends to occur at
night and reoccurs with respiratory tract infections.
 It is common among 1-3 years child.

26. Sign and symptoms
 The child goes to bed well or with very mild
respiratory symptoms but awakes suddenly
with characteristic barking metallic cough,
hoarseness noisy respiration and restlessness.
 The child looks anxious, frightened and
prostrated.

27. Management
 Patient may require hospitalization, especially infant
and young children who have hypoxemia.
 Keep the child on rest to conserve energy, keep in
upright position.
 IV or oral glucocorticosteroids are commonly used.

28. Contd..
 Antibiotics are appropriate for whooping
cough(pertusis) and prevent secondary
infection.
 Epinephrine inhalation may temporarily
dilate the airways by relaxing bronchial
smooth muscles and causing vasoconstriction
reducing mucosal inflammation.

29. Nursing management
 Monitor the pulse oximetry, and monitor the patient
for airway obstruction, which requires endotracheal
intubation.
 Monitor for respiratory fatigue visually and with
continuous pulse oximetry.
 Administer humidified oxygen. Plain nebulizer may
be used.

30. Contd..
 Carefully monitor cough and breathe sounds,
hoarseness, severity of retractions,
inspiratory stridor, cyanosis.
 Monitor and support respiration and control
fever.

31. Contd..
 Keep the child as quiet as possible, position
him propped up position.
 Provide small amounts regularly meals,
rather than large meals.
 Isolate the patient

32. Pleurisy

33. Contd..
 Pleurisy is defined as the inflammation of
the pleura.
 It is also called pleuritis, is a condition that
generally stems from an existing
respiratory infection disease or injury.

34. Types
Wet pleurisy
 It is more common and refers to an
accumulation of fluid within the pleural
space.

35. Contd..
pleurisy
 It is an inflammation of the pleural space
without fluid.

36. Causes
 Infection, including pneumonia, tuberculosis and
other bacterial or viral respiratory infections.
 Immune disorder including systemic lupus
erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis
 Disease including cancer, pancreatitis, liver
cirrhosis

38. Contd..
 Drug reaction such as isoniazid,
methotrexate,procarbazine, hydralazine,
phenytion and quinidine etc.
 Injury in the chest such as rib fracture,
collapsed lungs

39. Pathophysiology
Irritation and inflammation in the pleural
membrane
Pleural membrane rub against one another
Irritates nerve endings
Sharp chest pain

40. Clinical features
 Chest pain: sharp pain caused by the pleura
rubbing against one another
 Cough
 Fever and general discomfort
 Rapid, shallow breathing
 Decreased breath sound

41. Diagnosis
 History taking
 Physical examination
 Chest X- ray: pleural thickening
 CT- scan and ultrasound
 Thoracocentesis and fluid alanysis

42. Treatment
 Treatment of primary cause
 Pain management: analgesic and anti-
inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen,
ibuprofen and indomethasone.
 Codeine based cough syrup
 Antibiotics
 Thoracocentesis or chest tube insertion to
drain fluid

44. Nursing management
 Reassure the patient and explain about the
nature of pain.
 Keep the patient in comfortable position, turn
frequently in affected side.
 Encourage to do deep breathing and coughing
exercise.
 Give prescribed medication.
 Apply pressure in affected side.

45. References
 Shrestha T. “Essential Child Health Nursing”
2nd edition(2016), Medhavi Publication Jamal,
Kathmandu.
 Adhikari T. “Essentials of Pediatric Nursing”
2nd edition(2015), Vidayarthi Pustak Bhandar,
Bhotahity Kathmandu.
 https://www.healthline.com

46. Assignment
Define
 Croup syndrome
 Pleurisy
 Explain the causes of pleurisy.