Cranial Nerve assesment-Physiotherapy perspective.pptx
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This document provides information on various cranial nerves including their functions, testing methods, and abnormalities. It discusses the olfactory nerve and how anosmia can result from injury to sites in the olfactory pathway. For the optic nerve, it describes testing visual acuity with an eye chart and visual fields with confrontation testing, and conditions like blindness, myopia and presbyopia that can arise from abnormalities. Various cranial nerves like the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens and others are also covered, along with their functions and testing methods.
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Cranial nerve-examination.ppt
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves, including their functions, tests to assess them, and potential abnormalities. It discusses the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. For each nerve, it outlines their functional type, tests for motor and sensory functions, and abnormalities that may be present if the nerve is damaged. The purpose is to guide cranial nerve examinations to evaluate nerve integrity and identify potential neurological issues.
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Brown-Sequard syndrome is caused by damage to one side of the spinal cord, resulting in different symptoms on each side of the body. It leads to ipsilateral weakness and loss of proprioception due to damage of the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns. There is also contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation due to involvement of the lateral spinothalamic tract. Treatment focuses on prevention of complications and includes antibiotics to prevent infections, though steroids are controversial for traumatic injuries.
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1. Specificity - Each sensory pathway is labeled to identify its origin and modality.
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The document discusses the stretch reflex and muscle tone. It defines the stretch reflex as a monosynaptic reflex where stimulation of muscle spindles by stretching a muscle leads to contraction of the same muscle via alpha motor neurons. It describes the roles of gamma motor neurons in maintaining sensitivity of muscle spindles. Disorders of muscle tone like spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia are explained in relation to lesions in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. Clinical examination techniques for assessing muscle tone are also outlined.
Olfactory nerve
The document discusses the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), which is responsible for smell. It has four neurons - olfactory receptors in the nose, mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, neurons in the primary olfactory cortex, and neurons in the secondary olfactory cortex. The olfactory pathway projects from the nose to these cortical areas. Testing smell can localize pathology and determine laterality. Interpretations include describing degrees of smell ability or aberration and identifying potential causes of anosmia.
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This document provides an outline for examining the motor system, including muscles, reflexes, tone, and coordination. It describes the anatomy and examination of major muscle groups in the upper and lower limbs, including specific tests to assess muscle power on a standardized grading scale. Examination of posture, movement, tone, and reflexes is also outlined. The goal is to provide a thorough yet concise motor examination.
Trapezius
The trapezius muscle is a broad, flat muscle that extends from the cervical to thoracic region. It has three parts - descending, ascending, and middle. The trapezius contributes to shoulder and head movement. It originates on the occipital bone, cervical and thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the clavicle, acromion, and scapula. The trapezius elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula. Stretching, massage, and applying pressure can help reduce pain in the trapezius muscle.
Wrist drop
The radial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forearm and hand. Damage to the radial nerve causes wrist drop where the patient is unable to extend the wrist and fingers, impairing grasping. Symptoms include pain, numbness, weakness of hand grip and drooping of the wrist and fingers. Diagnosis involves assessing range of motion, imaging tests and electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, injections, bracing and physical therapy.
Electromyography
Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles in response to nerve stimulation. EMG is used to detect abnormalities in the neuromuscular system. The EMG process involves placing electrodes on the skin or inserting needles into muscles to pick up tiny electrical signals from contracting muscle fibers. The signals are amplified and processed before being visually displayed and analyzed. EMG can be diagnostic to study muscle and nerve diseases or kinesiological to examine muscle activity. It provides information about motor unit structure and function.
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This document outlines a study on the mydriatic and miotic effects of drugs on rabbit eyes. It describes how mydriatics like atropine and phenylephrine work by disrupting parasympathetic signals or over-activating the sympathetic nervous system to dilate the pupil. Miotics like pilocarpine and physostigmine constrict the pupil by contracting iris muscles or inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. The procedure involves placing rabbits in a holder, administering drug drops to one eye and saline to the other, then recording pupil size and light/corneal reflex responses over 15 minutes. The goal is to observe and record the mydriatic and miotic drug effects on rabbit pupil diameter and light/
Study of Mydriatic and Miotic effect on rabbit eye
This document outlines a study on the mydriatic and miotic effects of drugs on rabbit eyes. It describes how mydriatics like atropine and phenylephrine work by disrupting parasympathetic signals or over-activating the sympathetic nervous system to dilate the pupil. Miotics like pilocarpine and physostigmine constrict the pupil by contracting iris muscles or inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. The procedure involves placing rabbits in a holder, recording baseline pupil size and light/corneal reflexes, instilling test drugs in one eye and saline in the other, then measuring pupil size and reflexes over time. The results will be recorded in a table to classify the miotic and mydri
Cranial nerves 2
This document discusses the examination of the 12 cranial nerves. It provides details on testing the functions of each nerve, including eye movements controlled by CN 3,4,6; facial expressions assessed by CN 7; swallowing and voice evaluated by CN 9,10; and tongue movement examined using CN 12. Examinations include checking for nystagmus, facial asymmetry, palate position, and head and shoulder movements to fully assess the functions of the different cranial nerves.
Undergraduate downloads...How to elicit clinical neurological signs
The document outlines how to perform a neurologic examination, including:
1. Testing the 12 cranial nerves, beginning with smell (I), sight (II), eye movement (III, IV, VI), facial expression/sensation (V, VII), hearing/balance (VIII), and tongue/swallowing (IX, X, XII).
2. Evaluating motor skills like strength, tone, coordination and gait.
3. Checking reflexes, sensations of pain, temperature and touch.
4. Looking for signs of increased intracranial pressure or abnormal posturing.
The examination is organized to be thorough while also efficient and systematic.
Basic Eye Exam RESOURCE.pdf
This document provides an overview of the basic ophthalmologic examination. It discusses evaluating visual acuity, visual fields, ocular motility, external examination of adnexa and globe, tonometry, and funduscopy. The examination is aimed at assessing visual function, appearance of the eye, sensation, and directly viewing the retina and optic nerve through dilation to check for abnormalities. Findings are recorded using standardized notation to document acuity, motility, tonometry measurements, presence or absence of lesions, and details of the retina and optic disc.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
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Cranial nerve examination / dental implant courses
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Expt.16 Study of Mydriatic and Miotic effects on rabbit.pptx
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Study of Mydriatic and Miotic effect on rabbit eye
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Undergraduate downloads...How to elicit clinical neurological signs
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Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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- 3. Where are they located?
- 5. • TESTING – Use coffee powder. One nostril at a time. • ABNORMALITY- Anosmia INJURY TO WHICH SITES CAN CAUSE THIS?
- 6. II OPTIC NERVE • FUNCTION- Vision PATHWAY:
- 7. HOW TO TEST? 1. Visual acuity: Snellen eye chart; one eye at a time at a distance of 20 ft. ABNORMALITY: • Blindness, myopia, presbyopia.
- 8. 2. Visual fields tests: Confrontation test ABNORMALITY:
- 9. III FUNCTION- • Eye Movements • Pupillary Reflexes TESTING: OCULOMOTOR
- 11. IV, VI TROCHLEAR AND ABDUCENS SO-4 LR-6
- 12. V FUNCTIONS: • Sensory: face, cornea • Motor: muscles of Mastication, • Reflex: Jaw jerk TRIGEMINAL
- 13. VII FACIAL NERVE
- 14. FUNCTIONS: • MOTOR: Facial expression • SENSORY: Taste to anterior 2/3RD of tongue TESTING: 1. 2.Apply saline and sugar using a cotton swab. ABNORMALITY: Facial palsy UMN or LMN
- 15. VII Vestibular function: 1. Balance 2. eye–head coordination: vestibular ocular reflex (VOR). Cochlear function: 1. Hearing VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
- 17. 2.Head thrust test – Vestibulocular Reflex
- 18. COCHLEAR abnormality: Conductive loss: sound heard through bone is equal to or longer than air Sensorineural loss: sound heard longer through air
- 21. IX Functions Motor: pharyngeal muscles Sensory: posterior 1/3RD of tongue TESTING: 1. Listen to voice quality, examine for difficulty in swallowing. 2. Saline sol. with cotton. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
- 22. X FUNCTION: Palatal, pharynx control TESTING: 1. Gag reflex 2. Observe position of uvula VAGUS
- 23. XI Motor function: 1. Trapezius - Shrugging 2. Sternocleidomastoid Turn head to each side. SPINAL ACCESSORY
- 24. XII Function: Tongue movements Testing: Protrude tongue, tongue movements Abnormality: Dysarthria HYPOGLOSSAL
- 25. REFERNCES • Physical rehabilitation 0’Sullivan 6th edition • Wahid NWB, Hogan CJ, Attia M. Weber Test. [Updated 2022 Jun 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- . Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526135/ • Park SB, Ramage JL. Winging of the Scapula. [Updated 2022 Feb 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- . Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541005/
- 26. THANKYOU