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CPWF-V3
Ecological externalities
Ph. Cecchi (IRD G-eau)
S. Sanogo (Univ. Bobo)
(logos to be added)
1. Lakes monitoring (water level)

Level and temperature loggers installation (June 2011)

Usable?
? By whom
=> Conflicts?

Relative Variations of Water Level (cm)
550
500

4.2 Mm3

450

? Hydro.
=> Filing up?

400
350

300
250
15/6

1.2 Mm3 ≈ 30%
15/7

15/8

15/9

15/10

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

15/11

15/12

15/1

15/2

15/3
1. Lakes monitoring (temperatures)
Daily Variations of Temperatures (°C)
25
20
15
10

dT (air)

5
dT (Bottom of the Lake)

0
15/6

15/7

15/8

15/9

15/10

15/11

15/12

15/1

15/2

15/3

Mean depth = 2.1 m
Vertical Mixing sensitivity

Mechanical Buffer?
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
2. Ceratophyllum submersum
Proliferation since a couple of years
1/ Strong LOCAL preoccupation:
- Infrastructures
- Fishery
2/ METABOLISM consequences
- Quality & productivity
3/ SCIENTIFIC priority
- causes & impacts
From an ecosystem perspective, the simultaneous dominance of cyanobacteria
in the phytoplankton pool (> 60%) and the invasion of water masses
by huge amounts of macrophyte do point out without ambiguity
the advanced eutrophication status of the Boura reservoir.
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Both states are
RESILIENT

NOW

BEFORE
WHEN?

MACROPHYTES
(clear)

PHYTOPLANKTON
(turbid)

WHY?
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
? Pesticides

Algae

Turbidity

? Agri. practices
? Allelopathy

Cerato
? Origins

Nutrients

? Hydrodynamics
Fish

Sediment
Resuspension

? Structure
Diagnose: realized by V3 project
Remediation: support to local communities
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
3. Allelopathy?
Y (%)

A

F= 41.643; P< 0.001

A

100%

AB
BC

90%
C

80%
70%

60%

D

50%
40%
REF

PICK1

PICK2

PICK3

PICK4

PICK5

Preliminar experiments have confirmed the allelopathic potential of
Ceratophyllum submersum.

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
4. Pesticides?
70%
60%

50%
40%
Dytiscidae

30%

Hydrophylidae

20%
10%

0%
Agri

Ref

Macro-invertebrates communities exhibited contrasted patterns in
agriculture-impacted versus reference stations

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
4. Pesticides?

Tee shirt distributed
by an agrochemical
company in Ghana
(Binaba, April 2011).

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

Commercial formulation
(paraquat-based)
found in fields
(Boura, March 2012).
5. Perspectives: towards chemical ecology
1/ What could be the cumulative effects (antagonism / synergy / others)
of both allelopathic metabolites and phytosanitary by-products
on the aquatic productivity and diversity?
2/ What could be the effects on the growth performances
of irrigated cultures?
3/ Implementation of dedicated experiments using pesticides collected
by passive samplers (in situ), pure molecules (paraquat) and allelopathic
metabolites

4/ Impacts on aquatic food web structure and on selected irrigated crops.
Output: better understanding of the nexus linking
‘Agricultural Intensification’ & ‘Ecosystem Resilience’…

Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta

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CPWF V3: Ecological Externalities

  • 1. CPWF-V3 Ecological externalities Ph. Cecchi (IRD G-eau) S. Sanogo (Univ. Bobo) (logos to be added)
  • 2. 1. Lakes monitoring (water level) Level and temperature loggers installation (June 2011) Usable? ? By whom => Conflicts? Relative Variations of Water Level (cm) 550 500 4.2 Mm3 450 ? Hydro. => Filing up? 400 350 300 250 15/6 1.2 Mm3 ≈ 30% 15/7 15/8 15/9 15/10 Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta 15/11 15/12 15/1 15/2 15/3
  • 3. 1. Lakes monitoring (temperatures) Daily Variations of Temperatures (°C) 25 20 15 10 dT (air) 5 dT (Bottom of the Lake) 0 15/6 15/7 15/8 15/9 15/10 15/11 15/12 15/1 15/2 15/3 Mean depth = 2.1 m Vertical Mixing sensitivity Mechanical Buffer? Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
  • 4. 2. Ceratophyllum submersum Proliferation since a couple of years 1/ Strong LOCAL preoccupation: - Infrastructures - Fishery 2/ METABOLISM consequences - Quality & productivity 3/ SCIENTIFIC priority - causes & impacts From an ecosystem perspective, the simultaneous dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton pool (> 60%) and the invasion of water masses by huge amounts of macrophyte do point out without ambiguity the advanced eutrophication status of the Boura reservoir. Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
  • 6. ? Pesticides Algae Turbidity ? Agri. practices ? Allelopathy Cerato ? Origins Nutrients ? Hydrodynamics Fish Sediment Resuspension ? Structure Diagnose: realized by V3 project Remediation: support to local communities Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
  • 7. 3. Allelopathy? Y (%) A F= 41.643; P< 0.001 A 100% AB BC 90% C 80% 70% 60% D 50% 40% REF PICK1 PICK2 PICK3 PICK4 PICK5 Preliminar experiments have confirmed the allelopathic potential of Ceratophyllum submersum. Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
  • 8. 4. Pesticides? 70% 60% 50% 40% Dytiscidae 30% Hydrophylidae 20% 10% 0% Agri Ref Macro-invertebrates communities exhibited contrasted patterns in agriculture-impacted versus reference stations Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
  • 9. 4. Pesticides? Tee shirt distributed by an agrochemical company in Ghana (Binaba, April 2011). Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta Commercial formulation (paraquat-based) found in fields (Boura, March 2012).
  • 10. 5. Perspectives: towards chemical ecology 1/ What could be the cumulative effects (antagonism / synergy / others) of both allelopathic metabolites and phytosanitary by-products on the aquatic productivity and diversity? 2/ What could be the effects on the growth performances of irrigated cultures? 3/ Implementation of dedicated experiments using pesticides collected by passive samplers (in situ), pure molecules (paraquat) and allelopathic metabolites 4/ Impacts on aquatic food web structure and on selected irrigated crops. Output: better understanding of the nexus linking ‘Agricultural Intensification’ & ‘Ecosystem Resilience’… Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta