Critical appraisal-MP-2023.pptx
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The document provides guidance on critically appraising research articles. It defines critical appraisal as carefully analyzing research methodology to assess validity, results, and relevance. The process examines bias and evaluates internal/external validity. Critical appraisal is important for literature reviews, program evaluation, policymaking, and more. It involves reading the abstract, introduction, methodology, results, and discussion sections to evaluate study design, measures, sample size, analysis, conclusions, and comparison to prior research. The example shows how to appraise a cohort study by assessing exposure and outcome definitions, follow up time, measurement methods, attrition, confounding, results, and applicability.
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Note: This is not suitable for preparing a proposal for research funding
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Critical Appraisal of a Quantitative Study Assignment Guideline.docx
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2. The evaluation should address the research problem, literature review, framework, objectives, variables, methodology, measurements, data collection/analysis, results, and implications for nursing practice. A rubric is provided to guide the assignment.
3. Students will present their critique to the class, discussing aspects of the evaluation. The goal is to help students understand how to conduct a literature review and evidence-based practice, as well as gain knowledge from nursing research.
Managing Quality In Qualitative Research
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The critical appraisal process examines research to judge its validity and relevance. It involves summarizing key aspects of research articles like the introduction, methods, results and discussion sections. Important tools for appraisal include the PICO method to assess the research question, and CASP checklists tailored to different study designs. Proper appraisal helps identify clinically relevant papers and supports evidence-based decision making.
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- 1. Critical Appraisal of an Article • By Dr Bayu Begashaw (PhD in Preventive Medicine and Public health)
- 2. Objectives • To understand the concept and process of ‘critical appraisal’ • To identify different types of study designs • To identify different types of bias • To critically appraise a real paper using a methodical framework
- 3. What is ‘critical appraisal’?.... An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of research methodology
- 4. Critical appraisal is the process of carefully & systematically analyze the research paper to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context “Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results, and relevance before using it to inform a decision” (Hill and Spittlehouse, 2001, p.1) What is Critical Appraisal?
- 5. What is ‘critical appraisal’? • Examines bias • Systematic error in individual studies that can lead to erroneous conclusions • Assesses the study’s validity • Internal validity: The extent to which the design and conduct of a study are likely to have prevented bias, and therefore, the results may be considered reliable • External validity: The extent to which the results of a study might be expected to occur in other participants/settings (generalisability)
- 6. When should you Critically Appraise? • Conducting literature reviews for academic research, grant proposals for new project • Evaluating the effectiveness, costs, and benefits of health programs, intervention • Establishing new innovative in the health programs • To set right the lacunae while Implementing health policies & Public health decision making
- 7. Importance • The Critical appraisal aims to help people develop the necessary skills to make sense of scientific evidence based on validity, results and relevance • Research involves conceiving, collection and analysis of the data to produce meaningful information • However, many of the research are not in good quality and many studies are biased and their results are untrue • This can lead us to draw false conclusions
- 8. Importance… • Critical appraisal is an essential step in the process of putting research into practice • Asking questions about an article’s research methodology • Scrutinizing its data collection and analysis methods • Evaluating how its findings are presented will help you to determine whether that article’s conclusions should influence practical decision- making
- 9. • Different research questions require different study designs • E.g., the best design for studies evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention or treatment is a Randomized controlled trial • Studies are also subject to Bias, Confounders and it is important that researchers take steps to minimize this bias &confounders • E.g., use of a Control group, Randomization and blinding
- 10. Read the abstract • Are your issues discussed there? • What are the main findings of the research? • Do you want to know more after reading the abstract? • Does it address a related question? • Are there reasons to doubt the findings without reading the whole article?
- 11. Read the Introduction and Discussion •The introduction and discussion sections will help you to identify the key concepts, goals, subjects, and themes of the research
- 12. Methodology section • The Methodology will give you a step-by-step description of exactly how the study was carried out. • Where the study was done? • From whom the data was collected ? • Is it primary or secondary data • And how the data was collected? • How it was analyzed • Ethical issues? • Quality management?
- 13. Methods… • How good is the data? • Does the study adequately control for differences between the groups being compared? • Are the statistical methods appropriate? • Is the sample large enough to produce significant results?
- 14. How good are the measures? • Do the measures accurately reflect what the researcher was trying to measure (validity)? • How clear and appropriate are these measures? (Too broad? Too narrow? Ambiguous?) • Are they actual measures or proxy measures? • Are the measures well established in either prior research or through pilot testing by the researcher, or are they ad hoc?
- 15. What are the author’s conclusions? Compare the abstract to the Discussion The discussion section is more detailed and precise than the abstract Explains the limitations of the research & Possible implications which are not mentioned in the abstract.
- 16. Compare the raw data given in the tables with the results analyzed in the discussion and conclusions • Are the results reported in the conclusions consistent with what is reported in the tables? • Is the interpretation consistent with what the actual findings were?
- 17. How well are the results related to other research on the same topic? • In the discussion or conclusions section, is there a review of how these results compare or contrast with prior research? • If this report found something different from previous research, then it’s important to question on appraising the reliability of the findings.
- 18. Example
- 19. Critical Appraisal of an article on Harm / Risk (Cohort Study) 1. Are the results of the study valid? Primary Guides • Was the exposure status clearly defined and measured? • How was the outcome of interest measured? •What was the follow up time and was it adequate to measure the outcome of interest? •Was the outcome measured in the same way for both exposed & not exposed? Secondary Guides •How much was the attrition? (Loss to follow up) •Are there confounders that the investigator did not address?
- 20. Example… • 2. What were the results? • How strong is the association between exposure and outcome? ( Look for Relative Risk, risk difference, Hazard ratio) • How precise is the estimates of the risk ? (Look for 95% CI and p value for statistical test of significance) • 3. Will the results help me? • Are the results applicable to my population? • What is the magnitude of the risk ? • Should I attempt to stop the exposure?