IT INCLUDES THE UPPER AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACK DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH THEIR PREVENTIVE MANAGEMENT. AND IN THIS SLIDE ALSO ENLISTED THE NURSING DIAGNOSIS.
Respiratory disorders are the most common illnesses affecting children. They account for half of pediatric primary care visits and one-third of hospital admissions. The most frequent respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses like RSV. Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae also commonly cause pneumonia. Conditions range from mild upper respiratory infections to serious illnesses like bronchiolitis and pneumonia that occasionally require hospitalization. Proper management depends on the specific pathogen, age of the child, and severity of symptoms.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition most common in young children. It is caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like Streptococcus. Symptoms include fever, cough, rapid breathing, and lung consolidation seen on chest x-ray. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, fever control, and nutrition support. Timely treatment can resolve pneumonia, but it remains a major cause of death in children worldwide due to lack of access to care.
Here are some key preventive measures to control the incidence of anemia among children:
- Promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months as breastmilk provides optimal nutrition including iron.
- Introduce iron-rich complementary foods like eggs, meat, fish, lentils and green leafy vegetables along with breastmilk after 6 months of age.
- Provide iron supplements to children between 6 months to 5 years as recommended.
- Treat and prevent intestinal worm infections as they cause blood loss and reduce iron absorption.
- Educate caregivers about a balanced diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 and importance of hygiene.
- Screen children regularly for anemia and provide
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most common in children ages 1.5-6 years and affects boys more than girls. Causes include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Treatment involves managing edema, infections, and proteinuria with corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis is generally good for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome but poorer for steroid-resistant cases. Complications can include infections, thrombotic events, and renal failure.
This document discusses leukemia, a cancer of the blood characterized by abnormal production of white blood cells. It defines leukemia and its types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. The causes of leukemia are unclear but include genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapies to induce remission and prevent relapse or progression of the disease. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ failure, and other issues.
- Pneumonia is a major cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide, though mortality has decreased with interventions.
- It is usually caused by viruses in young children and bacteria in older children, though over 50% of cases the pathogen is not identified.
- Clinical features include fever, cough, rapid breathing and in severe cases cyanosis and respiratory fatigue. Diagnosis is usually by chest x-ray but cannot differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen and supportive care. The choice of antibiotic depends on the child's age and illness severity. Most children can be managed at home but some require hospital admission.
This document defines convulsion disorder and provides information on its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Convulsions are involuntary muscle contractions caused by abnormal brain electrical activity. They can be caused by various early life factors like birth asphyxia or infections. Febrile seizures are the most common type in young children and are associated with fever. Epilepsy is recurrent seizures and is classified based on seizure type. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests. Treatment includes anticonvulsant drugs, dietary therapy, and sometimes surgery.
Respiratory disorders are the most common illnesses affecting children. They account for half of pediatric primary care visits and one-third of hospital admissions. The most frequent respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses like RSV. Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae also commonly cause pneumonia. Conditions range from mild upper respiratory infections to serious illnesses like bronchiolitis and pneumonia that occasionally require hospitalization. Proper management depends on the specific pathogen, age of the child, and severity of symptoms.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition most common in young children. It is caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like Streptococcus. Symptoms include fever, cough, rapid breathing, and lung consolidation seen on chest x-ray. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, fever control, and nutrition support. Timely treatment can resolve pneumonia, but it remains a major cause of death in children worldwide due to lack of access to care.
Here are some key preventive measures to control the incidence of anemia among children:
- Promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months as breastmilk provides optimal nutrition including iron.
- Introduce iron-rich complementary foods like eggs, meat, fish, lentils and green leafy vegetables along with breastmilk after 6 months of age.
- Provide iron supplements to children between 6 months to 5 years as recommended.
- Treat and prevent intestinal worm infections as they cause blood loss and reduce iron absorption.
- Educate caregivers about a balanced diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 and importance of hygiene.
- Screen children regularly for anemia and provide
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most common in children ages 1.5-6 years and affects boys more than girls. Causes include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Treatment involves managing edema, infections, and proteinuria with corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis is generally good for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome but poorer for steroid-resistant cases. Complications can include infections, thrombotic events, and renal failure.
This document discusses leukemia, a cancer of the blood characterized by abnormal production of white blood cells. It defines leukemia and its types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. The causes of leukemia are unclear but include genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapies to induce remission and prevent relapse or progression of the disease. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ failure, and other issues.
- Pneumonia is a major cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide, though mortality has decreased with interventions.
- It is usually caused by viruses in young children and bacteria in older children, though over 50% of cases the pathogen is not identified.
- Clinical features include fever, cough, rapid breathing and in severe cases cyanosis and respiratory fatigue. Diagnosis is usually by chest x-ray but cannot differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen and supportive care. The choice of antibiotic depends on the child's age and illness severity. Most children can be managed at home but some require hospital admission.
This document defines convulsion disorder and provides information on its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Convulsions are involuntary muscle contractions caused by abnormal brain electrical activity. They can be caused by various early life factors like birth asphyxia or infections. Febrile seizures are the most common type in young children and are associated with fever. Epilepsy is recurrent seizures and is classified based on seizure type. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests. Treatment includes anticonvulsant drugs, dietary therapy, and sometimes surgery.
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
- Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory process involving the lung parenchyma that is primarily spreading inflammation of terminal bronchioles and their related alveoli.
- It is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Common bacteria include streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus, and haemophilus influenzae.
- Symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, grunting, and retractions of the ribs. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-rays, and laboratory tests.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, maintaining hydration and nutrition, and supportive care. Complications can include sepsis, lung abscesses, and respiratory failure. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance and
This document defines and discusses croup, a respiratory condition typically affecting children ages 3 months to 5 years. Croup is usually triggered by a viral infection of the upper airways, with symptoms including a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing that worsens at night. While most cases are viral in nature, some bacterial causes are also noted. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms, though imaging may show narrowing of the trachea. Treatment focuses on supportive care, hydration, oxygen, steroids, and epinephrine to ease symptoms. Croup is generally self-limiting, with symptoms improving within a week.
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages in the lungs that is usually caused by a viral infection such as a cold or the flu. It causes coughing and other breathing problems that typically last around two weeks. While it is usually not a serious illness, it can sometimes be caused by bacterial infections or pollution. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and listening to the lungs for abnormal sounds. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, medication, and avoiding irritants. Complications are rare in otherwise healthy children.
This document provides an overview of paediatric emergency management. It discusses cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures for children and outlines management of common paediatric emergencies like drowning, burns, falls, and foreign body ingestion. Specific conditions covered in more depth include near-drowning, burn classifications and estimations, and treatment plans for minor and major burns. The document aims to equip medical professionals with knowledge of stabilizing critically ill children and preventing long-term complications from emergency situations.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
Leukemias are the most common cancers in children, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounting for 73% of cases and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounting for 18% of cases. ALL peaks between ages 2-5 years and accounts for 25-30% of all childhood cancers. Treatment involves induction, consolidation/intensification, and continuation phases using chemotherapy protocols over 2-3 years. Supportive care and risk stratification are important for managing treatment and prognosis.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when an infant aspirates meconium during delivery or birth, leading to respiratory distress. Risk factors include post-term pregnancy or conditions that cause fetal stress. Affected infants experience respiratory distress, often requiring oxygen therapy, CPAP, or mechanical ventilation. Complications can include air leaks, pulmonary hypertension, or long-term lung issues. Treatment focuses on clearing meconium from the airways, managing respiratory support and oxygen needs, and treating complications like infections or pulmonary hypertension. Prevention strategies center on monitoring high risk pregnancies and potentially inducing labor or performing C-sections before complications arise.
The document discusses the care of hospitalized children. It emphasizes that children require specialized pediatric care due to anatomical, physiological, immunological, psychosocial and cognitive differences compared to adults. The hospital environment can impact children in various ways depending on their developmental stage. Nursing care aims to minimize stressors like separation from parents, loss of control, and pain/injury through measures like parental involvement, developmentally-appropriate activities, and clear communication. The goal is to help children benefit from hospitalization and cope with the experience in a healthy manner.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia and infection in infants under 4 weeks of age. Common causes are E. coli, Group B Streptococcus, and Listeria. It can be early-onset from transmission during birth or late-onset from hospital-acquired infections. Symptoms are non-specific but include respiratory distress, feeding issues, and temperature instability. Diagnosis involves blood, urine and CSF cultures. Treatment is antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin for 10-14 days along with supportive care. Prevention includes good antenatal care, treating maternal infections, early breastfeeding and infection control policies in the NICU.
- Convulsive disorders involve involuntary muscle spasms or jerking that can cause loss of consciousness. They include epilepsy, where seizures are recurrent and unprovoked. Status epilepticus refers to prolonged or repeated seizures.
- Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
- Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by bacteria or viruses. It is most common in children ages 3-7 years old. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and swollen tonsils. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a throat exam. Treatment involves pain relievers, antibiotics if bacterial, and adequate fluid intake. For recurrent cases, tonsillectomy may be recommended to remove the tonsils. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, preventing complications, and a return to normal activities.
This document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections that commonly affect children. It provides detailed information on specific bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. It also discusses fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea infections (ringworm), and tinea versicolor. Finally, it covers some common viral skin infections in children like warts, molluscum contagiosum, and rubella. The document is intended to educate about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various pediatric skin infections.
Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants. Surfactant is produced in the lungs beginning at 24 weeks gestation and helps lower surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse. Preemies are at risk for RDS due to incomplete lung development and surfactant production. Treatment includes supportive care like CPAP, surfactant replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation if needed. With treatment and lung maturation, symptoms typically improve within 3-5 days.
Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition in premature infants caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli open during breathing. Without it, lungs collapse during exhalation due to surface tension. This causes respiratory failure. Risk factors include prematurity, meconium aspiration, or maternal complications. Diagnosis involves assessing breathing rate, lung sounds, oxygen needs and chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on providing oxygen, medications, and supportive care until the lungs mature enough to produce surfactant.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation or infection of the tonsils, which are lymph glands located in the throat that help fight bacteria and viruses. Common causes are streptococcus bacteria and various viruses. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Diagnosis involves examination of swollen tonsils and testing of throat secretions. Complications can include abscesses, but tonsillitis is usually treated with antibiotics, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. Repeated cases may require tonsil removal. Prevention involves avoiding sick people and practicing good hand hygiene.
The document summarizes information about respiratory disorders that can affect children, including tonsillitis, choanal atresia, epistaxis, aspiration, bronchiolitis, and bronchopneumonia. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, defines and describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management of each disorder.
Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, occurs when blood vessels inside the nose become injured or damaged, causing bleeding from the nostril. The majority of nosebleeds originate from the front of the nose but can also occasionally come from further back. Nosebleeds are generally caused by local trauma, infections, medications, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment depends on the location and severity of the bleeding but may involve cauterization, nasal packing, medications to constrict blood vessels, or further procedures if bleeding does not stop. At home care focuses on rest, limiting straining, and preventing rebleeding.
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
- Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory process involving the lung parenchyma that is primarily spreading inflammation of terminal bronchioles and their related alveoli.
- It is commonly caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Common bacteria include streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus, and haemophilus influenzae.
- Symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, grunting, and retractions of the ribs. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-rays, and laboratory tests.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, maintaining hydration and nutrition, and supportive care. Complications can include sepsis, lung abscesses, and respiratory failure. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance and
This document defines and discusses croup, a respiratory condition typically affecting children ages 3 months to 5 years. Croup is usually triggered by a viral infection of the upper airways, with symptoms including a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing that worsens at night. While most cases are viral in nature, some bacterial causes are also noted. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms, though imaging may show narrowing of the trachea. Treatment focuses on supportive care, hydration, oxygen, steroids, and epinephrine to ease symptoms. Croup is generally self-limiting, with symptoms improving within a week.
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages in the lungs that is usually caused by a viral infection such as a cold or the flu. It causes coughing and other breathing problems that typically last around two weeks. While it is usually not a serious illness, it can sometimes be caused by bacterial infections or pollution. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and listening to the lungs for abnormal sounds. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, medication, and avoiding irritants. Complications are rare in otherwise healthy children.
This document provides an overview of paediatric emergency management. It discusses cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures for children and outlines management of common paediatric emergencies like drowning, burns, falls, and foreign body ingestion. Specific conditions covered in more depth include near-drowning, burn classifications and estimations, and treatment plans for minor and major burns. The document aims to equip medical professionals with knowledge of stabilizing critically ill children and preventing long-term complications from emergency situations.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
Leukemias are the most common cancers in children, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounting for 73% of cases and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounting for 18% of cases. ALL peaks between ages 2-5 years and accounts for 25-30% of all childhood cancers. Treatment involves induction, consolidation/intensification, and continuation phases using chemotherapy protocols over 2-3 years. Supportive care and risk stratification are important for managing treatment and prognosis.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when an infant aspirates meconium during delivery or birth, leading to respiratory distress. Risk factors include post-term pregnancy or conditions that cause fetal stress. Affected infants experience respiratory distress, often requiring oxygen therapy, CPAP, or mechanical ventilation. Complications can include air leaks, pulmonary hypertension, or long-term lung issues. Treatment focuses on clearing meconium from the airways, managing respiratory support and oxygen needs, and treating complications like infections or pulmonary hypertension. Prevention strategies center on monitoring high risk pregnancies and potentially inducing labor or performing C-sections before complications arise.
The document discusses the care of hospitalized children. It emphasizes that children require specialized pediatric care due to anatomical, physiological, immunological, psychosocial and cognitive differences compared to adults. The hospital environment can impact children in various ways depending on their developmental stage. Nursing care aims to minimize stressors like separation from parents, loss of control, and pain/injury through measures like parental involvement, developmentally-appropriate activities, and clear communication. The goal is to help children benefit from hospitalization and cope with the experience in a healthy manner.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia and infection in infants under 4 weeks of age. Common causes are E. coli, Group B Streptococcus, and Listeria. It can be early-onset from transmission during birth or late-onset from hospital-acquired infections. Symptoms are non-specific but include respiratory distress, feeding issues, and temperature instability. Diagnosis involves blood, urine and CSF cultures. Treatment is antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin for 10-14 days along with supportive care. Prevention includes good antenatal care, treating maternal infections, early breastfeeding and infection control policies in the NICU.
- Convulsive disorders involve involuntary muscle spasms or jerking that can cause loss of consciousness. They include epilepsy, where seizures are recurrent and unprovoked. Status epilepticus refers to prolonged or repeated seizures.
- Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
- Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by bacteria or viruses. It is most common in children ages 3-7 years old. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and swollen tonsils. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a throat exam. Treatment involves pain relievers, antibiotics if bacterial, and adequate fluid intake. For recurrent cases, tonsillectomy may be recommended to remove the tonsils. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, preventing complications, and a return to normal activities.
This document discusses various types of skin infections including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections that commonly affect children. It provides detailed information on specific bacterial infections like impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles. It also discusses fungal infections such as candidiasis, tinea infections (ringworm), and tinea versicolor. Finally, it covers some common viral skin infections in children like warts, molluscum contagiosum, and rubella. The document is intended to educate about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various pediatric skin infections.
Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants. Surfactant is produced in the lungs beginning at 24 weeks gestation and helps lower surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse. Preemies are at risk for RDS due to incomplete lung development and surfactant production. Treatment includes supportive care like CPAP, surfactant replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation if needed. With treatment and lung maturation, symptoms typically improve within 3-5 days.
Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition in premature infants caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli open during breathing. Without it, lungs collapse during exhalation due to surface tension. This causes respiratory failure. Risk factors include prematurity, meconium aspiration, or maternal complications. Diagnosis involves assessing breathing rate, lung sounds, oxygen needs and chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on providing oxygen, medications, and supportive care until the lungs mature enough to produce surfactant.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation or infection of the tonsils, which are lymph glands located in the throat that help fight bacteria and viruses. Common causes are streptococcus bacteria and various viruses. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Diagnosis involves examination of swollen tonsils and testing of throat secretions. Complications can include abscesses, but tonsillitis is usually treated with antibiotics, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. Repeated cases may require tonsil removal. Prevention involves avoiding sick people and practicing good hand hygiene.
The document summarizes information about respiratory disorders that can affect children, including tonsillitis, choanal atresia, epistaxis, aspiration, bronchiolitis, and bronchopneumonia. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, defines and describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management of each disorder.
Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, occurs when blood vessels inside the nose become injured or damaged, causing bleeding from the nostril. The majority of nosebleeds originate from the front of the nose but can also occasionally come from further back. Nosebleeds are generally caused by local trauma, infections, medications, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment depends on the location and severity of the bleeding but may involve cauterization, nasal packing, medications to constrict blood vessels, or further procedures if bleeding does not stop. At home care focuses on rest, limiting straining, and preventing rebleeding.
it is bleeding disorder of upper respiratory tract , it can cause by the weather change ,nose crusting etc . if minor bleeding have to manage at home ,and sever we can manage in hospital .
This document discusses tonsillitis, adenoiditis, and epiglottitis. It provides information on the causes, clinical manifestations, treatment, and nursing care for these conditions. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and foul breath. Adenoiditis involves inflammation of the adenoids and may cause snoring, nasal speech, and ear pain. Surgical treatment for recurrent tonsillitis or adenoiditis is a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy. Post-operative nursing care focuses on comfort, airway management, and monitoring for bleeding. Epiglottitis is a potentially life-
This document provides information about epistaxis (nosebleed) including its definition, anatomy, causes, sites of bleeding, and treatment. It defines epistaxis as bleeding from the tissue lining the inside of the nose. The main blood vessels involved are the anterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, and sphenopalatine arteries. Causes can be local (e.g. trauma, tumors) or general (e.g. hypertension, liver disease). The most common site of bleeding is the nasal septum in Little's area. Treatment involves immediate measures like pressure and packing as well as longer term options like cauterization.
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is caused by rupture of tiny blood vessels in the nasal cavity. It is common and can occur in any age group. Bleeding most often originates from an area in the front of the nose called Little's area. Epistaxis can be anterior, originating in the front part of the nose, or posterior, originating in the back part. Causes include local trauma, infections, medications, and systemic conditions like high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the location and severity of bleeding and may include pressure, cauterization, nasal packing, or medication. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, controlling bleeding, preventing anxiety, and providing discharge teaching to prevent future episodes.
This document summarizes some key differences between pediatric and adult respiratory anatomy and physiology. It notes that in children, the pharynx is more enlarged anteriorly, the pharyngeal tonsils are larger but can obstruct the airway, and the vocal cords have a concave rather than flat shape. The trachea is located higher and has softer, more sensitive cartilage. Lungs have fewer and less developed alveoli, resulting in lower gas exchange capacity. Several common pediatric respiratory conditions are also summarized, including croup, bronchiolitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis.
- Choanal atresia is a congenital condition where the passageway between the nose and throat (choana) is blocked, preventing breathing through the nose. It can be unilateral (one side blocked) or bilateral (both sides blocked).
- Bilateral choanal atresia is a medical emergency in newborns as they are unable to breathe through their nose or mouth simultaneously. Unilateral choanal atresia presents later with nasal discharge and obstruction.
- Surgery is required to remove the blockage, which can be done transnasally or through the mouth. Stents may be placed temporarily to keep the area open. With treatment, full recovery is expected though complications can include re-narrowing
This document discusses the evaluation and treatment of mouth breathing and snoring in children. It outlines the main causes of mouth breathing as allergic rhinitis, enlarged adenoids, enlarged tonsils, and deviated nasal septum. Clinical signs of mouth breathing include sleeping with an open mouth, snoring, nasal obstruction, and irritability. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history and performing physical exams to check for signs of enlarged adenoids or tonsils. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, and may include removing enlarged adenoids or tonsils, treating allergies, or correcting structural issues.
This document discusses acute sinusitis, providing details on the types and causes. It begins by explaining that the maxillary sinus is most commonly infected, followed by the ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Acute sinusitis is usually caused by viral infections that are later invaded by bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Each type of acute sinusitis is then described in more detail, outlining signs and symptoms, treatments, and potential complications for maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid infections.
1. Respiratory disorders and infections - Copy.pptxManmeetKaur216
The document discusses respiratory disorders and infections in children. It covers topics like respiratory physiology, congenital disorders like choanal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, acute nasopharyngitis, and acute bronchiolitis. For acute bronchiolitis, it describes the pathophysiology as viral infection causing inflammation and obstruction in the bronchioli. Clinical manifestations range from mild symptoms to respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays and treatment is symptomatic.
Nosebleeds are very common in young children, affecting most at some time or another. From the outset, it is important to be aware that nosebleeds will often settle down on their own, sometimes requiring medical treatment, but that major underlying causes (blood clotting problems or abnormalities in the nose) are very rare.
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Choanal atresia is a congenital condition where the passageway between the nose and throat (choana) is blocked or narrowed at birth. It can affect one or both sides and causes respiratory issues for infants. The exact cause is unknown but it occurs when tissue meant to separate the nose and mouth during fetal development remains after birth. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and nasal endoscopy. Treatment is surgical removal of the blockage, which usually cures the problem. Nursing care focuses on respiratory support, monitoring for complications, teaching parents postoperative care, and ensuring an open airway during feeding.
This document provides an overview of respiratory therapy for pediatric patients, including:
1) Anatomical differences between adult and pediatric airways that make children more susceptible to respiratory distress.
2) Common causes of respiratory distress in children such as asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, and upper airway obstruction.
3) Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress in children and treatments including suctioning, nebulized medications, and oxygen therapy.
4) Details on specific conditions like croup, bronchiolitis, asthma and the appropriate treatments for each.
This document discusses salivary gland disorders. It defines salivary glands and lists common disorders like sialolithiasis, sialadenitis, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, Sjogren's syndrome, and sialadenosis. Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment are described for each disorder. Nursing interventions for related conditions like dry mouth and pain are also outlined. The goal is to educate about salivary gland disorders, signs, management, and nursing care.
This document discusses salivary gland disorders. It defines salivary glands and lists common disorders like sialolithiasis, sialadenitis, cysts, benign and malignant tumors, Sjogren's syndrome, and sialadenosis. The causes, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are described for each disorder. Nursing interventions for related conditions like dry mouth and pain are also outlined. The goal is to educate about salivary gland disorders, causes, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention.
The adenoids are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx. They develop fully by the 7th month in utero and typically undergo involution by puberty. The adenoids play an important role in immune function but can become infected or hypertrophied, causing nasal obstruction and other symptoms. Surgical removal (adenoidectomy) using curettes or newer techniques like coblation is recommended if symptoms persist despite medical management with antibiotics or nasal steroids. Complications are rare but can include hemorrhage, airway issues, or velopharyngeal dysfunction.
This document contains medical information on a variety of pediatric topics including:
- Intrauterine growth retardation and recommended interventions such as increasing oxygen, fluid, and nutrition intake.
- Symptoms and treatment for conditions like tonsillitis, pyloric stenosis, and congenital hip subluxation.
- Fetal circulation patterns including the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
- First aid for dog bites and epistaxis (nosebleeds).
- Immunization schedules and APGAR scoring for newborns.
Group Dynamic(presentation for nursing management)ABHIJIT BHOYAR
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics)
the practice of training people to obey rules and behave well.
the practice of training your mind and body so that you control your actions and obey rules; a way of doing this
1. Enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, CK, troponins, and PSA are used as biomarkers to diagnose diseases of the liver, heart, bones, muscles, and prostate.
2. Elevated levels of the liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT indicate potential liver damage or disease.
3. CK and troponin levels are measured to diagnose heart attacks, while high PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer.
Isoenzymes (or isozymes) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies. Isozymes are usually distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
A complete cholesterol test — also called a lipid panel or lipid profile — is a blood test that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
The term essential fatty acids (EFA) refers to those polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that must be provided by foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body yet are necessary for health
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
The document defines lipids and classifies them. It discusses that lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cellular structure, signaling and energy transport. Lipids are classified as simple lipids, complex lipids, derived lipids and miscellaneous lipids. Simple lipids include fats, oils and waxes. Complex lipids contain additional groups like phosphate, carbohydrates or proteins. The document provides examples and descriptions of different lipid classes.
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
The liver is the largest solid organ located in the upper right abdomen. It performs hundreds of vital functions including removing toxins from the blood, maintaining blood sugar levels, and regulating blood clotting. The liver receives 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. It is divided into four lobes and has five surfaces. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism and detoxification.
If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
5. TONSILLITIS
Inflammation of the tonsils and especially the
palatine tonsils typically due to viral or
bacterial infection and marked by red enlarged
tonsils usually with sore throat, fever, difficult
swallowing, hoarseness or loss of voice, and
tender or swollen lymph nodes
6. Acute Tonsillitis
Catarrhal tonsillitis-: it usually present
with URI and measles. It is least severe
form and manifested as redness and
sore throat.
Follicular tonsillitis-: There is
involvement of crypts with discrete
yellow patches of exudate On tonsils
and enlargement of regional gland.
Parenchymatous tonsillitis-: There is
congestion and swelling of the entire
7. Peri – tonsillar abcess-: It may develop in
bacterial tonsillitis.
The child may present with trismus and muffled
voice with poor oral intake, severe pain on
swallowing and opening of the mouth, high fever,
offensive breath, enlarged cervical lymph glands
and otalgia.
On examination of the throat, unilateral bulge in
the soft palate and peritonsillar region with vulvar
deviation to the opposite side are scene.
8. Chronic
Tonsillitis
Chronic follicular tonsillitis-: Here tonsillar crypts are full
of infected cheesy material which shows on the surface as
yellowish spots.
Chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis-: There is hyperplasia
of lymphoid tissue Tonsils are very much enlarged and may
interfere with speech, deglutition and respiration. Attacks of
sleep apnoea may occur.
Chronic fibroid tonsillitis-: Tonsils are small but infected,
with history of repeated sore throats.
9. ETIOLOGY
Viral infection -
includes adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, cor
onavirus
Bacterial infection - Group A β-hemolytic
streptococcus
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
As with pharyngities, the cause may be viral or bacterial.
As a result of inflammation, the tonsils, palatine or
faucial, enlarge.
They may meet in the midline and obstruct the passage
of food and air.
If the adenoids are also involved, they may block the
posterior nares, resulting in mouth breathing.
In addition, the Eustachian tubes may be blocked
resulting in otitis media.
11. Clinical Manifestation
Sore throat
Red, swollen tonsils
Pain when
swallowing
High temperature
(fever)
Coughing
Headache
Tiredness
Chills
A general sense of
feeling unwell
(malaise)
White pus-filled
spots on the tonsils
Swollen lymph
nodes (glands) in
the neck
Pain in the ears or
neck
12. Cont......
Less common symptoms
include:
Nausea
Stomach ache
Vomiting
Furry tongue
Bad breath (halitosis)
Voice changes
Difficulty opening the
mouth (trismus)
13. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of GABHS tonsillitis can be
confirmed by culture of samples obtained by
swabbing both tonsillar surfaces and the
posterior pharyngeal wall and plating them on
sheep blood agar medium.
The isolation rate can be increased by
incubating the cultures
under anaerobic conditions and using selective
growth media. A single throat culture has a
sensitivity of 90%-95% for the detection of
GABHS
14. MANAGEMENT
Warm saline gargles, throat lozenges and analgesics
can relieve discomfort and congestion.
Nutrition can be supplied by feeding the children with
a soft well cooked, and nonirritating diet.
Antibiotics if needed, should be given as for the
prescribed period
If a surgery is needed, the children and parents
should be prepared psychologically, for the operation.
15. Preoperative Care
Assessment of the patient should be done for the
other respiratory function.
History about the bleeding tendency should be
considered.
Examination for bleeding and clotting time are
necessary.
Loose teeth should be taken care.
16. Post-operative care
Proper position should be given to avoid aspiration.
Children are placed in the prone position to help the
drainage of secretion.
When children become alert, they may like the
sitting position
Comfort measures are necessary to relieve pain.
Analgesics are helpful.
Pulse and respiration are checked for four hours.
Especially patient should be observed for
haemorrhage.
Patient should be discouraged to cough and clear
the throat, to prevent bleeding.
17. If there are no signs of haemorrhage and if patient
become fully alert, the clear fluids can be started.
Parents should be explained and advised about the
care to be provided at home.
Due to sore throat, there may be a discomfort in the
ear, on swallowing, for a few days.
Diet should be followed for 8-10 days.
Children should be avoided exposure to infection
19. CHOANAL ATRESIA
DEFINITION
Failure of the nasal
cavities to open
posteriorly into the
nasophrynx (choanae)
during fetal development
is called choanal atresia.
20. CAUSES
Choanal atresia is a developmental abnormality.
The anomaly is present at birth and can be associated
with other developmental abnormalities.
There is no known specific cause of choanal atresia.
Most believe that choanal atresia occurs when the tissue
that separates the nose and mouth area during fetal
development remains after birth
21. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
This condition is congenital obstruction of the
posterior nares at the entrance to the
nasophrynx.
The obstruction is usually caused by a
membranous septum may be caused by a bony
growth.
22. TYPES
Unilateral choanal atresia is more common, less
serious, and sometimes appears later in childhood
because the child has been able to manage while
breathing through only one side of the nasal
passage.
Bilateral choanal atresia is life-threatening
and symptoms appear immediately after
birth. Babies breathe only through their noses
when they are very young, so the blocked nasal
passages will cause extreme difficulty breathing.
23. CLINICAL FEATURES
Difficulty breathing after birth
Inability to breath and feed simultaneously
Persistent one sided nasal blockage or
discharge
Retraction of the chest when child cries or
breaths through mouth
25. TREATEMNT
Treatment of choanal atresia is surgical.
A variety of approaches available and include
transplatal, transnasal and transseptal techniques.
Drilling may be required to create a new passage
for bony atresia.
26. Stents are placed in
the nasal passage
to prevent
resenosis. These
are left in place for 3
to 6 weeks and
require close
nursing care to
prevent blockage.
27. NURSING MANAGEMENT
The nursing care of infants having choanal
atersia is directed at keeping the nostrils clean
and preventing upper respiratory infections,
Infants who have bilateral choanal atersia may
need to be gavaged until the defect is corrected.
28. Complications
Aspiration while feeding and attempting to breathe
through the mouth
Respiratory arrest
Renarrowing of the area after surgery
29. EPISTAXIS
Bleeding from the nose
occurs frequently in
children. Bleeding
occurs usually from
anterior-inferior portion
of the cartilaginous
nasal septum due to rich
capillary vasculature in
this zone known as
little’s area or
kiesselbach’s plexus.
30. ETIOLOGY
Local factors
Blunt trauma
Foreign bodies
Inflammatory reaction
Other possible factor
Anatomical deformities
Insufflate drugs
Intranasal tumours
Low relative humidity of inhaled air
Nasal cannula O2
32. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Epistaxis is caused by external trauma, foreign bodies, forcible
blowing of the nose or picking the nose.
Allergic rhinitis or sinusitis may also lead to nosebleed.
The strain of emotional excitement or physical exercise may be
enough to start nasal bleeding.
A circulatory, renal, or emotional condition that produces elevated
blood pressure cause nasal haemorrhage. It may also result from
rheumatic fever, a blood dyscrasia, or an infection.
35. Nursing Management
Details family history and history of illness to be
obtained and necessary investigations to be performed.
Blood transfusion may be necessary in some children
with epistaxis
Continues monitoring of vital signs, bleeding, hypoxia,
respiratory difficulty and nasal packing.
Teaching the parents and family members about
measures to stop epistaxis and immediate medical help
are also important.
36. Instructions to be given to the parents to apply
lubricant to nasal septum twice daily to reduce
dryness and to avoid nasal blowing or picking nose
after nose bleed
Preventive measures of foreign body in the nose,
nasal injury and solar radiation to be explained.
Need for management of local and systemic cause
of epistaxis should be informed and emphasized.
39. TREATMENT
Laryngoscopic or bronchoscopic removal of the
foreign body may required. If lodged in the larynx,
a tracheostomy may necessary to maintain the
respiration, until further treatment is given.
Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent
infection.
Patients need observation for a further
change in the signs
40. NURSING
MANAGEMENT
Infants and children many times do not
cough up aspirated foreign bodies, which
should be there for be removed promptly
under direct vision by laryngoscopy or
bronchoscopy.
41. Prompt removal prevents local tissue
inflammation, which makes later removel
more difficult. If, for instance, a vegetal
foreign body such as a portion of a peanut
remains in a bronchus, the peanut swells,
hampering removal and sometime
necessitating a lobactomy.
If complication such as secondary infections
occurs, they should be treated with
appropriate antibiotics.
42. PREVENTION
Provide only sturdy, well constructed rattles for
infants.
Provide only pacifiers that have a one piece,
durable construction
Remove small parts that could be aspirated or
swallowed from toys.
Remove diaper or safety pins, buttons, small whole
or broken parts of toys, and other small objects from
areas where infant can reach
43. Do not permit infants to play with balloons.
Remove small objects from the floor
before the infant is placed there and from
the crib when the infant is sleeping.
Do not give the infants nuts, lozenges,
other hard candies, fruits that contain pits
or seeds.
45. ETIOLOGY
Respiratory syncytial virus is implicated in most
cases.
Other causative organisms include adenovirus,
influenza, parainfluenza corona virus and
rhinovirus also cause broncheolitis.
46. PATHOGENESIS
The inflammation of the bronchiolar mucosa
edema, thickening, formation of mucus plugs and cellular
derbis. Bronchiolar spasm occurs in some cases.
The bronchial lumen, which is already narrow in the
infants, is further reduced.
Resistance to the airflow is increased both during
inspiration and expiration. During expiration the
bronchioles are partially collapsed
47. This leads to trapping of the air inside the alveoli causing
emphysematous changes. When obstruction becomes
complete, the trapped air in the lungs may be absorbed
causing atelectasis.
Due to diminished ventilation and diffusion, hypoxemia is
produced in almost all of these infants, retention of carbon
dioxide leads to respiratory acidosis
48. CLINICAL
FEATURES
Difficulty in breathing
Prolonged expiration
Persistent dry cough makes children restless and
exhausted
Fever and dehydration
Cyanosis
Inadequate intake of food may be due to cough and
discomfort while swallowing.
50. TREATMENT
Antibiotics are prescribed to treat the bacterial infection
Acidosis may corrected by sodium bicarbonates and patient is
monitored with the blood gas studies
Humidified oxygen is required to relieve hypoxia
Humid atmosphere can be maintained by placing a vessel of
boiling water in a room to have a warm and humid
atmosphere.
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance is essential in
severe cases intravenous fluid is required, to maintain
nutrition and hydration
51. A recent Cochrane review on use of bronchodilators in
bronchiolitis suggests that salbutamol with ipratropium
inhalation may provide some benefit and there may be
some beneficial effect of inhaled epinephrine.
Continues positive airway pressure (CPAP) or assisted
ventilation may be required to control respiratory
failure.
52. Nursing Management
The nasal passage of infants should be cleared because
infants are nasal breathers
The respiration should be monitored and the oxygen
should be administered as required.
Patients may be placed in a propped up position, with a
pillow under the shoulder and head.
53. The position should be changed every two
hours.
In the stage of a dyspnoea, nasogastric
feeding can be given because the infants
refuse oral feeding.
54. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
DEFINITION
It is the acute inflammation of the walls of
the bronchioles. It is a type
of pneumonia characterized by multiple foci of
isolated, acute consolidation, affecting one or
more pulmonary lobules.
55. Most cases of
bacterial pneumonia
are caused by the
bacterium Streptococ
cus pneumonia;
however, it is not
uncommon for
pneumonia to be
caused by more than
one type of bacteria.
Staphylococcus
aureus
Haemophilus
influenzae
CAUSES Other possible
culprits include
56. RISK FACTORS
being age 2 or younger
having a lung disease,
such as cystic
fibrosis, asthma, or
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD)
having HIV/AIDS
having a chronic
having a weakened
immune system, which
may be caused
by chemotherapy or use
of immunosuppressive
drugs
being on a ventilator
smoking
heavy alcohol use
trouble coughing or
swallowing
being malnourished
57. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological factors
accumulation of mononuclear cells in the submucosa and
perivascular space,
partial obstruction of the airway.
They clinically manifest as wheezing and crackles.
Disease progresses when the alveolar type II cells lose
their structural integrity and surfactant production is
diminished, a hyaline membrane forms, and pulmonary
edema develops.
58. CLINICAL FEATURES
Fever
Cough that brings up
mucus
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Rapid breathing
Sweating
Chills
Headache
Muscle aches
Fatigue
59. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis based on history and physical
examination.
Complete blood count (CBC).
An elevated number of white blood cells may
indicate a bacterial infection.
A chest X-ray is one of the best ways to diagnose
this condition. This helps to locate the areas that
are affected by bronchopneumonia
60. Cont......
A computed tomography (CT) scan produces a
picture similar to an X-ray but in more detail. This
will help to locate the infection is occurring in the
lungs.
A sputum culture tests a sample of mucus from your
lungs to determine the cause of the infection.
A bronchoscopy
61. TREATMENT
Specific treatment for pneumonia
includes:
Rest
Antibiotics for bacterial
pneumonia
Inhalers for wheezing
Albuterol Inhaler
Proventil Inhaler
Ventolin Inhaler
Cough medications
Dextromethorphan
62. Cont....
Decongestant medications:
Only for use in older children and adults
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Acetaminophen for pain and fever control
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for pain
and fever control
Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, NeoProfen)
Ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis, Oruvail)
Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, Aleve
63. Cont......
Oxygen therapy
Respiratory therapy for pneumonia
Mechanical ventilation:
Use of a ventilator to support breathing in severe
pneumonia
64. NURSING MANAGEMENT
The observation of the respiration for the pattern,
respiratory rate and nasal flaring and for cyanosis.
Patient should be observed for any strider and
wheezing.
Sufficient humidified oxygen should be provided.
The behavioural changes or restlessness should be
notified.
Position should be changed every two hours.
Comfortable semi sitting position may help to relieve
65. Cont.....
The accurate intake and output record should be
maintained. If children are in respiratory distress,
they should not be given anything by mouth. They
should be observed for vomiting, and distension.
Intravenous fluid may be prescribed and it should
be monitored.
Nutritional status should be maintained
Children should not be disturbed unnecessary.
The body temperature should be maintained within
the normal limits.
In some cases postural drainage and breathing
exercise during convalescent period.
66. ASTHMA
Definition Asthma is a
condition of the lungs in
which there is a airway
obstruction due to
spasms of the bronchial
smooth muscle, edema
of the mucosa and
increased mucus
secretion in the bronchi
and bronchioles brought
on the various stimuli.
67. Types
MILD INTERMITTENT ASTHMA
Symptoms ≤2 times a week
Night time symptoms ≤2 times a month
Peak expiratory flow(PEF) or forced
expiratory volume(FEV1)≥80% of predicted
value
68. MILD PERSISTENT ASTHMA
Symptoms >2 times a week, but <1 time a
day
Night time symptoms >2 times a month
Peak expiratory flow(PEF) or forced
expiratory volume(FEV1)≥80% of predicted
value
69. MODERATE PERSISTENT ASTHMA
Daily symptoms
Night time symptoms >1 night/wk
Peak expiratory flow(PEF) or forced
expiratory volume(FEV1)>60% and <80%
of predicted value
PEF variability >30%
70. SEVER PERSISTENT ASTHMA
Continual symptoms
Frequent night time symptoms
Peak expiratory flow(PEF) or forced
expiratory volume(FEV1) in one second is
≤60% predicted value
PEF variability >30%
71. CAUSES
Allergy to pollens, foods, and
antigen antibody reaction
Infection
Physical factors such as cold,
humidity, sudden changes in
temperature and sudden
changes in barometric
pressure
Irritants such as dust,
chemicals, and air pollutants.
Psychological or emotional
stress
72. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Asthma is the result of
chronic inflammation of
the airways which
subsequently results in
increased contractibility
of the
surrounding smooth
muscles.
This among other factors
leads to narrowing of the
airway and the classic
symptoms of wheezing.
73. Typical changes in the airways include an
increase in eosinophils and thickening of
the lamina reticularis.
Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may
increase in size along with an increase in the
numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types
involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages,
and neutrophils
There may also be involvement of other
components of the immune system
including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine,
74. MANIFESTATIONS
Onset may be
gradual with nasal
congestion and
sneezing
Wzeezing
Anxiety
Apprehension
Diaphoresis
Uncontrollable
cough
Dyspnoea
Flaring of the
nostrils
Cyanosis
Hyperapnoea
Increased pulse
Increased
respiratory rate
Vomiting
75. DIAGNOSTIC
EVALUATION
Eosinophlia in the peripheral blood
Examination of nasal secretions and sputum
Pulmonary function studies may reveal
diminished maximum breathing capacity, tidal
volume, and forced expiratory volume.
Blood gas and pH
Chest X-ray
76. TREATMEN
T
Fast–acting
Short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor
agonists (SABA), such
as salbutamol (albuterol USAN) are the first line
treatment for asthma symptoms. They are
recommended before exercise in those with
exercise induced symptoms
Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium
bromide, provide additional benefit when used in
combination with SABA in those with moderate
or severe symptoms.
77. Long–term control
Corticosteroids are generally considered the most
effective treatment available for long-term
control. Inhaled forms such as beclomethasone are
usually used except in the case of severe persistent
disease, in which oral corticosteroids may be
needed. It is usually recommended that inhaled
formulations be used once or twice daily, depending
on the severity of symptoms.
78. For emergency management other options include:
Oxygen to alleviate hypoxia if saturations fall below
92%.
Magnesium sulfate intravenous treatment has been
shown to provide a bronchodilating effect when used
in addition to other treatment in severe acute asthma
attacks.
79. NURSING MANAGEMENT
The severity of attack and the degree of
respiratory distress should be observed
Breathing pattern should be noted for expiratory
dyspnoea. It should be observed, whether the
patients use their accessory respiratory muscles
and has nasal flaring.
The level of children anxiety should be noted.
The patients should be observed for cyanosis.
80. The patient should be placed fowler’s position, to
help in maximum lung expansion
The sing of air hunger are observed, the oxygen
should be administered.
Reassurance may help to reduce the anxiety.
The dehydration should be treated by providing
adequate fluid.
The normal diet can be started when the patient
can take it.
81. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known
as mucoviscidosis, is an
autosomal recessive genetic disorder that
affects most critically the lungs, and also the
pancreas, liver, and intestine. It is characterized
by abnormal transport
of chloride and sodium across an epithelium,
84. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis is suspected from the onset of
diarrhea early in infancy, usually associated with
recurrent respiratory infections. D-xylose absorption
test is normal as this monosaccharide does not
need hydrolysis before absorption. X-ray film of the
chest shows pulmonary involvement. Analysis of
the sweat for chlorides is a reliable diagnostic test.
Level of chlorides above 60mEq/L in sweat
obtained by pilocarpine iontophoresis is suggestive
85. TREATMENT
Pancreatic supplement is given in a dose of 5 to
10 tablets daily depending on the patients
clinical response.
Use of antacids, sodium bicarbonate and
antihistamine along with the enzyme is desirable.
86. Taurine supplements should be given to
provide substrate for increased hepatic
synthesis of bile acids.
In resistant cases misoprostol a
prostaglandin analogue had been used to
inhibit gastric acid secretion and stimulate
bicarbonate secretion in upper gut.
Antibiotics are administered to prevent
infection.
87. NURSING
MANAGEMENT
Assessment of the child with CF involves both
pulmonary and gastrointestinal observations.
Gastrointestinal assessment primarily involves
observing the frequency and nature of the stools
and abdominal distension.
88. Periodical weighing and check up are
necessary.
Family members are interviewed to determine
the child’s eating and eliminating habits and to
confirm a history of frequent repiratory infections
or bowel obstruction in infancy.
91. Nursing diagnosis:
1) Impaired Gas Exchange Related To
Disease Conditions.
2) Ineffective Thermoregulation Related To
Prematurity And Low Birth Weight; As
Evidenced By Poor Flexion And Lack Of
Subcutaneous Fat Stores Needed For Non
Shivering Thermogenesis
3) Altered Nutrition: Less Than Body
Requirements Related To Respiratory
Distress; As Evidenced By Confinement Under
Oxyhood, Oral Gastric Tube To Drainage.