This document discusses the design of a 32x32 crossbar switching system. It defines crossbar switching as a network topology that allows any input port to connect to any output port without blocking. The document outlines the objectives, background, theory, existing technologies, planning technologies to apply, aspects and constraints to consider, analysis of results, and conclusions regarding crossbar switching design and simulation.
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
Convolution codes - Coding/Decoding Tree codes and Trellis codes for multiple...Madhumita Tamhane
In contrast to block codes, Convolution coding scheme has an information frame together with previous m information frames encoded into a single code word frame, hence coupling successive code word frames. Convolution codes are most important Tree codes that satisfy certain additional linearity and time invariance properties. Decoding procedure is mainly devoted to correcting errors in first frame. The effect of these information symbols on subsequent code word frames can be computed and subtracted from subsequent code word frames. Hence in spite of infinitely long code words, computations can be arranged so that the effect of earlier frames, properly decoded, on the current frame is zero.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.
Convolution codes - Coding/Decoding Tree codes and Trellis codes for multiple...Madhumita Tamhane
In contrast to block codes, Convolution coding scheme has an information frame together with previous m information frames encoded into a single code word frame, hence coupling successive code word frames. Convolution codes are most important Tree codes that satisfy certain additional linearity and time invariance properties. Decoding procedure is mainly devoted to correcting errors in first frame. The effect of these information symbols on subsequent code word frames can be computed and subtracted from subsequent code word frames. Hence in spite of infinitely long code words, computations can be arranged so that the effect of earlier frames, properly decoded, on the current frame is zero.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Channelization is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency, or through code, between different stations. The three channelization protocols are FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)
its orthogonal frequency multiplexing topic basicallly in digital signal processing , network signal and system , it also helpful in engineering course either electrical or electronics and communication engineering.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
Field of telecommunications has evolved from crudest form of communications to electrical, radio and electro-optical communications. From manual exchange like local battery, central battery exchange, to crossbar switching, director system and to common control systems, telephone communications had started evolving to cater to better and better specifications and needs. Touch tone dial telephone opened a new horizon in the field of end to end signalling. Then came computerised stored program control systems, various multiplexing techniques. With increase in traffic there was a need to study traffic and blocking capabilities....
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)
its orthogonal frequency multiplexing topic basicallly in digital signal processing , network signal and system , it also helpful in engineering course either electrical or electronics and communication engineering.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
Field of telecommunications has evolved from crudest form of communications to electrical, radio and electro-optical communications. From manual exchange like local battery, central battery exchange, to crossbar switching, director system and to common control systems, telephone communications had started evolving to cater to better and better specifications and needs. Touch tone dial telephone opened a new horizon in the field of end to end signalling. Then came computerised stored program control systems, various multiplexing techniques. With increase in traffic there was a need to study traffic and blocking capabilities....
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are used to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two or more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination.
PARALLEL BIJECTIVE PROCESSING OF REGULAR NANO SYSTOLIC GRIDS VIA CARBON FIELD...ijcsit
New implementations for parallel processing applications using reversible systolic networks and the
corresponding nano and field-emission controlled-switching components is introduced. The extensions of
implementations to many-valued field-emission systolic networks using the introduced reversible systolic
architectures are also presented. The developed implementations are performed in the reversible domain to
perform the required parallel computing. The introduced systolic systems utilize recent findings in field
emission and nano applications to implement the function of the basic reversible systolic network using
nano controlled-switching. This includes many-valued systolic computing via carbon nanotubes and carbon
field-emission techniques. The presented realization of reversible circuits can be important for several
reasons including the reduction of power consumption, which is an important specification for the system
design in several future and emerging technologies, and also achieving high performance realizations. The
introduced implementations for non-classical systolic computation are new and interesting for the design
within modern technologies that require optimal design specifications of high speed, minimum power and
minimum size, which includes applications in adiabatic low-power signal processing.
The Presentation Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GiiIppb2o4&feature=youtu.be
*Contents
1-Challenges in Wireless Communication
2-Multipath andFading
3-MIMO and Diversity
4-Receive Diversity /Maximum ratio combining (MRC)
5-MIMO Evolution
6- Coordinated Multi point (CoMP)
7-Level of Cooperation and Architecture
8-CoMP System Model
A Low Power High Bandwidth Four Quadrant Analog Multiplier in 32 NM CNFET Tec...VLSICS Design
Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET) is a promising new technology that overcomes several limitations of traditional silicon integrated circuit technology. In recent years, the potential of CNFET for analog circuit applications has been explored. This paper proposes a novel four quadrant analog multiplier design using CNFETs. The simulation based on 32nm CNFET technology shows that the proposed multiplier has very low harmonic distortion (<0.45%), large input range (±400mV), large bandwidth (~50GHz) and low power consumption (~247µW), while operating at a supply voltage of ±0.9V.
Design of miniaturized patch crossover based on superformula slot shapesIJECEIAES
In this paper, miniaturized microstrip crossover circuits are proposed using slots shapes obtained using the superformula. The design starts by using a conventional half-wavelength square patch crossover. For miniaturization purposes, different superformula slot shapes are introduced on the square patch. The proposed crossovers are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The designs are simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). One of the miniaturized designs is fabricated and its scattering parameters are measured using a vector network analyzer. Simulated and measured results agree very well. At the design frequency, the measured input port matching is better than ˗19 dB, while 𝑆12, 𝑆13 and 𝑆14 have the values of ˗12 dB, ˗2.2 dB and ˗10 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a 71% size reduction is achieved as compared to the conventional crossover area.
Efficient Layout Design Multiplexer By Using Different Technologies IJEEE
In this paper, a multiplexer has been designed and layout simulated using 90nm in Auto generated and semicustom design mode. The schematic of 4:1 multiplexer has been designed using and its equivalent layout is created using microwind tools. The Performance has been analyzed and compared in terms of area and power. It can be observed from simulated results in semicustom that 75% reduction in area and 6.6% reduction in power
Design and performance analysis of low phase noise LC-voltage controlled osci...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) offers the radio frequency (RF) system designer a freedom to select the required frequency. Today’s wireless communication system imposes a very stringent requirement in terms of phase noise generated in VCO. This study presents an inductive source degeneration technique to improve the phase noise performance of the inductance-capacitance (LC)-VCO. Double cross-coupled topology has been chosen for the proposed VCO. The post layout simulations with the parasitic resistance, inductance, capacitance (RLC) extracted view is carried out with united microelectronics corporations (UMC) 0.18 µm process by spectre simulator of cadence tools. The proposed VCO provides a phase noise
of -124.3 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz. The tuning range obtained is 19.87% with a centre frequency of 2.46 GHz which makes it suitable for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band applications. It consumes a power of 2.10 mW. Also, a good figure of merit of -189 is achieved. The total layout area occupied is 477×545 µm2.
Single bit full adder design using 8 transistors with novel 3 transistors XNO...VLSICS Design
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The rapid growths of portable electronic devices are increased and they are designing with low power and high speed is critical. To design a three input XOR and XNOR gates using the systematic cell design methodology can be achieved by implementing transmission gate. By this type of designing the low power and high speed can achieved. This architecture is used to maintain summation results for after completing addition process. XOR/XNOR circuits are proposed with high driving capability, full-balanced full-swing outputs and low number transistors of basic structure, high performance and operating at low voltages. This simulation is carried out using TSMC 90nmCMOS technology in Tanner EDA Tool.
Single bit full adder design using 8 transistors with novel 3 transistors XNO...VLSICS Design
In present work a new XNOR gate using three transistors has been presented, which shows power dissipation of 550.7272µW in 0.35µm technology with supply voltage of 3.3V. Minimum level for high output of 2.05V and maximum level for low output of 0.084V have been obtained. A single bit full adder using eight transistors has been designed using proposed XNOR cell, which shows power dissipation of 581.542µW. Minimum level for high output of 1.97V and maximum level for low output of 0.24V is obtained for sum output signal. For carry signal maximum level for low output of 0.32V and minimum level for high output of 3.2V have been achieved. Simulations have been performed by using SPICE based on TSMC 0.35µm CMOS technology. Power consumption of proposed XNOR gate and full adder has been compared with earlier reported circuits and proposed circuit’s shows better performance in terms of power consumption and transistor count.
The design of microstrip bandpass filter. The tutorial videos for calculation and simulation in given link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkvCgj37wdA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HlFmsy7RfE
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Cross Bar Switching
1. FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BETE 3393- TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING
SYSTEM
TOPIC: 4 CROSSBAR SWITCHING (32X32)
1. SARAVANA A/L SUKUMARAN B071210044
2. ASMIDA BT ASRI B071210063
3. NOR SARIZA BT ISMAIL B071210035
4. MOHD RAFIQ BIN NORDIN @ RUBU B071210120
5. AMIRUL ALIFF BIN AMINUDDIN B071210143
Prepared for: EN. CHAIRULSYAH WASLI
2. OBJECTIVE
• To design the crossbar switch technologies
• To analyze the implementation of the technologies
• To investigate the compatible of the design with the requirement
• To determine the aspect included in the crossbar.
3. BACKGROUND
• Upgraded of the existing network of the client network
• The report present the results of the analysis which based on HSPICE
simulation.
• Using through a 32 x 32 crossbar switch.
• Delays for optimized input and output interconnect lines are also presented
for 64x (128x128), 32x (128x128), and 64x (32x32) crossbar switch designs.
4. THEORY
A crossbar switching is a network topology.
any input port can be connected to any free output port without
blocking.
The size of the crossbar refers to the number of points being
connected.
Figure below is the diagram basic crossbar.
5. Crossbar switching networks can be categorized into three major topological
classes. Below is the categorized of crossbar switching networks.
1.full-crossbar networks
2.multistage interconnection networks
3.networks consisting of multiple levels of full crossbar connections
A full-crossbar network is comprised of a single switching element.
Multistage interconnection networks consist of multiple interconnected
layers of simpler switches.
networks consisting of multiple levels of full crossbar connections also called
hierarchical crossbar interconnection networks (HCINs).
6. EXISTING TECHNOLOGY
Historically, a crossbar switch consisted of metal bars associated
with each input and output, together with some means of
controlling movable contacts at each cross-point (in 20th Century)
Firstly, crossbar switches use switching matrices made from a two-
dimensional array of contacts arranged in an x-y format.
Latest model Western Electric crossbar switch, the majority of Bell
System switches were made to connect three wires including the
tip and ring of a balanced pair circuit and a sleeve lead for control
8. 1. Crossbar input interconnect length Linput= (M . N). PR (Equation 1)
2. Horizontal spacing between crossbars = N . PR (Equation 2)
3. Vertical spacing between crossbars = 2*(NCOLS -1). N . PR (Equation 3)
4. LINPUT = [(M . N ) . PR ] + [(NCOLS -1) . LCS ] +[(2 . (NCOLS - 1) . N . PR ). (N ROWS - 1)+ [
((N ROWS -1) . WCS ] + [(NCOLS -1) . N . PR ] (Equation 4)
5. LOUTPUT = M . N . PR (Equation 5)
6. A = (2 . M . N . PR . NCOLS . LCOLS + (NCOLS - 1) . N . PR ).{[2 . (NCOLS - 1) . N . PR ] . (N R - 1)
+ PR .WCS } (Equation 6)
9. • The parameters used to calculate the value of the LINPUT are explained in
Table below:
10. ASPECT AND CONSTRAIN TO
BE CONSIDER
• Design
• Switching matrix and array of control cells
• The high-frequency sequence
• Multiplexed input signal
13. The delay and area measurement for a 32 x 32
crossbar and a 128x128 crossbar
14. The interconnect delay and length measurement for a
64x(32x32), 32x(128x128), and a 64x(128x128)
15. The area approximations for a 64(32x32),
32(128x128), and a 64(128x128) crossbar
switch array without pipeline registers
16. The delay through one pipeline stage
on the input interconnect for a
64x (32x32) multiple crossbar switch
17. The area approximations for a 64(32x32),
32(128x128), and a 64(128x128) multiple
crossbar switch with pipeline registers
18. Advantage crossbar:
1. It is a Non Blocking Network that allows multiple i/o connections to be
achieved simultaneously.
2. It provides full connectivity.
*Example: any permutation can be implemented using a crossbar.
3. It is highly useful in a multiprocessor system, as all processors can
send memory requests independently and asynchronously.
4. It gives maximum utilization of bandwidth as compared to other
networks like bus system, multistage networks.
19. Disadvantage crossbar:
1. The crossbar switch is singled-layered switch.
2. At each point, there is a switch when closed, connects one of
the inputs to one of the outputs.
20. CONCLUSION
• Understand more about the crossbar switch technologies.
• Determine the best technologies between 32 x 32 and 64 x (32 x
32).
• Know the compatible of the design with the requirement.
• Understand the aspect of the crossbar switch technologies.
• Understand the HSPICE simulation for this network.