COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
Counselling of people living with HIV/AIDSSANJAY SIR
IT HELPS THE PARAMEDICS & NURSING PERSONNEL REGARDING COUNSELING SESSION OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS & ALSO HELPS THE EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS REGARDING COUNSELING . IT ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG COMMON PEOPLE ABOUT IT.
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
Counselling of people living with HIV/AIDSSANJAY SIR
IT HELPS THE PARAMEDICS & NURSING PERSONNEL REGARDING COUNSELING SESSION OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS & ALSO HELPS THE EDUCATOR TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS REGARDING COUNSELING . IT ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG COMMON PEOPLE ABOUT IT.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
In India, the Mental Health Care Act 2017 was passed on 7 April 2017 and came into force from 29 May, 2018. An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the treatment and care of mentally ill persons, to make better provision with respect to their property and affairs and for maters connected therewith or incidental thereto
History collection format in psychiatric Nursing (Courtesy Department of Psy...Mental Health Center
Psychiatric History collection format in general psychiatric unit adapted from the department of psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscienses Bangalore.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
In India, the Mental Health Care Act 2017 was passed on 7 April 2017 and came into force from 29 May, 2018. An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the treatment and care of mentally ill persons, to make better provision with respect to their property and affairs and for maters connected therewith or incidental thereto
History collection format in psychiatric Nursing (Courtesy Department of Psy...Mental Health Center
Psychiatric History collection format in general psychiatric unit adapted from the department of psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscienses Bangalore.
HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
At the end of the training, participants will be able to:
State the indications for PrEP
State the eligibility for PrEP
Name the 5 main eligibility criteria for PrEP
Explain how to exclude Acute HIV Infection
Speakers discuss PrEP eligibility, management, and other topics covered in training modules one and two. During this webinar, expert speakers will review key highlights from the first two modules, share Nigeria specific guidance, and respond to questions from participants.
Part 2: https://www.slideshare.net/jsi/prep-elearning-discussion-2
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the
development of the HIV virus into a more
serious condition. AIDS was first recognised
by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV,
identified in the early 1980s.
3. UnDerStAnDIng HIV
• HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune
system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body
susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages
the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be
diagnosed when the number of immune system cells
(CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops
below a certain level.
• There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are
treatments that can slow down the disease, and help
prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for
someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be
prevented with early detection and treatment of the
HIV
4.
5.
6. PreVentIOn OF MOtHer
tO cHIlD trAnSMISSIOn
• An HIV-positive mother can pass HIV on to her baby
any time during pregnancy, labor, delivery and
breastfeeding, so the transmission of the virus must be
blocked at each stage.
• Current World Health Organization guidelines
recommend that HIV-positive pregnant mothers
should go on a regimen of three antiretroviral drugs
(ARVs) as soon as possible and stay on these drugs
until their infants are born and breastfeeding has
concluded. Ideally, the mothers themselves will also
remain on treatment once breastfeeding has
concluded, for their own health.
7. PMtct
• As soon as the infant is born, the baby should be
given nevirapine — a very inexpensive drug —
daily for six weeks.
• The infant should be formula-fed rather than
breastfed if possible, but it’s recognized that
formula feeding is both expensive and difficult to
do safely in resource-limited settings.
• As such, if the mother cannot formula-feed her
child, it is recommended that the mother should
breastfeed her child exclusively for six months
while continuing to take her ARVs.
• this regimen can reduce transmission of HIV to
their babies by an amazing 95 percent or more.
8. treAtMent FOr HIV AnD
AIDS
HAART
There is treatment available for HIV which will slow
down the progression of the virus, allowing
people to lead a normal live. This treatment is
called highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART), and is a combination of medicines
administered in two or three pills to be taken
once or twice daily.
They will also need to have regular blood tests to
monitor the HIV.
10. TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Antibody Tests: The most common HIV tests look for HIV antibodies in your body, rather than
looking for HIV itself:
• Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests use blood, oral fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies.
Results for these tests can take up to two weeks.
• Rapid HIV antibody tests also use blood, oral fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results
for these tests can take 10–20 minutes.
• If you get a positive result from either of these tests, you will need to take another test,
called a Western blot test, to confirm that result. It can take up to two weeks to confirm a
positive result.
Antigen Tests
These tests are not as common as antibody tests, but they can be used to diagnose HIV
infection earlier—from 1-3 weeks after you are first infected with HIV. Antigen tests require a
blood sample.
• PCR Test (Polymerase chain reaction test)
This test detects the genetic material of HIV itself, and can identify HIV in the blood within 23 weeks of infection.
Babies born to HIV-positive mothers are tested with a special PCR test, because their blood
contains their mother's HIV antibodies for several months. This means they would test HIVpositive on a standard antibody test—but a PCR test can determine whether the babies have
HIV themselves.
Blood supplies in most developed countries are screened for HIV using PCR tests. PCR tests
are also used to measure viral loads for people who are HIV-positive.
11. WHY IS COunSElIng
nECESSarY?
• Because infection with HIV is life long
• To cope with HIV positive status and live a
meaningful life
• To adjust and to learn about change in
one’s life style in order to reduce risk of
contracting HIV infection
12. ObjECTIVES
• To provide psycho-social support
• To prevent transmission of HIV infection
• To improve quality of life of HIV infected
people
• To provide risk assessment for people who
are potentially at risk of contracting HIV
infection
13. WHOm TO COunSEl?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Self motivated counseling seekers
Persons seeking HIV tests
HIV positive persons
High Risk Behavior Groups
Family Members
Employers
Health professionals
People unaware of risks
18. INTERNATIONAL LAW:
Consent to HIV testing and confidentiality of HIV status
are key components of the right to privacy (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12, International
Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, Article 17(1)).
As the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and
Human Rights clarify, “The right to privacy encompasses
obligations to respect physical privacy, including the
obligation to seek informed consent to HIV testing and
privacy of information, including the need to respect
confidentiality of all information relating to a person’s
HIV status” (para. 119). Thus, under Guideline 3, “HIV
testing of individuals should only be performed with the
specific informed1. rISk of that individual” (para. 20(b)).
consent aSSESSmEnT
19. 2. Pre test
counseling
Counselling before the test
should provide the individuals
being tested with information
on:
• Technical aspects of
screening & possible
personal,
•Medical,
• Social,
•Psychological, &
• Least implications of being
tested positive or negative.
The information should be
simple & up to date.
Testing should be organized in a
way that minimizes the
possibility of disclosure.
20. issues in Pre test counseling
A. Personal history & assessment of risk
B. Assessment of factors & Knowledge
i.
ii.
• Sexual Behaviour
• Drug users
•Blood Transfusion
•Organ Transplant
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Why the test is being
requested?
What behavior? Symptoms are
of concern to the client?
What the client knows about
the test & its uses?
What will the client do if test is
positive or negative?
Beliefs regarding HIV
transmission
What roles will family play?
21. 3. Post test counselling
A.
B.
WHAT YOUR TEST RESULTS
MEAN - NEGATIVE TEST RESULT
WHAT YOUR TEST RESULTS
MEAN - POSITIVE TEST RESULT
22. Negative result
•
•
•
a negative result may not always be accurate.
It depends on when client might have been
exposed to HIV and when they took the test.
It takes time for seroconversion to occur. This
is when body begins to produce the
antibodies an HIV test is looking for—
anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months after
infection. So if client had an HIV test with a
negative result within 3 months of thier last
possible exposure to HIV, the CDC
recommends that you be retested 3
months after that first screening test.
A negative result is only accurate if they have
had any risks for HIV infection in the last 6
months—and a negative result is only good
for past exposure. If they get a negative test
result, but continue to engage in high-risk
behaviors, they are still at risk for HIV
infection.
Positive Result
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
If the initial HIV test comes back
positive, they will automatically be
offered a confirmatory test. If the
confirmatory test is also positive, the
client will be diagnosed as “HIVpositive.”
At this point, Discuss
what having HIV means for patient and
their health.
informed about how the virus can
affect .
how to protect others from becoming
infected.
informed about resources and
treatments available
Finally referred to a medical
professional for follow-up treatment.
26. contents of
counseling
Contents of counseling will depend on the ability
of the client to grasp. It’s a dynamic process.
The counselor must be able to assess the
clients need and state of mind quickly.
However, following components should be
incorporated in all counseling scenarios:
27. contents of
counseling
• The need to prevent infection and re
infection
• Basic information about HIV infection and
associated diseases
• Review of possible sources of client’s
infection
• Methods of safe sex including condom use
• Exploration of obstacles to change of
behavior
28. Contents of
Counseling
• Information about what HIV testing can and
cannot do.
• Coping with HIV test results.
• Need to tell the HIV status of the client to
the key persons in his/her life.
• Handling hostility, fear, violence,
depression, suicidal tendencies etc.
29. Working goals of HiV
Counseling
Forming a helping relationship
Clarifying and addressing problems
Establishing personal goals
Providing information on alternative resources
Selection of realistic alternatives
Stimulation of motivation and decision making
Helping client to develop competence
Recognizing and diagnosing signs of psychological
distress and providing support
30. Possible reaCtions to a
PositiVe test result
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fear
Sense of loss
Grief
Guilt
Denial
Depression
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anger
Anxiety
Stress
Shock
Loss of self esteem
Suicide
31. sPeCial situations in
HiV Counseling
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected
persons
32. some Common
Counseling errors
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Directing and leading
Being judgmental and evaluating
Moralizing, preaching and patronizing
Unwarranted reassurance
Not accepting the client’s feeling
Interrogating
Encouraging dependencies
33. aids aWareness
These are just some of the days that promote HIV/AIDS
awareness
National Black HIV/AIDS awareness day every February
7th.
· National Women’s and Girls HIV/AIDS awareness day
every March 10th.
· National Native American HIV/AIDS awareness day every
May 20th.
· HIV vaccine awareness day every May 18th.
· National Asian and Pacific Islanders HIV/AIDS awareness
day every May 19th.
· National Caribbean HIV/AIDS awareness day every June
8th.
· National HIV testing day every June 27th.
· National Latino HIV/AIDS awareness day every October
15th.
· World AIDS day every December 1st.
Editor's Notes
The medication involves commitment – the individual will have to take these drugs every day for the rest of their life, as well as making sure they stay healthy, eat well, exercise regularly and try and avoid being exposed to illnesses where possible
Alternative definitions are:
It is a special form of interpersonal communication in which feelings, thoughts and attitudes are expressed, explored and clarified.
In relation to HIV/AIDS prevention, counseling is the only practical means for promoting changes and adoption of long term low risk behaviors.
Counseling becomes necessary because people are at a loss and unable to decide what to do with their lives, once they are found to be HIV positive. Those who have practiced high risk behavior are unable to take a decision whether to go for HIV test or not. Another important issue is breaking the news to the family members and sex partners. In such circumstances, counseling helps a person to come to term with the realities of HIV/AIDS and act in a balanced way.
It is important to counsel persons seeking HIV test because usually they are not aware of the fact that there is no cure for the disease and once positive life will be different. Counseling helps them to face the results in a pragmatic manner.
Family members and employers usually take a harsh view of HIV positive status of a person. He is usually thrown out of the job and rejected by family members. They need to be counseled to accept the person in a empathetic manner.
I have seen medical students, doctors and nursing staff becoming paranoid about having spilled blood of a person (whose HIV status is not known) on their body, and then assuming that they have become positive themselves. Such fears turn into serious psychological problems. Such health professionals need skilful counseling. Counseling also helps them to practice universal precautions.
Counseling at times is a very demanding job. One has to work with stressed people. Burn out phenomenon is quite commonly seen in counselors. Hence a high level of commitment is required.
The counselor has to remember that his/her value system should not be imposed on the client. The client’s point of view has to be appreciated. This requires open mindedness and non judgmental attitude of the counselor.
Counseling is a dynamic process. The counselor has to quickly understand the clients state of mind, his/her concerns, worries, level of confidence and ability to cope with crisis. And the counselor has to proceed accordingly. The counselor may have to change his/her approach as per the client’s response. The counselor should appear to be actively participating in understanding the client’s dilemma by reflection of feeling, questioning and paraphrasing.
Pre test counseling helps a person to understand the possible results of an HIV test. It may be positive, negative or equivocal. The counselor must explain the meaning of each such test result. This should be utilized as an opportunity to assess the likely reaction of the client to a positive or negative test result.
An essential element of post test counseling is breaking the news. It requires special skills and right judgment about the client’s state of mind.
The more a counselor gives his/her time to the client, the better the results. In some situations, the counseling sessions cannot be bound by time.
For example, when talking to a college student, the counselor should be free and make the student feel free and comfortable. It should not be a class room like scenario.
In case of uneducated persons and people with low level of confidence, the counselor may have to take the upper hand and provide advice and guidance as well.
Some times, the counselor has to behave more like a friend and treat the client at par with him to gain his confidence.
Pregnant women face the dilemma: whether to continue the pregnancy or not? In such conditions, duration of gestation becomes a key issue. Late in pregnancy abortions are not advisable. Similarly mental state of the pregnant women should be understood by the counselor. To abort or to give birth to the child, the decision will depend on woman’s mental state, financial support and ability to understand the implications of having a child.
Childless couples may be desperately needing a child. In such conditions, adoption as an option should be discussed.
It becomes difficult to handle family members of positive persons.
Putting thoughts in the client’s mind by speaking out options instead of letting the client decide for himself/herself
Thinking or opining that some one is a CSW. Assuming that the person is of ill habits
Asking the client not to have sex with many partners because it is ‘bad’
Telling some one not to worry. Even if he/she is positive, will live a normal life. That HIV can do no harm to him.
Assuming that the client is pretending to be affectd by the news
Asking too many questions about one’s personal life
Telling him that you as a counselor will take care of all his problems.